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(a & b) Normal gill architecture of Tilapia zilli, primary gill lamellae (star), secondary gill lamellae (arrow), power a = 40 X and b = 100 X. (c) Infested T. zilli with curved primary gill lamellae (black arrow) showing hyperplasia and fusion of secondary gill lamellae (blue arrow) 40 X. (d) Infested T. zilli gills showing massive destruction of primary gill lamellae, complete loss of secondary gill lamellae even appearance of cartilaginous core of the primary gill filament (black arrow), necrotic tissue and tissue debris (blue arrow), 40 X. (e) infested Mugil capito gills with shortening and removal of large area from primary gill lamellae (black arrow), secondary lamellae fusion (blue arrow) and complete sloughing of secondary gill lamellae (gray arrow) 40 X. (f) infested M. capito gills with complete destruction and degeneration of cartilage core supporting some primary gill filaments (stars), fusion of secondary gill lamellae (blue arrow), hyperplasia (black arrow) and presence of destructed tissue debris (brown arrow) 40 X. (g) Solea aegyptiaca gills, detachment of some primary gill lamellae (gray arrow), complete sloughing of secondary gill lamellae (blue arrow), hyperplasia of secondary gill lamellae epithelium (black arrow) and curling in secondary gill lamellae (brown arrow) 100 X. (h) S. aegyptiaca gills, detached parts from primary gill lamellae (star), curling in secondary gill lamellae (black arrow) 40 X.
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This study was carried out to identify isopod species implicated in the outbreak that had affected commercially important fishes of Lake Qaroun. The study also aims to determine its deleterious effects on infested fish and its possible role in the severe drop in lake fisheries production. Renocila thresherorum (Crustacea: Isopoda: Cymothoidae) was...
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Context 1
... examination of affected gill tissue from examined fish specimens revealed the presence of several degener- ative changes with various degrees. The primary gill lamellae were curved in mild cases (Fig. 4, c), while in severe cases most of the primary gill filament were detached (Fig. 4, e-h). Regarding the secondary gill lamellae, the pathological changes in the mild case were hyperplasia, curling and fusion (Fig. 4, c-h). In the severe case, loss of normal tissue architecture, complete erosion of secondary gill lamellae even appearance of cartilaginous core of the primary gill filament, were registered (Fig. 4, d) along with the presence of tissue debris from sloughed necrotic gill tissue (Fig. 4, d & ...
Context 2
... examination of affected gill tissue from examined fish specimens revealed the presence of several degener- ative changes with various degrees. The primary gill lamellae were curved in mild cases (Fig. 4, c), while in severe cases most of the primary gill filament were detached (Fig. 4, e-h). Regarding the secondary gill lamellae, the pathological changes in the mild case were hyperplasia, curling and fusion (Fig. 4, c-h). In the severe case, loss of normal tissue architecture, complete erosion of secondary gill lamellae even appearance of cartilaginous core of the primary gill filament, were registered (Fig. 4, d) along with the presence of tissue debris from sloughed necrotic gill tissue (Fig. 4, d & ...
Context 3
... examination of affected gill tissue from examined fish specimens revealed the presence of several degener- ative changes with various degrees. The primary gill lamellae were curved in mild cases (Fig. 4, c), while in severe cases most of the primary gill filament were detached (Fig. 4, e-h). Regarding the secondary gill lamellae, the pathological changes in the mild case were hyperplasia, curling and fusion (Fig. 4, c-h). In the severe case, loss of normal tissue architecture, complete erosion of secondary gill lamellae even appearance of cartilaginous core of the primary gill filament, were registered (Fig. 4, d) along with the presence of tissue debris from sloughed necrotic gill tissue (Fig. 4, d & ...
Context 4
... examination of affected gill tissue from examined fish specimens revealed the presence of several degener- ative changes with various degrees. The primary gill lamellae were curved in mild cases (Fig. 4, c), while in severe cases most of the primary gill filament were detached (Fig. 4, e-h). Regarding the secondary gill lamellae, the pathological changes in the mild case were hyperplasia, curling and fusion (Fig. 4, c-h). In the severe case, loss of normal tissue architecture, complete erosion of secondary gill lamellae even appearance of cartilaginous core of the primary gill filament, were registered (Fig. 4, d) along with the presence of tissue debris from sloughed necrotic gill tissue (Fig. 4, d & ...
