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a-h: Bipolaris luttrellii (holotype of dried culture of Cochliobolus luttrellii, j-n), Bipolaris maydis (neotype of Bipolaris maydis, a-h) a. Ascomata on host substrate. b. Section of the ascomata. c. Close up of
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The family Pleosporaceae includes numerous saprobic, opportunistic human, and plant pathogenic taxa. The classification of genera and species Pleosporaceae has been a major challenge due to the lack of a clear understanding of the importance of the morphological characters used to distinguish taxa as well as the lack of reference strains. Recent tr...
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... species: Gibbago trianthemae E.G. Simmons, Mycotaxon 27: 108 (1986), Fig. 16 Facesoffungi number: FoF ...
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... with broadly rounded ends, hyaline to light brown when immature, becoming brown to chestnut brown when mature, muriform with 5-6 transverse septa, and single longitudinal septa in one or all cells, constricted at the septa, smooth-walled, relatively thick-walled, with a 5-9 μm thick mucilaginous sheath. Asexual morph of Drechslera teres (Fig. 26); Conidiophores 150-200×7-11 μm, solitary or in groups of 2-3, straight or flexuous, sometimes genicu- late, often swollen at the base, pale to mid brown or olivaceous brown. Conidia 70-160×16-23 μm, straight, cylindrical, rounded at the ends, subhyaline to straw-coloured, smooth, 1-10 (4-6), pseudoseptate, frequently with constriction. ...
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... (DAOM 222769), which is the type species for this genus. In the present study the genus Pyrenophora clusters in the suborder Pleosporineae of the fam- ily Pleosporaceae with a relatively high bootstrap support surrounded by a large, distinct, apical ring. h-j. Immature and mature ascospores. Scale bars: c=100 μm, d-e=50 μm, f-g=40 μm, h-j= 10 μm (Fig. 1, 60 %). Further phylogenetic analysis shows that sexual Pyrenophora morphs cluster with asexual Drechslera morphs, i.e. Pyrenophora dictyoides (DAOM 75616) clusters with Drechslera dictyoides (DAOM 63666). The putative strain of Pyrenophora phaeocomes (DAOM 222769), which is the type species of the genus, clusters with other Pyrenophora ...
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... ssp. rotundata (Asteraceae) and it is monotypic. In the same study Shivas and Morin (in Morin et al. 2010) ob- served Hendersonia osteospermi Wakef. on the same host and identified it as the asexual morph of A. osteospermi both in culture and by DNA sequence analysis. Based on ITS sequence analysis, Morin et al. (2010) placed Austropleospora Fig. 26 Morphology of Drechslera teres (Redrawn from Ellis 1971 , Fig 299.). Scale ...
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In a preliminary analysis, 21 Colletotrichum strains with large conidia preserved in the CBS culture collection clustered with a recently described species, C. gigasporum, forming a clade distinct from other currently known Colletotrichum species complexes. Multi-locus
phylogenetic analyses (ITS, ACT, TUB2, CHS-1, GAPDH) as well as each of the sing...
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... genus is characterized by ascomata with circular lidlike openings and applanate reddish-brown to dark reddish-brown, muriform ascospores, with single longitudinal septa (Ariyawansa et al. 2015, Wijayawardene et al. 2017. Presently, the genus consists of 40 registered names in Index Fungorum (https://www.indexfungorum.org; ...
... The genus Exserohilum K.J. Leonard & Suggs belongs to the familyPleosporaceae of the Pleosporales in Dothideomycetes (Ascomycota) (Zhang et al. 2012, Ariyawansa et al. 2015, Hernández-Restrepo et al. 2018, Marin-Felix et al. 2019, and was introduced by Leonard & Suggs (1974), with E. turcicum (Pass.) K.J. Leonard & Suggs as the type species. ...
