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a-b. Bromelia subg. Distiacanthus.-a. B. morreniana; b. B. scarlatina (Photo: B. Holst). c-d. Bromelia subg. Karatas.-c. B. macedoi; d. B. villosa. e. Bromelia subg. Bromelia.-B. balansae. f. Fernseea.-F. itatiaiae (Photo: M. Wolowski Torres).
Source publication
Bromelia includes 66 species, grouped in three subgenera: Bromelia, Distiacanthus and Karatas. The genus is one of the earlier divergent groups within Bromelioideae, a subfamily with innumerable problems of generic delimitation. Considering that few phylogenetic studies have included more than one species of Bromelia, the objectives of this study w...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... subg. Karatas. The first subgenus includes species with petiolate leaves. In the second, species have inflorescences that extend outside the foliar rosette, as well as an ovary with sparse, white indumentum. The third subgenus includes species with inflorescences inside the foliar rosette, and an ovary with tomentose chestnut- brown indumentum (Fig. 1). In spite of Mez' proposal, Smith and Downs (1979) did not accept infrageneric categories in ...
Context 2
... has only two species, both of which occur in southeastern Brazil, in montane regions with scrub vegetation ("campos de altitude", Vasconcelos 2011). The type species of the genus, F. itatiaiae (Wawra) Baker (Fig. 1), was described in Bromelia and some years later it was combined in the new genus Fernseea (Baker 1889). Nearly a century later, its congener F. bocainense was described by Pereira and Moutinho (1983). Fernseea is characterized by narrow leaf blades; bracts with a dense imbricate peduncle; a simple racemose inflorescence; well-developed ...
Context 3
... clade supported by 13 synapomorphies (Figs. 2, 3b). Bromelia pinguin emerged just above in the majority-rule consensus, (Fig. 4), also has a large inflorescence. Clade D (Fig. 2) grouped species that occur predominantly in the Brazilian Cerrado and is possible to note the gradually reduction of the inflorescence upward the cladogram. B. balansae (Fig. 1), B. interior and B. reversacantha have a large but congested inflorescence; B. serra and B. goyazensis have little reduced and congested, but not sunk, inflorescence; and lastly the species of the F and G clades have a sunk and deeply congested inflorescence. The clade F (B. minima, B. macedoi and B. lindevaldae) consisted of ...
Citations
... smegmatis mc 2 155 activity, anti-Candida activity. [12], [47][48][49] M. paniculata (L.) Jack Thai Le Anti-Mycobacterium activity, anti-AIDS activity, anti-C. albicans activity. ...
... albicans activity. [24], [48,50] N. Khasiana Hook.f. Khasi, Garo tribes (Meghalaya, NE India) ...
... champaca) from Magnoliaceae was used as out group in the study. Altogether 432 data points were prepared including out group following standard procedure [48,49] . The morphological cluster analysis was conducted through reconstructing majority rule consensus tree where 174 most parsimonious trees were constructed using the software Mesquite 3.61 (build 927) to visualise the cladogram [50] . ...
... Congested inflorescences are not exclusive of Nidularioid genera (core Bromelioideae) but also occur in early-diverging Bromelioideae, as some species of Greigia, Fascicularia, Ochagavia, Bromelia, Cryptanthus, and Orthophytym (Louzada et al., 2014;Monteiro et al., 2015;Silvestro et al., 2014). Nevertheless, they do not accumulate water in the inflorescences nor form water-impounding tanks in the leaves . ...