Context 5
... examination of affected gill tissue from examined fish specimens revealed the presence of several degener- ative changes with various degrees. The primary gill lamellae were curved in mild cases (Fig. 4, c), while in severe cases most of the primary gill filament were detached (Fig. 4, e-h). Regarding the secondary gill lamellae, the pathological changes in the mild case were hyperplasia, curling and fusion (Fig. 4, c-h). In the severe case, loss of normal tissue architecture, complete erosion of secondary gill lamellae even appearance of cartilaginous core of the primary gill filament, were registered (Fig. 4, d) along with the presence of tissue debris from sloughed necrotic gill tissue (Fig. 4, d & ...
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Citations
... These include one SCB record of a female and an associated juvenile collected off Corona del Mar in southern California plus a couple of records from Magdalena Bay on the southwest coast of Baja California. The species, however, has also been reported recently from the Suez Canal area of Egypt (e.g., Eman et al. 2014;Mahmoud et al. 2016;Ali and Aboyadak 2018). Given this disjunct distribution, it would be useful to perform a comprehensive morphological and molecular comparison of Eastern Pacific vs. Egyptian specimens to confirm whether they represent the same or perhaps two similar looking species of Renocila. ...
... However, until a rigorous morphological and molecular comparison can be made, we are continuing to treat these as the single synonymized species N. acuminata in agreement with Brusca (1981). Renocila thresherorum Williams & Bunkley-Williams, 1980 [Fig. 10A] Williams and Williams (1980), Brusca (1981), Williams and Williams (1987), Espinosa-Pérez and Hendrickx (2006), Kerstitch and Bertsch (2007), Eman et al. (2014), Mahmoud et al. (2016), Ali and Aboyadak (2018), and Aneesh et al. (2020Aneesh et al. ( , 2021. Note: See Endnote 5. Smenispa convexa (Richardson, 1905) Menzies et al. (1955), Schultz (1969), Brusca (1977Brusca ( , 1981, Brusca and Iverson (1985), Wetzer et al. (1991), SCAMIT (1998SCAMIT ( -2021, Hendrickx (2001a, 2006), McLaughlin et al. (2005), Whitmore et al. (2005), Kalman (2006), Brusca et al. (2007), Özdikem (2009), andZúñiga Delgado et al. (2021). ...
The isopod crustaceans reported from or expected to occur in littoral and sublittoral marine habitats of the Southern California Bight (SCB) in the northeastern Pacific Ocean are reviewed. A total of 190 species, representing 105 genera in 42 families and six suborders are covered. Approximately 84% of these isopods represent described species with the remaining 16% comprising well-documented “provisional” but undescribed species. Cymothoida and Asellota are the most diverse of the six suborders, accounting for ca. 36% and 29% of the species, respectively. Valvifera and Sphaeromatidea are the next most speciose suborders with between 13–15% of the species each, while the suborder Limnorioidea represents fewer than 2% of the SCB isopod fauna. Finally, the mostly terrestrial suborder Oniscidea accounts for ca. 5% of the species treated herein, each which occurs at or above the high tide mark in intertidal habitats. A key to the suborders and superfamilies is presented followed by nine keys to the SCB species within each of the resultant groups. Figures are provided for most species. Bathymetric range, geographic distribution, type locality, habitat, body size, and a comprehensive list of references are included for most species.
... and Aeromonas spp. (Elgendy et al., 2017;Younes et al., 2016); and parasitic isopod infection (Ali & Aboyadak, 2018;Helal & Yousef, 2018). The General Authority for Fish Resources Development transported marine fish fries to Lake Qarun because the lake is closed and no fish migrate to it and no fish spawn in it (except a few Coptodon zillii, Solea vulgaris, shrimps . . ...
... Six species of the cymothoids were recorded (Table 3) of which Anilocera physodes (Shaheen et al., 2017 andAbd El-Atti, 2020) and Nerocila orbignyi (Abdel-Latif, 2016;Mahmoud et al., 2016;Shaheen et al., 2017;Younes et al., 2016) both widely reported in the Mediterranean. Renocila thresherorum was recorded by Mahmoud et al. (2016Mahmoud et al. ( , 2017 and Ali and Aboyadak (2018). While, Hassan (2019) recorded it as well from the Red Sea. ...
... Reports of L. redmanii in Lake Qarun were corroborated by Helal and Yousef (2018), Mahmoud et al. (2017Mahmoud et al. ( , 2019 and Shaheen et al. (2017). It is native to the western Atlantic and Caribbean (Bruce, 1990), but has also been reported from the coastal waters of Egypt (Mahmoud et al., 2019;Abdel-Latif, 2016;Ali & Aboyadak, 2018;Helal & Yousef, 2018;Mahmoud et al., 2016Mahmoud et al., , 2017Shaheen et al., 2017;Younes et al., 2016). ...