... Therefore, molecular data are essential for the accurate identification of species within this genus. Sequences of the large subunit ribosomal RNA gene (LSU), the internal transcribed spacer (ITS-rDNA) region, actin (act), β-tubulin (tub2), calmodulin (cam), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), histone H3 (his), translation elongation factor-1 alpha (TEF1) and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2) have been used for delimitation of Exserohilum species (Berbee et al. 1999, Olivier et al. 2000, Zhang & Berbee 2001, Rossman et al. 2002, Kodsueb et al. 2006, Zhang et al. 2008, 2012, Amaradasa et al. 2014, Ariyawansa et al. 2015, Hernández-Restrepo et al. 2018, Marin-Felix et al. 2019. Recently the taxonomy and phylogeny of Exserohilum have been revised and based on molecular data 11 phylogenetic species have been accepted in this genus (Hernández-Restrepo et al. 2018, Marin-Felix et al. 2019. ...
Exserohilum species are plant or human pathogens, saprobes or endophytes mostly associated with grasses including cultivated cereals. At present, 11 phylogenetic species have been accepted in this genus worldwide. In this study, we introduce a novel species, Exserohilum persianum on Festuca sp. (Poaceae, Poales) showing necrotic leaf lesions based on morphological characteristics and sequence data obtained from the internal transcribed spacer (ITS-rDNA) region, parts of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and translation elongation factor-1 alpha (TEF1) genes. A detailed morphological description, illustration and comparison with closely allied species are provided.
... Therefore, reclassifications of Pleosporaceae taxa have been frequently proposed (Kodsueb et al. 2006b). With increasing samplings and availability of molecular data, a more robust and natural taxonomy of Pleosporaceae taxa was delineated (Kodsueb et al. 2006b;Ariyawansa et al. 2015b;Hongsanan et al. 2020a). Twenty-three genera are currently accepted in the family ). ...
Freshwater fungi comprises a highly diverse group of organisms occurring in freshwater habitats throughout the world. During a survey of freshwater fungi on submerged wood in streams and lakes, a wide range of sexual and asexual species were collected mainly from karst regions in China and Thailand. Phylogenetic inferences using partial gene regions of LSU, ITS, SSU, TEF1α, and RPB2 sequences revealed that most of these fungi belonged to Dothideomycetes and Sordariomycetes and a few were related to Eurotiomycetes. Based on the morphology and multi-gene phylogeny, we introduce four new genera, viz. Aquabispora, Neocirrenalia, Ocellisimilis and Uvarisporella, and 47 new species, viz. Acrodictys chishuiensis, A. effusa, A. pyriformis, Actinocladium aquaticum, Annulatascus tratensis, Aquabispora setosa, Aqualignicola setosa, Aquimassariosphaeria vermiformis, Ceratosphaeria flava, Chaetosphaeria polygonalis, Conlarium muriforme, Digitodesmium chishuiense, Ellisembia aquirostrata, Fuscosporella atrobrunnea, Halobyssothecium aquifusiforme, H. caohaiense, Hongkongmyces aquisetosus, Kirschsteiniothelia dushanensis, Monilochaetes alsophilae, Mycoenterolobium macrosporum, Myrmecridium splendidum, Neohelicascus griseoflavus, Neohelicomyces denticulatus, Neohelicosporium fluviatile, Neokalmusia aquibrunnea, Neomassariosphaeria aquimucosa, Neomyrmecridium naviculare, Neospadicoides biseptata, Ocellisimilis clavata, Ophioceras thailandense, Paragaeumannomyces aquaticus, Phialoturbella aquilunata, Pleurohelicosporium hyalinum, Pseudodactylaria denticulata, P. longidenticulata, P. uniseptata, Pseudohalonectria aurantiaca, Rhamphoriopsis aquimicrospora, Setoseptoria bambusae, Shrungabeeja fluviatilis, Sporidesmium tratense, S. versicolor, Sporoschisma atroviride, Stanjehughesia aquatica, Thysanorea amniculi, Uvarisporella aquatica and Xylolentia aseptata, with an illustrated account, discussion of their taxonomic placement and comparison with morphological similar taxa. Seven new combinations are introduced, viz. Aquabispora grandispora (≡ Boerlagiomyces grandisporus), A. websteri (≡ Boerlagiomyces