Figure 4 - uploaded by Divya Jain
Content may be subject to copyright.
(a) lignified xylem fiber with vitae, (b) xylem fiber, (c) starch grains, present in powder of G. Senegalensis leaves. Scale bar-45 X.
Source publication
The study was conducted to investigate the anatomical and histochemical characteristics of the leaf, stem, and bark of G. senegalensis, by using light and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The analysis revealed the presence of pitted xylem vessels, fibers, stone cells, starch, various types of trichomes, and calcium oxalate cryst...
Similar publications
The aim of the study was to evaluate the Alllium cepa for its pharmacognostical properties and for its hair growth promoting activity. Macroscopical study of Allium cepa showed that Allium cepa having white brown colour, pungent odour, acrid in taste and bulb and roots are angular in shape. The microscopical evaluations of fresh bulb showed that it...
Tocoyena formosa has a persistent floral nectary that continues producing nectar throughout flower and fruit development. This plant also presents an intriguing non-anthetic nectary derived from early-developing floral buds with premature abscised corolla. In this study, we characterize the structure, morphological changes, and functioning of T. fo...
Plant secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, tannins, and terpenoids with medicinal properties can be investigated as botanical herbicides. Therefore, we have investigated phytochemicals profile and phytotoxicity of aqueous, ethyl acetate, n-hexane and methanol extracts (5 mg/mL and 10 mg/mL) of Chenopodium glauc...
Chloranthus flavus D.T. Liu & G. Chen (syn. C. nervosus Collett & Hemsl.) is a subshrub belonging to the family Chloranthaceae. Information on the anatomical structure and the powder features of C. flavus has not been noted. This study aimed to develop a monograph on the microscopic characteristics and physicochemical parameters of C. flavus, as we...
The current study included the anatomical characteristic of epidermal cells, indumentum and cross sections of roots, stems, leaves and petioles of Combretum indicum from Combretaceae family, which collected from the herbal garden at AL-Rashidia city north of Baghdad. The anatomical study showed that these characteristics are important in assessing...
Citations
... Reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as hydroxyl radicals, hydrogen peroxide, and superoxide anion, probably play a role in rhoea, rheumatism, chronic pain, and chest pains [22,23]. Several researchers have reported pharmacological activities like antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities [15,[24][25][26]. Micro-anatomy is the initial set of pharmacognostic methods used to evaluate any fresh raw sample of medicinal plants. ...
To the best of our knowledge, there was no prior report providing valuable preliminary data through a demonstration of the quantitative phytochemical and antioxidant activity of Gymnosporia senegalensis. The total contents of phenols, flavonoid, flavanol, tannin, and saponin were evaluated from different fractions extracted from the leaf, stem, and bark of G. senegalensis by using standards such as gallic acid, quercetin, rutin, tannic acid, and saponin quillaja. The antioxidant potential was measured by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydrogen peroxide scavenging (H 2 O 2), superox-ide anion radical scavenging, metal chelating ferrous ion, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Data were subjected to half-inhibitory concentration (IC 50) and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) at p < 0.05 as a significant value. The total phenol content was found to be highest in the chloroform extract of stem at 97.7 ± 0.02 mg GAE/g. The total flavonoid and flavonol contents in the aqueous extract were 97.1 ± 0.03 mg QE/g and 96.7 ± 0.07 mg RE/g, respectively. The total tannin content in the ethyl acetate extract of leaf was 97.5 ± 0.01 mg TAE/g, and the total saponin content in the methanol extract of stem was 79.1 ± 0.06 mg SQE/g. The antioxidant analysis indicated that IC 50 and percentage (%) inhibition were dose-dependent and showed the highest antioxidant activity (40.9 ± 0.9 µg/mL) in methanol extract of leaf for DPPH, (88.8 ± 1.12 µg/mL) in the chloroform extract of stem for H 2 O 2 , (43.9 ± 0.15 µg/mL) in the aqueous extract of bark for superoxide anion radical scavenging activity, (26.9 ± 0.11 µg/mL) in the chloroform extract of leaf for the metal chelating ferrous ion activity, (7.55 ± 0.10 mg/mL) in the benzene extract of leaf for FRAP, and (2.97 ± 0.01 mg/mL) in the methanol extract of bark for TAC. These results show that G. senegalensis has great potential in antioxidant activities. The isolation and characterization of specific bioactive compounds and the in vivo applicability of such activity await further extensive studies for drug discovery and development.
... The branching pattern of the stems was lateral and drooping, and the texture of the stem was rough. They are key characteristics for the identification of the same genus and family [24]. ...
... It was seen in the broken layer that the epidermal cells were present, as shown in Figure 4. Microscopic analysis helps in identifying and detecting various features that are possessed by plants as their characteristics. Different anatomical and taxonomical characters have their importance in the plant and its organs [24]. They provide support, ionic balance, and tissue rigidity and permit the diagnosis to analyze the quality of herbal drugs. ...