Lake Qarun is one of the oldest lakes in the world, a prehistoric lake, from the era of the pharaohs. It started as a freshwater lake and nowadays changed to become a saline lake due to climate changes and anthropogenic activities. Currently, the lake is facing big challenges, affecting the sustainability of its natural bioresources. The lake ecosystem passed by successive changes since the beginning of the 19th century that have led to drastic changes in its elements. In addition, it was subjected to different exploitation regimes. During the last decade, its fisheries production sharply declined and the fate of the lake became unclear due to many factors, some were recognized and a lot were unrecognized. To overcome the present situation, governmental agencies and scientific communities should find a viable way to stop the deterioration of the lake's ecosystem and restore the collapsed fish production. The current review casts the light on the entangled history of the lake to come up with a coherent concept for the recovery and rehabilitation of Lake Qarun bioresources. We proposed an integrated management plan for the lake's ecosystem rehabilitation to ensure sustainable exploitation of the lake's fish resources.
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Background: Prevalence, morphology, and molecular characteristics of isopodiosis in the European seabass, Dicentrarchus
labrax, in Egypt were assessed using light and electron microscopy and polymerase chain reaction targeting
the mitochondrial COI (cytochrome oxidase c) gene.
Results: Adult parasites were found mainly in the branchial cavity between gill arches and to a lesser extent in the
buccal cavity. They were morphologically identified as the Cymothoidae Livoneca redmanii Leach, 1818 (Crustacea:
Isopoda). Obviously, a 23% prevalence rate of isopods was reported in D. labrax from Egyptian Mediterranean waters.
Destructive and degenerative necrotic alterations with complete sloughing of gill lamellae of the infested fish were
observed. DNA sequencing of the mitochondrial COI gene confirmed the identification of the parasite which was
deposited in the GenBank under accession numbers MW600099, MZ208984, and MZ208985. Furthermore, the phylogenetic
analysis demonstrated that parasites emerged from a monophyletic clade closely affiliated with L. redmanii
and were clearly distinguished from other isopod genospecies.
Conclusion: The present investigation addresses L. redmanii infestation in D. labrax in Egypt and affirmed morphological
properties via the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and molecular characteristics of this isopod species. The
drastic effects of this parasite on the infected fish were proven both clinically and histopathologically.
Keywords: Livoneca redmanii, Morphology, Phylogenetic analysis, Dicentrarchus labrax, Mediterranean Sea – Egypt
... In addition, maxilliped action during feeding has been linked to decreased respiratory competence [57][58][59][60]. Thus, pressure atrophy, feeding activity, and method of L. redmanii attachment to gills may all play a role in the clinical signs and histopathological alterations recorded in the infested fish [61,62]. Also, Emetha audouini, a cymothoid isopod, has been discovered parasitizing cage-cultured D. labrax in large numbers in the buccal and branchial cavities of cage-cultivated D. labrax [44]. ...
Background
Prevalence, morphology, and molecular characteristics of isopodiosis in the European seabass, Dicentrarchus labrax , in Egypt were assessed using light and electron microscopy and polymerase chain reaction targeting the mitochondrial COI (cytochrome oxidase c) gene.
Results
Adult parasites were found mainly in the branchial cavity between gill arches and to a lesser extent in the buccal cavity. They were morphologically identified as the Cymothoidae Livoneca redmanii Leach, 1818 (Crustacea: Isopoda). Obviously, a 23% prevalence rate of isopods was reported in D. labrax from Egyptian Mediterranean waters. Destructive and degenerative necrotic alterations with complete sloughing of gill lamellae of the infested fish were observed. DNA sequencing of the mitochondrial COI gene confirmed the identification of the parasite which was deposited in the GenBank under accession numbers MW600099, MZ208984, and MZ208985. Furthermore, the phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that parasites emerged from a monophyletic clade closely affiliated with L. redmanii and were clearly distinguished from other isopod genospecies.
Conclusion
The present investigation addresses L. redmanii infestation in D. labrax in Egypt and affirmed morphological properties via the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and molecular characteristics of this isopod species. The drastic effects of this parasite on the infected fish were proven both clinically and histopathologically.
... Isopoda is the most significant free-living obligate crustacean ectoparasite infesting a wide range of marine fish species (Ali and Aboyadak, 2018;Purivirojkul and Songsuk, 2020). It has a dorsoventrally flattened body with seven pair of legs (Wilson, 2008). ...
... Most parasitic isopods infesting wild and cultured marine fish are related to the suborder Cymothoida, superfamily Cymothooidea (Williams and Boyko, 2012). Isopoda infestation is associated with substantial financial losses in commercially important fish species worldwide through fish mortality, body weight loss, reduced fecundity and increased susceptibility to the other diseases (Bharadhirajan et al., 2014;Ali and Aboyadak, 2018). ...
