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(a) XRD pattern of synthesized GZNC. (b) FTIR spectrum of GZNC. (c) UV-visible absorption spectra of GO and GZNC. (d) Thermogravimetric analysis spectrum shows the thermal behavior of the GZNC. (e) SEM image of GZNC. (f) EDS spectrum of GZNC. (g) TEM image of GZNC.
Source publication
In the present study the graphene zinc oxide nanocomposite (GZNC) was synthesized, characterized, and evaluated for its toxic potential on third instar larvae of transgenic Drosophila melanogaster (hsp70-lacZ)Bg
9. The synthesized GZNC was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric a...
Citations
... Drosophila has functional homologs of nearly 75% of the human disease genes and, therefore, is a good model to understand multiple pathways involve in the developmental process or in the progression of various human diseases (Panchal & Tiwari, 2017;Naz & Siddique, 2021). Drosophila has been used for the toxicological evaluations of various chemical compounds using cognitive, oxidative stress and genotoxic parameters (Adebambo and et al., 2020;Liu et al., 2019;Idda et al., 2020;Zhou et al., 2017;Siddique et al., 2013;Siddique et al., 2014;Siddique et al., 2015;Siddique et al., 2016). It is easy to perform experiments on fly as it renders fly embryo accessible to small molecules, toxicants and drugs (Rand et al., 2010). ...
Background
Various bleaching agents are used in food industries among which some reacts to form alloxan. Therefore, the alloxan can indirectly enter a human body and thus form an important aspects for studying its effect on the development. In the present study, the effect of alloxan was studied on the climbing ability, pupation and emergence of flies. Fifty first instar larvae were introduced separately in the vials containing 0.001, 0.002, 0.003 and 0.004 M of alloxan. Then, the duration of pupation as well as the emergence of flies was noted each day till 20 days. The climbing assay was performed on the emerged flies.
Results
The results suggest that alloxan at 0.002, 0.003 and 0.004 M is potent in inducing the delay in pupation, emergence (of adult flies) and decreased locomotor activity of Drosophila melanogaster .
Conclusions
Alloxan exhibits toxic effects at 0.002, 0.003 and 0.004 M in Drosophila.
... In their study, Siddique et al. [185] used D. melanogaster to assess the potential toxicity of graphene ZnO nanocomposites (GZnONCs), and found a dose-dependent rise in the number of apoptotic cells, genotoxic effects, and in the levels of oxidative stress. These findings seem to contradict a relatively recent study that reported no apparent toxicity or oxidative stress, nor any significant changes in the frequency of mutant clones or DNA breaks [4]. ...
Nanotechnology is often praised as the future technology that will revolutionize the world as we know it, because nanomaterials (NMs) offer numerous practical applications for a wide range of fields such as medicine, cosmetics, food preservation, paintings, and industry. Produced by nanotechnology, NMs are in the front line of this innovative applied science, while nanoparticles (NPs) refer to materials existing in the natural world and measuring 1-100 nanometers in at least one dimension. The recent surge in the number of endeavors to utilize NMs makes it imperative to identify hazards and risk factors involved as we have yet to know harmful effects of this uncharted territory on the environment and public health. While researchers generally choose to carry out in vitro experiments in an effort to assess toxicity of NMs, in vivo approaches seem to yield better evidence that is more relevant to risk assessment. In that context, Drosophila melanogaster stands out as the most dynamic model organism for biological experiments, since 75% of the genes responsible for human diseases are known to have homologs in D. melanogaster, which facilitates research into various pathologies. This book chapter aims to present the full picture of studies on separate NMs that employed in vivo approaches (toxicity, genotoxicity, internalization, cell uptake, tissue distribution, etc.) using D. melanogaster, attempting to offer an in-depth analysis of risks involved in exposure to NMs, as well as many advantages of other animal models used by nanogenotoxicology studies.
... Many studies have determined the concentration of AFGO using a spectrophotometer; however, AFGO was not water-soluble in this study [34,35]. Therefore, this study determined the concentration of AFGO by using a microscope to count the number of molecules. ...