websteri), Ceratosphaeria suthepensis (≡ Pseudohalonectria suthepensis), Gamsomyces aquaticus (≡ Pseudobactrodesmium aquaticum), G. malabaricus (≡ Gangliostilbe malabarica), Neocirrenalia nigrospora (≡ Cirrenalia nigrospora), and Rhamphoriopsis glauca (≡ Chloridium glaucum). Ten new geographical records are reported in China and Thailand and nine species are first reported from freshwater habitats. Reference specimens are provided for Diplocladiella scalaroides and Neocirrenalia nigrospora (≡ Cirrenalia nigrospora). Systematic placement of the previously introduced genera Actinocladium, Aqualignicola, and Diplocladiella is first elucidated based on the reference specimens and new collections. Species recollected from China and Thailand are also described and illustrated. The overall trees of freshwater Dothideomycetes and Sordariomycetes collected in this study are provided respectively and genera or family/order trees are constructed for selected taxa.
... The genus Curvularia, which belongs to the Pleosporaceae family, is characterized by widespread phytopathogenic species, additionally, opportunistic pathogens on animals and humans [48]. Obviously, Curvularia species are important phytopathogens reported worldwide as endophytes or pathogens [49][50][51]. Species of the Curvularia genus consist of major destructive plant pathogens isolated from soil and living or dead parts of plants [34,[38][39][40]. A study by Manamgoda et al. [48] reassessed the phylogenetic relationships of species of the genus Curvularia using Multilocus DNA sequence analysis with three loci, ITS, GPDH (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase), and TEF (Translation Elongation Factor). ...
... Additionally, a pathogenicity study revealed that C. purpureum showed moderate virulence against almond twigs and colonized the xylem of inoculated twigs. In an experiment conducted by Spiers et al. [51], C. purpureum was pathogenic to three genera (Salix, Populus, Malus), but was not able to colonize the cambium of apple cultivars in the same study. This outcome is not consistent with the results reported in another study which demonstrates that C. purpureum was isolated sporadically from infected almond trees in California [13]. ...
Canker symptoms were observed on almond trees in the Fez-Meknes region, Morocco. Isolations were conducted from the infected branch and trunk showing internal and external brown lesions. Four representative fungal isolates were screened, and their identities were confirmed by cultural traits and sequence analysis of DNA using two genes, the ITS region (internal transcribed spacer) and calmodulin (cmdA). The identified fungi were Curvularia hawaiiensis, Fusarium ambrosium, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, and Chondrestereum purpureum. The pathogenicity test on almond twigs revealed that these species were pathogenic to their host with different degrees of virulence, with Lasiodiplodia theobromae as the most virulent causing the longest necrotic lesion (285.17 mm) and the death of twigs. Physiological traits analysis of the above-mentioned fungi showed that the optimum mycelium growth response at different temperatures varies from 10 to 35 °C, while the pH ranges between 3.0 and 8.0. This study confirms the presence of canker pathogens on almond trees, which will contribute valuable information to improve the understanding of the contemporary status of almond trees, thus helping the improvement of the management of almond orchards. To our knowledge, all these fungi represent new records in Morocco and some of them are confirmed on the almond trees for the first time in the world.
... Material examined: Thailand, Tak [64], with A. osteospermi as the type species. Ariyawansa et al. [37] transferred Austropleospora from Pleosporaceae to Didymosphaeriaceae, and four taxa are currently accepted [45]. Austropleospora osteospermi was introduced with both sexual and asexual morphs, but A. archidendri and A. keteleeriae were introduced with only their asexual morphs, while A. ochracea was introduced with only its sexual morph [30,33,64,92]. ...
The Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) is known as a diverse geographic landscape and one of the richest biodiversity hotspots in the world with a high fungal diversity. Collections were carried out in terrestrial habitats to determine the diversity of woody litter fungi in the GMS, with an emphasis on northern Thailand and the Yunnan Province of China. Morphological characteristics and multigene phylogenetic analyses of combined SSU, LSU, ITS, and tef1-α supported the placement of the new isolates in the family Didymosphaeriaceae. The phylogenetic affinities of our isolates are illustrated through maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses. Seven species of woody litter fungi were identified, comprising a new monotypic genus, Septofusispora; five novel species (Chromolaenicola sapindi, Dictyoarthrinium thailandicum, Karstenula lancangensis, Septofusispora thailandica, and Spegazzinia jinghaensis); and new host records of two species (Austropleospora archidendri, and Montagnula donacina). Furthermore, this study provides a synopsis of the Montagnula aff. donacina species based on their morphological characteristics, which can be useful in the species-level identifications in this genus.
... Genus Curvularia saat ini diklasifikasikan dalam famili Pleosporaceae di bawah kelas Dothideomycetes (Ariyawansa et al., 2015;Jeon et al., 2015) dan memiliki bentuk teleomorf (seksual) yang dikenal dengan Cochliobolus. Curvularia sp. ...
Bercak daun Curvularia merupakan penyakit utama pada pembibitan kelapa sawit. Penyakit ini selalu terjadi pada setiap siklus pembibitan dan berpotensi menyebabkan kerusakan berat hingga kematian pada bibit kelapa sawit. Pengendalian penyakit bercak daun hingga saat ini masih bertumpu pada aplikasi fungisida, namun tingkat efikasinya cenderung mengalami penurunan. Di sisi lain, tanaman tahan bercak daun yang menjadi alternatif ideal untuk pengendalian penyakit belum tersedia dan masih memerlukan tahapan pemuliaan yang panjang. Oleh karena itu, teknologi alternatif yang dapat dikembangkan dalam jangka waktu pendek masih sangat diperlukan untuk diintegrasikan dengan fungisida. Cahaya sebagai salah satu sumber kehidupan memiliki banyak peranan penting pada pertumbuhan dan perkembangan tanaman. Energi foton dari berbagai spektrum cahaya mampu meningkatkan ketahanan tanaman terhadap berbagai jenis patogen. Pemanfaatan iradiasi energi foton juga telah didemonstrasikan pada skala lapangan dan terbukti mampu menekan perkembangan penyakit tanaman. Teknologi iradiasi energi foton sangat berpeluang dikembangkan di pembibitan kelapa sawit untuk mengatasi permasalahan bercak daun Curvularia. Teknologi iradiasi ini juga berpotensi untuk diintegrasikan dengan teknologi lain seperti drone dan IoT sehingga dapat memfasilitasi automasi dalam pengaplikasiannya. Namun, beberapa kajian awal masih diperlukan untuk pengembangan teknologi iradiasi energi foton di pembibitan kelapa sawit guna memastikan teknologi yang dihasilkan tidak hanya efektif menekan penyakit tanaman, namun juga tidak berdampak negatif terhadap manusia dan lingkungan.
... Along axis two, eight fungal ASVs were responsible for separating the Inland steppe soil from the other sites, with ASVs annotated as Solicoccozyma terrea, a yeast known to produce and deliver indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) to the plants and to have potential as a pathogen antagonist [58], being the most abundant ( Figure 4c). Coastal steppe soils contained 10 ASVs that drove the differences from the other soils, with one of these being annotated as Pleosporaceae, which corresponds to a family with a large number of saprotrophic fungi [59] (Table S4). Table S4 for dissimilarity analysis and Table S5 for full microbial community. ...