... Renocila thresherorum, Anilocra physodes, Nerocila orbignyi, Cymothoa exigua, Anilocra meridionalis, Anilocra leptosome and Livoneca redmanii were previously isolated from the Egyptian coastal wild and lake fishes and also from cultured fishes (Ali and Aboyadak, 2018;Helal and Yousef, 2018;Mohammed-Geba et al., 2019;Fadel et al., 2020). ...
Two Argyrosomus regius nursery ponds suffered from high mortality during the summer season of 2020. Diseased fish showed signs of respiratory distress, mainly during hot days. Physiochemical pond water parameters were normal, except dissolved oxygen was lower than the optimum level. Livoneca redmanii (Cymotidae, Isopoda) was isolated from the gill chamber of infested fish. The infestation percent was 41 and 33%, and the intensity was 1.146 and 1.06 in the first and second ponds, respectively. The diseased fingerlings were infested in the natural habitat (Mediterranean Sea) before collection for culture. L. redmanii infestation was associated with high economic losses due to direct fish mortality, reduced growth rates and lower condition factor. The molecular study confirmed the presence of L. redmanii based on the phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA and COI gene sequences. Infested fish gills showed massive destruction in gill filaments, sloughing and curling of secondary gill lamellae with the detachment of the cartilaginous core supporting the primary gill filaments. Deltamethrin and trichlorfon effectively eradicated L. redmanii at concentrations of 12.5 µg.l-1 and 0.5 mg.l-1, respectively. The lowest
detectable deltamethrin residue in treated pond water was 2.18 µg.l-1 at 120 h, with a half-life of 47.63 h.
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The study reported Thryssa stenosoma, as a new host of isopod Nerocila depressa infestation. Furthermore, the record of Nerocila depressa from the Narmada estuary is of first kind in the West Coast of India. Thryssa stenosoma, commonly known as slender thryssa forms an important commercial fish species at Bhadbhut, a part of the Narmada estuary. The prevalence of N. depressa infestation was 17.39% with a mean intensity of 2.8. in T. stenosoma, showing a low rate of infestation. The present information would form a new addition of isopod infestation to the list of parasitic diseases of estuarine fishes in India.
... Cluster analysis (Fig. 7) showed that sites 1 and 4 had the highest similarity index around 0.97, while site 2 had a similarity index of 91% with sites 1 and 4, and finally site 3 had the lowest similarity index with the other sites (72%). The drop in fisheries recorded by GAFRD (2017), may be due to the inability of fish to feed normally (Ali and Aboyadak, 2018). In this regard, the present study add another reason that algal blooming in high density may clog the fish gills leading to their mortality and eventually a significant economic loss in the lake's fisheries (Mahmudi et al., 2020). ...
Qarun Lake is a unique saline basin. Its phytoplankton species abundance and dynamics in relation to the Red Tide phenomenon is the focus of this study. Samples were collected from May 2015 to April 2016 in twelve successive cruises. Phytoplankton productivity attained the highest level on July with the bloom of Dinophyceae, while showing negative correlation with water transparency (r = −0.72) and positive correlation with DO (r = 0.84). The causative species was Gymnodinium lantzschii. Another incident of Dinophyceae bloom was observed in March when chlorophyll a recorded 158.4 mgm⁻³, chl. b was (92.7 mgm⁻³ and chl. c was 160 mgm⁻³. The causative species were Prorocentrum aporum and Prorocentrum micans and the lake’s water turned to red color; the “Red Tide phenomenon”. Chlorella vulgaris bloom was recorded for the first time in the lake on August at site (4) with green water discoloration. The water temperature of the lake was one of the main phytoplankton bloom’s drivers as the dominant species grew and flourished within a narrow range of temperature (30.4–34.9 °C). The results showed that there were strong correlations between carbonate, bicarbonate, DO and nutrients indicating that the dinoflagellate bloom was due to the high eutrophication of the lake. Finally, the Red tide phenomenon may influence the lake fisheries causing significant economic loss.
... The specimen's body condition was evaluated in order to analyse their general health condition. This index is usually utilized to indicate the overall "well-being" or degree of fatness and is an important factor towards diagnosing alterations due to anthropogenic interference such as pollution, resource overexploitation and parasitic diseases (Araújo et al., 2012;Devriese et al., 2015Devriese et al., et al., 2015Ali and Aboyadak, 2018). The carapace length (CL), defined as the distance between the posterior margin of the carapace and the rostrum and wet weight (WW) were taken for each individual. ...