The purpose of this study was to develop a four-step cascade drug-release system for transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) therapeutic applications according to disease-driven and patient-focused design theories. The four steps underlying these strategies involve the blockage of nutrient supply, nanoparticles, codelivery and the cell cytotoxic effect. Calibrated spherical gellan gum (GG) and nanoparticle-containing gellan gum microspheres were prepared using a water-in-oil emulsification method. Self-assembled nanoparticles featuring amine-functionalized graphene oxide (AFGO) as the doxorubicin (Dox) carrier were prepared. The results confirm that, as a drug carrier, AFGO–Dox nanoparticles can facilitate the transport of doxorubicin into HepG2 liver cancer cells. Subsequently, AFGO–Dox was introduced into gellan gum (GG) microspheres, thus forming GG/AFGO–Dox microspheres with a mean size of 200–700 μm. After a drug release experiment lasting 28 days, the amount of doxorubicin released from 674 and 226 μm GG/AFGO–Dox microspheres was 2.31 and 1.18 μg/mg, respectively. GG/AFGO–Dox microspheres were applied in a rabbit ear embolization model, where ischemic necrosis was visible on the ear after 12 days. Our aim for the future is to provide better embolization agents for transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) using this device.
... However, to provide multiple applications, the graphene species are modified in the structure of these materials. An example is the formation of graphene nanocomposites and metallic nanoparticles (Siddique et al., 2013(Siddique et al., , 2014. ...
... The graphene nanocomposite and zinc oxide toxicity were observed only in 0.199 and 3.999 mg mL −1 for 24 and 48 h of exposure duration, indicating a potential risk for biological applications. In this sense, more studies are needed to confirm this potential (Siddique et al., 2014). ...
... Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity. Siddique et al. (2014) Page 11 of 15 367 ROS's were observed for any of the nanostructures of 3D graphene nanoblocks produced using nanoparticle molds. Besides, no acute toxicity can be detected in vitro, even after three incubation days (Bachmatiuk et al., 2013). ...
Nanotechnology has been widely used, with nanomaterials being applied in several technologies. However, little is known about the real toxicological risk that can be caused by nanomaterials. These materials can be divided according to their dimensionalities. The current classification schemes for nanostructured materials are based on these dimensionalities, generally as zero (0D), one (1D), two (2D), and three dimensions (3D). Toxicological studies to present broad and consistent information on nanomaterials toxicity mechanisms, in vitro and in vivo studies in several experimental models are necessary. Thus, this short review presents the toxicological potential of carbon nanomaterials, divided by their dimensionality, in the main in vitro and in vivo experimental models, especially alternative models. As a result, it was possible to observe that the toxicity of carbon nanomaterials does not vary according to the dimensionality of 0D, 1D, and 2D materials. For these materials, it is not possible to infer a direct relationship between dimensionality and toxicity. However, recent studies have shown that three-dimensional graphene species tend to have less toxicity than materials with a smaller number of dimensions. Finally, it was possible to note the importance of using several experimental models, especially alternative models, in order to increase the understanding of toxicity mechanisms of carbon nanomaterials.
Graphical Abstract
... Enhanced antioxidant enzymes like SOD, CAT were detected in CNT-treated larvae [107]. Larva exposed to graphene and zinc nanocomposites elevate the level of oxidative stress-inducing apoptosis and DNA damage in a time-dependent and dose gradient manner [108]. There was also a huge reduction in the protein level and the b-Galactosidase activity of Drosophila [87]. ...
Nanotechnology is a rapidly developing technology in the twenty-first century. Nanomaterials are extensively used in numerous industries including cosmetics, food, medicines, industries, agriculture, etc. Along with its wide application toxicity is also reported from studies of various model organisms including Drosophila. The toxicity reflects cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and teratogenicity.
The current study correlates the toxicity as a consequence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated owing to the presence of nanoparticles with the living cell. ROS mainly includes hydroxyl ions, peroxide ions, superoxide anions, singlet oxygen, and hypochlorous acids. An elevated level of ROS can damage the cells by various means.