The aim of the study is to compare pharmacognostic parameters and standardize leaves and stems of Salvadora oleoides (Decne.). Organoleptic, powder microscopic, pharmacognostical parameters (pH, moisture content, total ash value, acid insoluble, watersoluble, and inorganic tests), fluorescence analysis, and elemental analysis of S. oleoides were evaluated. Sequentially, plant extracts were prepared and used to perform phytochemical screening as per standard protocols. A higher percentage yield of ethanolic extract was found in the leaves (16 ± 0.52) as compared to the stems of S. oleoides. In microscopy, a higher amount of oxalate crystals was present in the stem. The elemental analysis of cadmium, lead, arsenic, chromium, copper, and manganese from AAS is found to be within permissible (ppm) limits. The detection and assessment of substituents were done through fluorescence analysis. In pharmacognostical analysis, proximate results show that the pH is slightly acidic, ranging between 6.2 – 6.7 at 1% and 10% dilution. Moisture content (4.79 ± 0.03), total ash content (3.42 ± 0.12), acid insoluble (0.78 ± 0.02), and water-soluble (1.15 ± 0.41) were found to be highest in leaves. Inorganic test results show the presence of sulphate, phosphate, chloride, nitrate, and carbonate in leaves, whereas iron, sulphate, chloride, nitrate, and carbonate in stems. Phytochemical screening reveals the presence of secondary metabolites (flavonoids) in a higher amount in an ethanolic extract of the leaf part of S. oleoides. The present findings provide strong evidence for the proper identification and establishment of standards for leaves and stems of S. oleoides.
... The extraction and isolation of vinca alkaloids and vinblastine from the Madagascar periwinkle and Catharanthus roseus G. Don. are one of the main examples of anti-cancer medication [90]. Gymnosporia senegalensis is one of them [91]. The objective of such integrative approaches is to regulate the phenotype of cancer, which extends beyond the eradication of the damaged cells, and to characterize the efficacy as chemo-preventive agents of specific extracted components from natural sources. ...
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a primary liver tumor that develops from chronically damaged tissue that contains large amounts of inflammation and fibrosis, which also promote tumor progression and resistance to therapy. It is the most common cancer with high mortality (>60,000) in low resourced countries, which covers over 5% of the deaths and the sixth most widespread cause of cancer death among cirrhosis patients across the globe. There has been a widespread notion that synthetic agents are the cause of most cancers. There are many other hereditary and environmental factors, which alter the behavior and aggressiveness of HCC, particularly at early stages of disease. This remains a significant public health challenge and is assumed to affect over 1 million people every year by 2025. The present situation reflects that HCC is steadily increasing in developed countries due to poor prognosis. Newer treatments are needed with several being in development, either in pre-clinical or clinical studies. Over the past decade, herbal medicines have been accepted globally as prominent therapeutic agents for prevention and treatment of cancer. This review summarizes several aspects of environmental chemical carcinogenesis and their treatments by using diverse natural bioactive compounds of medicinal plants.
The present investigation was carried out to characterise bioactive components from G. senegalensis by using Fourier-transform infra-red (FT-IR) spectroscopy, 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of > CH2, -CH3, C = C-C, C-H, C-F, C = C, -C = N-, C-C = N-, and -OH functional groups. The 1H-NMR spectrum revealed the presence of structures of four bioactive compounds i.e. tetratetracontana derivative, β-carotene, amyrin, and terpineol. GC-MS revealed the presence of different types of high and low molecular weight chemical entities with varying quantities including volatile and essential oil, monoterpenoid, tetraterpenoid, carotenoid, terpenoid, triterpenes, and nortriterpenes. From the results, it could be concluded that G. senegalensis contains various bioactive compounds of biological and pharmacological importance. Overall, this study will provide insight into the characterisation and development of drugs from medicinal plants.
This study aims to evaluate the pharmacognostic parameters of different parts of Gymnosporia senegalensis (Lam.) Loes. These parameters play a vital role in the traditional medicine system for administering the drug and their therapeutic effects on various ailments. Standardization parameters include sequential extract preparation, physicochemical studies (ash value, moisture content, pH, fluorescence analysis), and phytochemical screening of the three parts of G. senegalensis. Various macro and microelements (in ppm) were estimated by using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Total ash content (3.04±0.02), water-soluble ash (2.63±0.01), and insoluble acid ash (0.72±0.01) were found to be the highest in the leaf. Foreign organic matter was observed higher in stem (0.07±0.04) followed by bark and leaf. The moisture content was found lowest in bark (2.02±0.01), preventing microbial growth. The pH of the crude drug of plant parts is weakly acidic, ranging from pH 5.33 to 5.96 at 1 % and 4.93 to 6.03 at 10 %. Fluorescence results were also helpful in detecting the substituents and adulterants and assessing the crude drugs qualitatively. The present study revealed the presence of various primary and secondary metabolites (terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponin) in high and moderate amounts in the extracts of different parts of the plant. The stem and bark also showed a reasonable presence of macro and microelements (As, Cr, Cd, Pb, Zn, Mn, and Cu). The complete analysis provides valuable information for the quality assurance of G. senegalensis as a crude drug for preparing formulations of herbal medications.