In this study, we aimed to identify impacts of plastic ingestion by the ecologically important rocky shore crab Pachygrapsus transversus. We sampled individuals from August 2019 to January 2020 in a reef environment and determined their body condition and diet diversity. In order to test our hypothesis that plastic retention in the foregut is able to decrease the condition factor, we compared it between contaminated and non-contaminated individuals. A correlation test of number of ingested plastic fibres against trophic diversity was made to corroborate the hypothesis that plastic ingestion modifies the feeding patterns. Our results demonstrated that contaminated individuals had lower body condition. Also, we confirmed that debris ingestion can influence feeding patterns. These outcomes were probably linked to starvation and nutrient loss effects. We discussed that this crab is a potential sentinel specie for addressing impacts of solid pollution and a candidate for monitoring plastic contamination in reef environments.
Lake Burullus is an important source of fish production in Egypt; it produces 20.5% of the Egyptian fisheries' production. There is intense controversy about the heavy metal pollution in Burullus water and its effects on fish health and safety for human consumption. Heavy metals represent a major concern for aquatic life and could negatively affect fish health. Agricultural and industrial water drainage represents a considerable part of the lake water supply. The present work was conducted to determine heavy metal concentrations in lake water and blue tilapia Oreochromis aureus musculature. Water samples were collected from six locations to determine cadmium, copper, lead, zinc and iron. Sixty O. aureus fish samples were also collected from the same sampling points to assess the prevalent parasites infesting fish and to determine the heavy metal (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn and Fe) concentrations in fish musculature then study the relationship between heavy metals concentration and prevailing fish parasites. Results indicated that 53.34% of the examined fish were infested with encysted metacercaria. Centrocestus formosanus, Prohemistomum vivax, and Euclinostomum heterostomum were retrieved from gills, musculature, hepatopancreas and the posterior kidney. The parasitic intensity in fish tissues was between 1 and 9 cyst g−1. Centrocestus formosanus was identified using the polymerase chain reaction in the gill tissues of 16 fish. The gill parasitic copepod Lamproglena monodi was identified in one fish. Degenerative changes such as thickening, corrugation, and destruction of gill filament are the most dominant pathological changes in infested fish gills. Heavy metal concentrations in water samples were at normal levels, except for copper and iron in the southern part of the lake. All heavy metals in fish musculature were below the permissible limits. The parasitic infestation was more dominant in the northern part of the lake than in the southern region; this could be due to elevated copper concentration in the southern part of the lake that could negatively affect the survival of the first intermediate host and parasite cercaria. In conclusion, captured fish from Lake Burullus were safe for human consumption, and heavy metal pollution in lake water does not represent a severe risk.
The present study surveyed the natural concurrent parasitic-bacterial infection among some fish species from different aquatic environments in Egypt. A total of 379 moribund freshly dead fish with different body weights were collected in 2019; 259 (Oreochromis niloticus and Tilapia zilli) freshwater fish were seasonally taken from the Nile River in Giza, while 120 (T. zilli and Solea aegyptiaca) marine water fish were collected in summer from Manzala and Qaroun Lakes at Fayoum province. Fish were examined for parasites. Bacteria were isolated from infested fish and identified at the genus level. Examination of freshwater fish exposed the presence of Clinostomum and/or Euclinostomum spp., while only Pseudomonas was isolated. Between seasons, summer''s both total infestation and total concurrent infection prevalences of 43.59% and 73%, respectively, were significantly the highest. Within parasite, the prevalence of Clinostomum infestation alone with 77.27%, 70.31% and 76.09% for winter, spring and autumn, respectively, was higher than summer with only 47.06%. Conversely, the prevalence of concurrent infection in summer for Clinostomum alone (63%) was significantly higher than in winter (18%). For both of parasites together, infestation prevalence in summer with 26.47% was significantly the highest. Examination of marine water fish revealed the presence of at least one isopod, and Vibrio, Pseudomonas and Aeromonas were isolated. The prevalence of concurrent Vibrio infection (64.0%) was significantly higher than 26.0% and 52.0% for Pseudomonas and Aeromonas, respectively. Total infestation prevalence in freshwater (90.35%) was significantly higher than in marine water (41.7%). Alternatively, the total prevalence of concurrent infection in marine water (96.0%) was significantly higher than in fresh water (56.41%). In conclusion, the light was spotted on the effect of increasing temperature and the high burden of natural parasitic and bacterial concurrent infection. Further investigation is required to refine the relationship between parasites and bacteria for more epidemiological knowledge that aids in disease prevention and control.