To protect the body from excess ROS, living cells possess a set of antioxidant enzymes which includes peroxidase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase. If the antioxidant enzymes cannot nullify the elevated ROS level then DNA damage, cell damage, cytotoxicity, apoptosis, and uncontrolled cell regulations occur resulting in abnormal physiological and genotoxic conditions.
Herewith, we are reporting various morphological and physiological defects caused after
nanoparticle treatment as a function of redox imbalance.
... Recently, Masouleh et al. (2017) and Krishnaraj et al. (2016) observed an increase in hsp70 mRNA levels in Ag NPs-exposed juvenile Caspian kutum and zebrafish, respectively. Similar upregulated levels of Hsp70 were observed with ZnO and silica NPs exposure in Drosophila, TiO 2 NPs in Caribbean reef-building coral, Au NPs in Daphnia magna, Cu NPs in Takifugu fasciatus, and IONPs in mice (Dominguez et al. 2015;Jovanovic and Guzman 2014;Pandey et al. 2013;Siddique et al. 2014;Sundarraj et al. 2017;Wang et al. 2018b). Such upregulation of Hsp70 has been proposed as an early bioindicator of cellular stress. ...
The demand for nanotechnology in biomedical science is escalating rapidly as novel nanomaterials help in rebuilding the life of patients suffering from serious health conditions. Nanomaterials are widely used for biomedical applications such as drug delivery carriers, diagnostic agents, image-contrasting agents, tissue engineering, targeted cancer therapy, and so on. However, due to poor understanding of mechanisms at the nanoscale, nature had to deal with the negative face of the nanotechnology broadly called as nanotoxicity. Nanotoxicology is therefore the study of the toxicity of nanomaterials at the cellular, organism, and environmental levels. Variety of nanoparticles (NPs) prepared from sources like metals, semiconductors, polymers, and lipids behave differently in cells due to the difference in their surface functionality, size and shape anisotropy, charge and dispersity in polar or nonpolar solvents, etc. Therefore, since the last decade, the scientific community has shown keen interest to understand the NPs toxicity at different biological levels of the organization. Cellular
... Graphene is a graphite layer and is a 2-D carbon allotropic with a grid-like structure such as a honeycomb. It is used as building blocks of carbon nanotubes and large fullerenes [18]. At the nano size, graphene has significant properties such as its high Young modulus (about 1000 GPa: gigapascal), high resistance to failure (130 GPa), good thermal conductivity (5000 W m −1 K −1 ), electrical conductivity (200000 cm 2 V −1 s −1 ), specific surface area (2600 m 2 g −1 ), owning catalytic properties, and amazing transport phenomena (e.g. the quantum Hall effect, adsorption of some metal ions and pollutants from soil and water) [15,16]. ...
... It is noted that the amount of Mn in this process is very important, and the doping efficiency is directly related to the concentration of Mn used. ZnO can also be placed on a surface, such as zeolite, alumina, silica, and graphene, to increase the doping efficiency due to comfort motion of its electron [18][19][20]. Based on the foregoing facts, the purpose of the present study was to synthesize Mn-doped ZnO/graphene nanocomposite and to determine of its ability in degradation of 2,4-D under LED radiation. ...
Chemical pesticides and herbicides are one of the most important pollutants in urban, agricultural and industrial wastewaters. Improper discharge of these compounds into water bodies’ cause harmful effects on both environment and human health. In this study, photocatalytic degradation of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (usually called 2,4-D) was investigated using Mn-doped zinc oxide/graphene nanocomposite under light emitting diodes (LED) radiation. FTIR, AFM, DLS, Zeta potential, XRD, and SEM techniques were used to determine the characteristics of the nanocomposite. The effects of process-related parameters, such as the amount of nanocomposite, initial pH, 2,4-D concentrations, and contact time, on the photocatalytic degradation of the 2,4-D were studied. The results showed that the efficiency of photocatalytic degradation of 2,4-D decreased with an increase in the initial concentration of 2,4-D, while photocatalytic degradation efficiency increased by increasing the initial pH and the nano-catalyst content. The results showed that 66.2% of 2,4-D could be photocatalytically degraded using Mn-doped zinc oxide/graphene nanocomposite under LED radiation at optimal conditions (pH 5, initial Zn concentration of 10 mg L⁻¹, nano-composite concentration of 2 g L⁻¹, contact time of 120 min). Findings of this experimental study concluded that photocatalysis using Mn-doped zinc oxide/graphene nanocomposite under LED radiation could efficiently remove 2,4-D herbicide from aqueous media.