Prosopis chilensis and Prosopis tamarugo, two woody legumes adapted to the arid regions of Chile, have a declining distribution due to the lack of new seedling establishment. This study investigated the potential of both species to establish in soil collected from four locations in Chile, within and outside the species distribution, and to assess the role of the root-colonizing microbiome in seedling establishment and growth. Seedling survival, height, and water potential were measured to assess establishment success and growth. 16S and ITS2 amplicon sequencing was used to characterize the composition of microbial communities from the different soils and to assess the ability of both Prosopis species to recruit bacteria and fungi from the different soils. Both species were established on three of the four soils. P. tamarugo seedlings showed significantly higher survival in foreign soils and maintained significantly higher water potential in Mediterranean soils. Amplicon sequencing showed that the four soils harbored distinct microbial communities. Root-associated microbial composition indicated that P. chilensis preferentially recruited mycorrhizal fungal partners while P. tamarugo recruited abundant bacteria with known salt-protective functions. Our results suggest that a combination of edaphic properties and microbial soil legacy are potential factors mediating the Prosopis establishment success in different soils.
... Pyrenophora is a genus of approximately 190 currently recognized species in the Dothidiomycete family Pleosporaceae [1]. Both the family Pleosporaceae and the genus Pyrenophora are well supported as monophyletic groups based on molecular phylogenetic Toxins 2022, 14, 588 2 of 20 analysis, and the Drechslera anamorphs traditionally associated with Pyrenophora species are also supported as genetically similar to their teleomorphs and conspecific with them [2][3][4]. Most Pyrenophora species are foliar pathogens of grasses, but some are also known as endophytes, as foliar pathogens of dicots, and in at least one case, as a seed pathogen. ...
The genus Pyrenophora includes two important cereal crop foliar pathogens and a large number of less well-known species, many of which are also grass pathogens. Only a few of these have been examined in terms of secondary metabolite production, yet even these few species have yielded a remarkable array of bioactive metabolites that include compounds produced through each of the major biosynthetic pathways. There is little overlap among species in the compounds identified. Pyrenophora tritici-repentis produces protein toxin effectors that mediate host-specific responses as well as spirocyclic lactams and at least one anthraquinone. Pyrenophora teres produces marasmine amino acid and isoquinoline derivatives involved in pathogenesis on barley as well as nonenolides with antifungal activity, while P. semeniperda produces cytochalasans and sesquiterpenoids implicated in pathogenesis on seeds as well as spirocyclic lactams with phytotoxic and antibacterial activity. Less well-known species have produced some unusual macrocyclic compounds in addition to a diverse array of anthraquinones. For the three best-studied species, in silico genome mining has predicted the existence of biosynthetic pathways for a much larger array of potentially toxic secondary metabolites than has yet been produced in culture. Most compounds identified to date have potentially useful biological activity.
... Members of the Pleosporaceae are widely distributed across the environment and have a wide range of lifestyles, i.e., saprophytic, endo-/epiphytic, and parasitic on various hosts in terrestrial and aquatic environments [8]. Among them, species of Alternaria, Bipolaris, Curvularia, or Stemphylium are important pathogenic fungi to plants of various crops, resulting in yield and economic losses [8][9][10]. ...
... Members of the Pleosporaceae are widely distributed across the environment and have a wide range of lifestyles, i.e., saprophytic, endo-/epiphytic, and parasitic on various hosts in terrestrial and aquatic environments [8]. Among them, species of Alternaria, Bipolaris, Curvularia, or Stemphylium are important pathogenic fungi to plants of various crops, resulting in yield and economic losses [8][9][10]. However, they also include human and animal pathogens that cause infections with different clinical manifestations [11]. ...