In the subfamily Bromelioideae, the so-called Nidularioid genera share some morphological features, the most notable of which is the occurrence of congested inflorescences that accumulate different amounts of water. This study aims to describe and compare the inflorescence morphology in six Nidularioid genera and to estimate the “tank space” for water in each inflorescence. Inflorescences at different developmental stages were analyzed using light microscopy and described using a typology-based comparative approach. X-ray microtomography was used to obtain sections of young inflorescences, from which 3-dimensional images were built for exploring structural issues and estimating water impounding capacity. Inflorescences are simple racemes in N. johannis and heterothetic compound racemes in the other species. No adaxial prophylls were observed among Nidularioid genera, neither in floral axes nor in the inflorescence branches. The flowers are spirally arranged along the florescence axis although the polystichous condition is obscured by the dorsiventral compression of florescences. The development of Nidularioid compound inflorescences follows a bidirectional pattern since flower primordia differentiate acropetally and paraclade primordia develop basipetally. Bracts are used for water storage in species with a long scape, where such bracts are large and cover the entire paraclades. In species with a short floral scape, inflorescences remain submerged inside the vegetative phytotelmata, allowing these inflorescences to be always in contact with water. Despite the actual branching pattern is obscured because the inflorescence branches are closely condensed in the axils of water impounding bracts, all Nidularioid inflorescences constitute polytelic systems that follow the general pattern of Bromeliaceae. Although all Nidularioid inflorescences are associated with structures for water retention, they seem not to be synapomorphic. Thus, hypotheses of primary homology suggested by both the typological analysis of inflorescences and the survey of water-impounding structures are consistent with the non-monophyletic condition of the Nidularioid genera.
... Occurrences of B. antiacantha are recorded in several American countries, among them, Venezuela, Brazil, Mexico, Peru, Uruguay, and the Caribbean islands. The species has perennial germination cycle, its leaves are prickly and, due to the beauty of its flowers, attracts pollinators like hummingbirds, increasing the natural dispersion of the species [186,187]. ...
Fruit plants have been widely used by the population as a source of food, income and in the treatment of various diseases due to their nutritional and pharmacological properties. The aim of this study was to review information from the most current research about the phytochemical composition, biological and toxicological properties of four fruit species widely used by the world population in order to support the safe medicinal use of these species and encourage further studies on their therapeutic properties. The reviewed species are: Talisia esculenta, Brosimum gaudichaudii, Genipa americana, and Bromelia antiacantha. The review presents the botanical description of these species, their geographical distribution, forms of use in popular medicine, phytochemical studies and molecules isolated from different plant organs. The description of the pharmacological mechanism of action of secondary metabolites isolated from these species was detailed and toxicity studies related to them were reviewed. The present study demonstrates the significant concentration of phenolic compounds in these species and their anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, photosensitizing properties, among others. Such species provide important molecules with pharmacological activity that serve as raw materials for the development of new drugs, making further studies necessary to elucidate mechanisms of action not yet understood and prove the safety for use in humans.
... A morphological data matrix for the fruits of 15 chili land races with a set of 14 characters (six qualitative and eight quantitative) and one descriptor (ratio of fruit body versus fruit stalk length) was prepared as per the standard procedure. 47 The similar set of data for one local land race of tomato was also added as the out group in the study. All the measurements were taken in the metric scale. ...
Introduction: Proton (1H) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy based
analytical method for the quantification of capsaicin (major pungent principle of chili)
has certain advantages including short data acquisition time and better structural
authentication. Earlier NMR methods are associated with either of the bottlenecks
such as low or lack of information on the sensitivity and scope for the quantification
of total capsaicinoid.
Objective: To develop a sensitive 1H quantitative NMR (qNMR) technique for capsaicin
and total capsaicinoid in dry chili and chili oleoresin and to demonstrate its applicability
in a real sample set.
Method: A 1H qNMR method was developed using benzene as the internal standard
for the quantification of capsaicin (terminal methyl signal) as well as total capsaicinoid
(benzyl methylene signal) in dry chili and oleoresin and validated in terms of specificity,
linearity, sensitivity, accuracy and precision.
Results: The developed 1H qNMR method was specific, sensitive (limit of detection
4.4 μg/mL and limit of quantitation 14.8 μg/mL), linear in the range 0.083–-
8.33 mg/mL of capsaicin, accurate and precise. The credibility of the developed
method was showcased in the morpho-chemical characterisation of commercially
available 15 chili land races from northeast India. The analysis identified the land
races with a wide range of capsaicin (trace to 1.49% in the dry fruit and trace to
6.21% in the oleoresin w/w) and oleoresin content (3.35–26.78% w/w).