... The produced graphene was analyzed for the surface functalization (hydrophobic and hydrophilic) as well as structural, optical, elemental, thermal and electrical properties characterized by standard techniques. In addition, range of graphene-based nanocomposites using the green methods and synthesized nanocomposites materials were used for the biomedical and environmental applications [232][233][234][235][236].This technology can introduce a new use of in-situ biologically produced reduced graphene for rainfed/dryland agriculture, where cultivation of crops is suffering on account of poor seed germination due to unavailability of critically important moisture. ...
The key challenge for the agriculture sector is to feed an ever-increasing global population with
adoption of sustainable agricultural practices, integrating the goals of environmental health, economic profitability,
and social equity. In this regard, nanotechnology is a globally rapidly growing ûeld of science and technology and
casting an impact on every aspect of human life. It has also been recognized as one of its six “Key Enabling
Technologies” by the European Commission, which contributes to sustainable competitiveness and growth in
several industrial sectors. Considering the success of nanotechnology in different areas, application of nanoparticles
(NPs) also started in agriculture but it is still in nascent phase. However, this could be a viable and sustainable
option for instigating revolutionary changes in agricultural sector and the seed industry for delivering better outcomes
in the coming years. Out of approx. 29000 patents on NPs granted worldwide, only 500 patents account for
agriculture and nutrition aspects. Every year, several new nano-based agri-inputs and products are expected to
be introduced into the market. Slowly but surely NPs are gaining attention of researchers, industry, end users and
policy makers in India. The specific considerations for evaluation of NPs with a focus to address the issues
regarding safe handling of nanofertilizers and nanopesticides (with or without nanocarriers) have been made in
the recent guidelines from DBT in the context of Insecticide Act, Fertilizer Control Order, BIS and FSSAI. Hence,
it would be interesting to use and carryout research on NPs, following new regulatory framework to be in place
soon. Using nanomaterial as a carrier system for crop improvement and for enhancement of productivity would
open new vistas for agriculture in the areas of pest/disease prevention, control and management, fertilizers,
agrochemicals, biofertilizers and pheromones delivery, plant nutrients, anti-transpiration agents, plant growth
regulators, biostimulants and plant genetic manipulation. Nanocarriers for nutraceutical delivery, nano processing
aids, nanocomposites and nanosensors for safe applications in food, feed, packaging and dairy products would
be gaining importance. NP based sensors could also have the potential to be employed as smart input delivery
systems, determination of viability, losses, detection of seed borne pathogens in seeds and as growth monitoring,
real time detection of pests, continuous monitoring of local environment etc. The results of nanoparticles used as
seed priming agents to enhance seed germination, storage and crop productivity have been quite encouraging.
Green synthesis protocols have gained extensive attention as a reliable, sustainable and eco-friendly means for
the production of a wide range of nanomaterials. The researches on green NPs, their use in organic production
and possibility of seed treatment applications have also been discussed in this. Since NPs are very infinitesimal
in size and the quantity required for seed treatment purpose is still very less, it might not have an impact on flora
and fauna above the threshold level. Still, the possible biosafety issues regarding use of NPs as seed treatment
for improvement in seed germination, vigour and storability may arise. Considering the potential applications of
NPs in many fields and the growing apprehensions of FDA about the toxic potential of nano products, it is need of
the hour to look for new internationally agreed, unbiased toxicological models and focusing more on in vivo
studies. Generally, science based evaluation of NPs and deliberations on the issues like; the possible ill effects of
nano-particles on the environment, soil, plant nutrition and antagonistic effect on other nutrients, safety of workers,
researchers, laboratory staff, seed industry and the health of general public, animals, insects and microbes etc.
should only be the basis of policy decisions on NPs. The in-depth review of work done on mechanism and
potential of nanoparticles in enhancing agricultural productivity and their possible impacts on ecosystem is also
highlighted in this review.