... The aim of the present study was, therefore, to resolve the taxonomy of the above-mentioned isolates based on morphological features and multi-locus phylogenetic analysis inferred with sequences of the nuclear markers mostly represented in the different members of the Pleosporaceae. These are the LSU and ITS regions of the rDNA, and partial fragments of the RNA polymerase II largest subunit (rpb2), the translation elongation factor 1-α (tef1), and the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapdh) genes [8,18,19]. Additionally, in order to elucidate the putative global geographic distribution of those isolates and to study their diversity hidden among environmental sequences, their ITS barcodes (i.e., full-length of ITS1 and ITS2 sequences) were blasted against the GlobalFungi database [20]. This is a recently created database, which currently includes accumulated data on fungal distribution and ecology generated from more than three hundred metagenomic studies published in the last decade (GlobalFungi database, accessed on 18 May 2022). ...
Although the Pleosporaceae is one of the species-richest families in the Pleosporales, research into less-explored substrates can contribute to widening the knowledge of its diversity. In our ongoing survey on culturable Ascomycota from freshwater sediments in Spain, several pleosporacean specimens of taxonomic interest were isolated. Phylogenetic analyses based on five gene markers (ITS, LSU, gapdh, rbp2, and tef1) revealed that these fungi represent so far undescribed lineages, which are proposed as two novel genera in the family, i.e., Neostemphylium typified by Neostemphylium polymorphum sp. nov., and Scleromyces to accommodate Scleromyces submersus sp. nov. Neostemphylium is characterized by the production of phaeodictyospores from apically swollen and darkened conidiogenous cells, the presence of a synanamorph that consists of cylindrical and brown phragmoconidia growing terminally or laterally on hyphae, and by the ability to produce secondary conidia by a microconidiation cycle. Scleromyces is placed phylogenetically distant to any genera in the family and only produces sclerotium-like structures in vitro. The geographic distribution and ecology of N. polymorphum and Sc. submersus were inferred from metabarcoding data using the GlobalFungi database. The results suggest that N. polymorphum is a globally distributed fungus represented by environmental sequences originating primarily from soil samples collected in Australia, Europe, and the USA, whereas Sc. submersus is a less common species that has only been found associated with one environmental sequence from an Australian soil sample. The phylogenetic analyses of the environmental ITS1 and ITS2 sequences revealed at least four dark taxa that might be related to Neostemphylium and Scleromyces. The phylogeny presented here allows us to resolve the taxonomy of the genus Asteromyces as a member of the Pleosporaceae.
... Members of the Pleosporaceae are widely distributed across the environment and have a wide range of lifestyles, i.e., saprophytic, endo-/epiphytic, and parasitic on various hosts in terrestrial and aquatic environments [8]. Among them, species of Alternaria, Bipolaris, Curvularia, or Stemphylium are important pathogenic fungi to plants of various crops, resulting in yield and economic losses [8][9][10]. ...
... Members of the Pleosporaceae are widely distributed across the environment and have a wide range of lifestyles, i.e., saprophytic, endo-/epiphytic, and parasitic on various hosts in terrestrial and aquatic environments [8]. Among them, species of Alternaria, Bipolaris, Curvularia, or Stemphylium are important pathogenic fungi to plants of various crops, resulting in yield and economic losses [8][9][10]. However, they also include human and animal pathogens that cause infections with different clinical manifestations [11]. ...
... The aim of the present study was, therefore, to resolve the taxonomy of the above-mentioned isolates based on morphological features and multi-locus phylogenetic analysis inferred with sequences of the nuclear markers mostly represented in the different members of the Pleosporaceae. These are the LSU and ITS regions of the rDNA, and partial fragments of the RNA polymerase II largest subunit (rpb2), the translation elongation factor 1-α (tef 1), and the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapdh) genes [8,18,19]. Additionally, in order to elucidate the putative global geographic distribution of those isolates and to study their diversity hidden among environmental sequences, their ITS barcodes (i.e., full-length of ITS1 and ITS2 sequences) were blasted against the GlobalFungi database [20]. This is a recently created database, which currently includes accumulated data on fungal distribution and ecology generated from more than three hundred metagenomic studies published in the last decade (GlobalFungi database, accessed on 18 May 2022). ...