Conclusion: The standardized 1H qNMR method facilitated the findings of chemical
basis for the selection of chili land races from this region, capable of producing highyielding
oleoresin with intended degree of pungency.
... This species is part of Bromelia subg. Karatas (sensu Mez 1891), which diagnostic trait is the inflorescence nested in the center of the rosette and the presence of a ferruginous indumentum covering the ovary (Monteiro et al. 2015). Besides the short pedunculated inflorescence (Fig. 2J), it can be recognized by the large habit, with leaf blades linear and canaliculate (Fig. 2I), up to 3 m long, the narrowly oblanceolate floral bracts, 6-8 cm long, flowers with purple petals and long fusiform fruits. ...
The Bromeliaceae Flora for the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Northeastern Brazil, is presented, based on extensive fieldwork, morphological analyses using herbarium and freshly collected material, and specialized literature. Twenty-six species of bromeliads were recorded in Rio Grande do Norte, distributed in ten genera and in three subfamilies. Bromelioideae was the richest subfamily (eight genera/14 species), followed by Tillandsioideae (one genus/12 species), and Pitcairnioideae (one genus/one species). Aechmea mertensii, Hohenbergia horrida and Tillandsia tenuifolia are new records for Rio Grande do Norte. Eight species (31%) are restricted to the Eastern portion of the state, in the Atlantic Forest. Caatinga dry woodlands harbor 18 species, with remarkable presence of Bromelia laciniosa, Encholirium spectabile, Tillandsia recurvata and T. streptocarpa, the four most widely distributed taxa. We discuss problems related to unclear taxonomic circumscriptions of species or diverging information between authors, more expressively in Hohenbergia, but also in Aechmea, Cryptanthus and Tillandsia. The data presented here might contribute to better understand the morphological variation of these taxa and suggest additional research on their taxonomy. Morphological descriptions, general comments, a map, photo plates and an identification key for all taxa are provided.
... Considering the low levels of genetic variation presented by bromeliads (Escobedo-Sarti et al. 2013;Krapp et al. 2014;Schütz et al. 2016), including Dyckia and Encholirium, we were interested in exploring if morphological data might help to increase the resolution and to clarify the evolutionary history of these two genera. Some studies in Bromeliaceae have shown that morphological data alone can retrieve robust phylogenies (Gomes-da-Silva et al. 2012;Saraiva et al. 2015;Monteiro et al. 2015;Santos-Silva et al. 2017) and also in combination with molecular data (Sousa et al. 2007;Aguirre-Santoro et al. 2015;Gomes-da-Silva and Souza-Chies 2017). ...
We performed a phylogenetic study of Encholirium (Bromeliaceae, Pitcairnioideae) to test if this Brazilian endemic genus is monophyletic
when including additional species and morphological characters compared to previous studies. Extensive fieldwork to increase the
sampling of Encholirium and evolutionary analyses were conducted. Species of Fosterella, the sister group of the xeric clade of Pitcairnioideae, were used as outgroups. We analyzed two chloroplast DNA sequence markers (matK and ndhF) and 49 morphological characters with maximum parsimony analyses (MP), Bayesian inference (BI), and maximum likelihood (ML) with different sampling in the molecular analyses than the morphological. The phylogenetic analyses of the datasets, both independently and combined, did not recover Encholirium as monophyletic. We found few variable sites in the sequences used. This result is evidence of low nucleotide divergence and corroborates the hypothesis of the recent evolutionary history of these plants. The morphological differences between Dyckia and Encholirium, which are demonstrably associated with distinct pollination syndromes, ant-plant interactions, and single-multiple reproductive episodes, likely emerged in a short period of diversification in species assigned to these two genera.