... The larvae (10 flies/experiment; 5 replicates/group) were homogenized in 1 ml of cold homogenizing buffer (0.1 M Phosphate buffer containing 0.15 M KCl; pH 7.4). The supernatant after centrifugation at 9000 g was used for estimating total protein content of the samples[40]. ...
Engineered nanomaterials consisting of multiple nanoparticles (NPs) are finding their use in fields as wide and diverse as medicine, environment, cosmetics, energy and electronics. However, health and environmental impacts of these NPs need to be discerned individually to understand their true toxicity. Due to the promising application of upcoming material like GO-ZnO nanocomposite, the toxicity of ZnO and GO NPs was evaluated and compared individually in our study. This study compares the toxicity of Graphene Oxide (GO) NPs and Zinc Oxide (ZnO) NPs synthesized by Green method and Chemical method on Drosophila melanogaster. The GO, Chemical ZnO and Green ZnO NPs were synthesized and characterized using SEM, HR-TEM, FT-IR, UV-vis, EDX, XRD and DLS studies. NPs were comparatively analyzed for their cytotoxic and neurotoxic behaviors using different assays like MTT assay, mortality rate, larval crawling and climbing assay, total protein content analysis for evaluating the toxic potential of each of these NPs at different concentrations of use. Green ZnO were found to be least cytotoxic while Chemical ZnO caused the most cell damage. GO were found to have intermediary cytotoxicity. However, a different trend was observed with neurotoxicity wherein Green ZnO reportedly affected the neuromuscular coordination the most, while GO was found to have the least affect. This study provided insights into the different toxic effects caused by GO and ZnO NPs on Drosophila as well as comparative toxic effects of Chemical vs Green ZnO NPs.
... The duration of developmental stages may increase or decrease in GO-treated flies. GO was sonicated in 0.1% DMSO and added to the fly food to obtain the final concentrations of 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, and 500 mg/ L (Siddique et al. 2014) and only 0.1% DMSO was added to the fly food, which served as a negative control. We did not observe the effect of 0.1% DMSO on fly physiology and development. ...
... To check the damage of the gut caused by GO, six third instar larvae from different concentration were stained with 0.2 mg/mL of Trypan blue(from HIMEDIA) for 30 mins (Carmona et al. 2015;Mishra et al. 2017;Siddique 2012;Siddique et al. 2014) by following a well-optimized protocol (Krebs and Feder 1997). Later, the larvae were washed with PBS to discard additional stain if there is any. ...
The current study checks the effect of various concentrations of dietary graphene oxide (GO) nano-sheets on the development of Drosophila melanogaster. GO was synthesized and characterized by XRD, FTIR, FESEM, and TEM analytical techniques. Various concentrations of GO were mixed with the fly food and flies were transferred to the vial. Various behavioral and morphological as well as genetic defects were checked on the different developmental stages of the offspring. In the larval stage of development, the crawling speed and trailing path change significantly than the control. GO induces the generation of oxygen radicals within the larval hemolymph as evidenced by nitroblue tetrazolium assay. GO induces DNA damage within the gut cell, which was detected by Hoechst staining and within hemolymph by comet assay. Adult flies hatched after GO treatment show defective phototaxis and geotaxis behavior. Besides behavior, phenotypic defects were observed in the wing, eye, thorax bristles, and mouth parts. At 300 mg/L concentration, wing spots were observed. Altogether, the current study finds oral administration of GO which acts as a mutagen and causes various behavioral and developmental defects in the offspring. Here for the first time, we are reporting GO, which acts as a teratogen in Drosophila, besides its extensive medical applications.