... This is due to the Chilean distribution of both, early diverging Bromelioideae (Ochagavia and Fascicularia exclusively) and early diverging Puya species (Smith and Downs, 1974;Jabaily and Sytsma, 2010;Evans et al., 2015). Monteiro et al. (2015) presented three potential migration/diversification routes of the early diverging bromelioid genera Bromelia and Fernseea (Fig. 4) which can be regarded as potential dispersal routes for the eu-Bromelioideae as well. However, as soon as the bromelioids reached the Atlantic Forest the ancestor species obviously diversified comparatively fast and the Atlantic Forest became the hot spot of core bromelioids diversity (Fig. 53). ...
Phylogenetic trouble unleashed
The first part of my thesis deals with a comprehensive phylogeny of the Bromelioideae subfamily. The family Bromeliaceae is subdivided into eight subfamilies, one of them is the Bromelioideae. Phylogenetic relationships among the Bromelioideae are still poorly understood and many of the extant genera are suspected to be not monophyletic. Especially Aechmea, the largest and most polymorphic genus constitutes many questions and the genus was used as a depot for taxonomically problematic species. The phylogenetic study presented here is the most comprehensive one so far, covering about half of the known species (434 of 965, Table 1) of Bromelioideae. The phylogeny was generated using plastid (atpB-rbcL, matK, rps16, ycf1_1, ycf1_6) and nuclear (AGT1_exon, ETS, G3PDH, PHYC, RPB2) genetic markers. The markers were analysed individually as well as combined using maximum likelihood and Bayesian analysis. The comparison of plastid vs. nuclear data revealed significant differences which were discussed in detail and hypothesised to indicate hybridisation in certain lineages. Nevertheless, the combination of both datasets increased the overall resolution of the phylogeny and was used to discuss the results in the light of previous studies. The entire phylogeny was divided into 32 groups for discussion. These groups represent potential genera or starting points for further studies in order to reorganise the polyphyletic genera of Bromelioideae into monophyletic lineages. Many extant genera of the eu-Bromelioideae were found to be not monophyletic. Monophyly was observed for the genera Acanthostachys, Billbergia, Cryptanthus, Disteganthus, Hoplocrypanthus, Lapanthus, Orthocryptanthus, Orthophytum, Rokautskyia, Ronnbergia, Sincoraea, Wittmackia and the monotypic ones (Deinacanthon, Eduandrea, Fascicularia, Hohenbergiopsis, Pseudananas). The genus concept proposed by Smith and Downs (1979) is therefore rejected, as well as the taxonomic utility of petal appendages, which were mainly used to delimit genera. In summary, this study and recent studies highlighted other morphological characters (e.g. pollen morphology, stigma type) as much more informative. However, no single character should be used to delimit genera and combinations of relevant characters are required. Even the petal appendages can pose a taxonomical important character at certain taxonomic level.
The combination of biogeography and phylogeny revealed that species of some groups which co- occur in a biome or region are also phylogenetically closely related. These groups were not recognised before because the misinterpretation of homoplastic characters led to wrong taxonomical conclusion. For example, the recent re-organisation of the Cryptanthoid group and the re-establishment of Wittmackia with the former Hohenbergia subgen. Wittmackiopsis species highlighted, among other characters, the importance of biogeography. Another case is the subgenus Neoregelia subgen. Hylaeaicum which is geographically and phylogenetically separated from the Nidularioid group and therefore has to be excluded.
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The large phylogeny presented here gives evidence for multiple invasions of the Brazilian biomes (Amazon Forest, Atlantic Forest, Cerrado, Caatinga) as well as of Central America and the Greater Antilles. It is important to note that the phylogeny is lacking resolution in the deeper nodes. Confident assumptions are therefore hindered and the historical biogeography of Bromelioideae remains cryptic. Anyway, the Atlantic Forest is nowadays the diversity hotspot of the core Bromelioideae and critically endangered. Extensive conservation efforts are required to protect the diverse flora, including the bromeliads.
The genetic markers used so far in bromeliad phylogenies provided only limited variation resulting in often unresolved complexes. The search for additional suitable genetic markers in bromelioid phylogenies yielded the nuclear marker AGT1. The amplified fragment consists of one well conserved exon region as well as a highly variable intron. The intron was too variable for aligning it across the entire bromelioid set. On the other hand, the intron provides relevant information for inferring phylogenies of closely related species groups (e.g. in Ananas, Cryptanthoid group). Furthermore, AGT1 is proposed as a genetic barcode in Bromelioideae because it poses much more information then the commonly used ones (e.g. matK).
Does size matter?
The second part of this thesis deals with the genome size evolution within the family Bromeliaceae. Samples from seven subfamilies were screened with the emphasis on the subfamily Bromelioideae. The data were combined with data from literature and the observed patterns were discussed in relation to known phenomena (e.g. correlations to environment and life form). In the second sub-chapter I have chosen the species Tillandsia usneoides to study the intraspecific genome size variation in combination with morphology and biogeography. Genome size and base composition were measured using the flow cytometry technique.
Bromeliaceae comprises mostly diploid species with predominantly 50 small chromosomes (2n), small genome sizes (0.59-4.11 pg) and normal GC content (36.46-42.21 %) compared to other families. Polyploidy was observed so far in the subfamilies Bromelioideae, Tillandsioideae and Pitcairnioideae. Triploids, tetraploids and potential hexaploids were identified. The genera show significant differences in holoploid genome size and base composition throughout the entire family. GC content is weakly positively correlated with genome size. Significant intraspecific genome size variation has been observed, including polyploidization, but no endopolyploidy and no variation in dioecious species. Within the subfamily Bromelioideae, the observed genome size between the early diverging lineages and the core Bromelioideae supports this division. The differences are due to a higher proportion of polyploids in the early diverging lineages and a significant higher
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GC content in the core Bromelioideae. Both groups differ in their life strategies and occupy principally different habitats with corresponding morphological adaptations. Hence, the early diverging lineages are predominantly terrestrial and xeromorphic. In contrast, the prevailing epiphytic core Bromelioideae are characterised by a tank habit and mostly adapted to more humid environments. Across the family and the subfamily Bromelioideae in particular, significant genome size differences between the different life forms have been observed, but no correlation to biomes within Brazil.
Tillandsia usneoides is the most widely distributed species of the family Bromeliaceae. It ranges from the southeastern United States to Argentina and Chile. Tillandsia usneoides grows epiphytic and is dispersed by seeds as well as by fragments of the plant. Within the species striking morphological differences can be observed as far as size characters are concerned. Morphotypes have shown to be stable in cultivation while growing under the same conditions. In order to investigate possible reasons for the variation the relative genome size of 75 specimens covering the whole distribution range was measured and combined with morphological, distribution and climatic data. Significant variation in the relative genome size corresponded to the morphological differences and reflected the north-south distribution gradient. Genome size and morphotypes showed a positive correlation, as well as with the mean temperature of the driest and coldest quarter and the minimal temperature of the coldest month.
... Asimismo, se presentan brácteas del pedúnculo durante la antesis, brácteas florales iguales o superiores al ovario, y no presentan sépalos. Las flores poseen pétalos carnosos, crecen en grupo en un eje corto y los pétalos miden alrededor de 3 cm (Espejo-Serna et al., 2004;Monteiro et al., 2015). ...
Las plantas del género Bromelia se distribuyen en América Latina, especialmente en las regiones del pacífico y Golfo de México; tienen usos diversos ya sea como plantas de ornato, plantas medicinales o alimento. Los frutos de estas especies son de tipo baya y se desarrollan constituyendo una infrutescencia de color amarillo o rosado de forma alargada u ovalada. Desde el punto de vista nutricional estos frutos tienen gran potencial ya que son buena fuente de minerales como calcio, potasio y fósforo; además, contienen vitamina C y son ricos en cisteína proteasas. Desde tiempos prehispánicos los frutos de estas especies se utilizaban en la medicina tradicional para tratar enfermedades respiratorias y trastornos del sistema urinario, entre otras. Hoy en día, las investigaciones demuestran que los extractos de la pulpa de frutos tienen actividad antimicrobiana, antihelmíntica, antitumoral y anti-inflamatoria, cuyos efectos son atribuidos a metabolitos secundarios (fenoles, saponinas terpenoides, etc.) y cisteína proteasas. Las enzimas proteolíticas caracterizadas en estos frutos son similares a las proteasas vegetales comerciales y pueden ser una alternativa potencial en la industria alimentaria y farmacéutica. En esta revisión se dan a conocer los usos etnobotánicos, características nutricionales, actividad biológica y estudios tecnológicos reportados en extractos de frutos del género Bromelia.
... For Pitcairnia, the tree used here was based on the morphological phylogeny of Saraiva et al. (2015) and included 56 terminal taxa. For the terrestrial Bromelioideae, a composite tree was produced based on molecular phylogenetic analyses, using information from Givnish et al. (2011) andSilvestro et al. (2014) for intergeneric relationships, from Louzada et al. (2014) for relationships within Orthophytum, Monteiro et al. (2015) for relationships within Bromelia, and Cruz et al. (2017) for relationships within Cryptanthus. It included 111 terminal taxa including a tip for the Core Bromelioideae. ...
Terrestrial species of the megadiverse bromeliad family display a wide variety of leaf shapes, many of which have evolved convergently in different lineages. Here, I examine the links between leaf shape, venation architecture, hydraulic function, and bioclimatic relations in two bromeliad groups displaying diverse leaf shapes, the genus Pitcairnia (Pitcairnioideae) and the terrestrial grade of the Bromelioideae subfamily. Leaf shapes with broader leaf blades, notably petiolate and lanceolate morphologies, tend to show wider vein spacing, which is associated with reduced hydraulic capacity and higher hydraulic vulnerability. In turn, these leaf shapes tend to occur in species restricted to moist, aseasonal environments, suggesting that hydraulic function is an important mediator of the relationship between leaf shape and bromeliad environmental niches. This network of trait–trait and trait–environment relationships may have been of profound important in the ecological and evolutionary diversification of the bromeliads. Similar structure–function principles are likely to apply in other tropical herbaceous monocots, which are of great ecological importance but generally neglected in plant hydraulic research.
... For Pitcairnia, the tree used here was based on the morphological phylogeny of Saraiva et al. (2015) and included 56 terminal taxa. For the terrestrial Bromelioideae, a composite tree was produced based on molecular phylogenetic analyses, using information from Givnish et al. (2011) andSilvestro et al. (2014) for intergeneric relationships, from Louzada et al. (2014) for relationships within Orthophytum, Monteiro et al. (2015) for relationships within Bromelia, and Cruz et al. (2017) for relationships within Cryptanthus. It included 111 terminal taxa including a tip for the Core Bromelioideae. ...
Terrestrial species of the megadiverse bromeliad family display a wide variety of leaf shapes, many of which have evolved convergently in different lineages. Here, I examine the links between leaf shape, venation architecture, hydraulic function, and bioclimatic relations in two bromeliad groups displaying diverse leaf shapes, the genus Pitcairnia (Pitcairnioideae) and the terrestrial grade of the Bromelioideae subfamily. Leaf shapes with broader leaf blades, notably petiolate and lanceolate morphologies, tend to show wider vein spacing, which is associated with reduced hydraulic capacity and higher hydraulic vulnerability. In turn, these leaf shapes tend to occur in species restricted to moist, aseasonal environments, suggesting that hydraulic function is an important mediator of the relationship between leaf shape and bromeliad environmental niches. This network of trait–trait and trait–environment relationships may have been of profound important in the ecological and evolutionary diversification of the bromeliads. Similar structure–function principles are likely to apply in other tropical herbaceous monocots, which are of great ecological importance but generally neglected in plant hydraulic research.
