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(a) X-ray diffraction patterns and (b) Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy spectra of ZnO NPs synthesized at different pH values
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This paper presents an efficient, environmentally friendly, and simple approach for the green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using orange fruit peel extract. This approach aims to both minimize the use of toxic chemicals in nanoparticle fabrication and enhance the antibacterial activity and biomedical applications of ZnO nanoparticles. In...
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Wide application of nanoparticles motivates the need for synthesising them. Here, a nontoxic, eco-friendly, and cost-effective method has been established for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles using extracts of lemon peel (Citrus limon), green orange peel (Citrus sinensis), and orange peel (Citrus tangerina). The synthesised nanoparticles have...
Wide application of nanoparticles motivates the need for synthesising them. Here, a nontoxic, eco-friendly, and cost-effective
method has been established for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles using extracts of lemon peel (Citrus limon), green orange peel
(Citrus sinensis), and orange peel (Citrus tangerina). +e synthesised nanoparticles have b...
This study aimed to determine the effect of addition of different concentrations (0.1 and 0.3% v/ w) of dry and fresh Iraqi and Egyptian orange (Citrus sinensis) peels extracts on either of microbial activity of microorganisms that cause food spoilage and sensory properties of cake. Oily extracts for both the local and Egyptian had a clear action a...
Citations
... Phase identity and crystallinity of synthesized ZnO nanoparticle were examined by XRD analysis. The Rhoeo discolor-assisted ZnO nanoparticle exhibited diffraction peaks ( [45]. The sharp diffraction peaks revealed the crystallinity of the prepared material. ...
Chloramphenicol (CAP) is an antibiotic that is used to treat a range of human ailments and is also utilized in animal medicine. However, long-term usage of CAP can have substantial side effects in humans. Hence, precise and sensitive analytical approaches for CAP detection are required. We developed an electrochemical sensor based on a ZnO/MWCNT nanocomposite for the efficient measurement of chloramphenicol (CAP) in this study. Aqueous leaf extract of Rhoeo discolor (Tradescantia spathacea) was employed in the green production of ZnO nanoparticles. A simple sonochemical approach was used to combine ZnO nanoparticles with MWCNT. UV–Visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), elemental mapping, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) have been utilized to describe the synthesized ZnO nanoparticles. The electrochemical performance of the ZnO/MWCNT/graphite electrode was studied using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV). The effect of loading mass, pH, and scan rate on electrode reaction was also determined. The ZnO/MWCNT/graphite electrode has a linear response in the range of 1 to 250 μM, a high sensitivity of 11.15 μA μM⁻¹ cm⁻², with a LOD of 0.35 μM and LOQ of 1.16 μM. It also has good reproducibility and stability. Real samples like honey and milk were used to illustrate the sensor’s viability.
... One of the main advantages of ZnO NPs is their ability to be synthesized using a variety of methods, including conventional and green synthesis approaches. Green synthesis methods, in particular, have gained popularity due to their environmentally friendly nature and potential for large-scale production without the use of toxic chemicals [20]. Such methods use natural resources, plant extracts, or biological agents as reducing and stabilizing agents, promoting the synthesis of sustainable and environmentally friendly nanoparticles. ...
This study explores the green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using cellar spider extracts as a sustainable alternative to traditional methods involving hazardous chemicals and radiation. The spider extracts effectively reduced zinc acetate dihydrate, yielding white precipitates indicative of ZnO NPs. Characterization through SEM revealed diverse morphologies, including spherical, rod-like, hexagonal, and uneven particles forming platelet-like aggregates. Further analyses, such as HPM, 3D nanoprofiler, and EDS, provided insights into size, shape, morphology, surface chemistry, thermal stability, and optical characteristics, quantifying the intended properties of the synthesized ZnO NPs. Antibacterial assays against E. coli and B. subtilis demonstrated significant antibacterial activity, affirming the nanoparticles' potential for antimicrobial applications. This green synthesis approach, validated through comprehensive characterization and quantitative measurements, offers a promising and environmentally friendly route for producing functional ZnO NPs.
... ZnO NPs' broad band gap and vast surface area make them useful. Green synthesis of ZnO NPs is attractive due to its environmental friendliness and possibility for large-scale manufacturing without harmful chemicals [16]. Green nanoparticle production uses natural resources, plant extracts, or biological agents as reducing and stabilizing agents . ...
This study presents an eco-friendly approach to synthesizing zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using extracts from cellar spiders, addressing environmental and health concerns associated with conventional methods. The spider extract efficiently reduced zinc acetate dihydrate, and the synthesized ZnO NPs underwent comprehensive quantitative characterization, including size, shape, morphology, surface chemistry, thermal stability, and optical properties using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), zeta potential measurements, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and UV-vis spectroscopy. The nanoparticles exhibited intended characteristics, and their adsorption capability for methylene blue (MB) was quantitatively assessed using the Freundlich isotherm model and pseudo-second-order kinetic model, providing numerical insights into MB removal efficiency. The study demonstrates the potential of these green-synthesized ZnO NPs for applications in environmental remediation, wastewater treatment, and antibacterial therapies, contributing to both sustainable nanomaterial development and quantitative understanding of their functional properties.
... The production of nanoparticles with defined sizes and shapes remains difficult 2 . Several factors were previously reported to affect the resultant nanoparticle characteristics, such as reaction temperature, drying temperature, reaction time, pH, precursor, and extract concentration [21][22][23][24] . ...
... These results followed with Kotresh et al. 54 who revealed that reaction temperature is a key factor affecting the morphological features of nanoparticles. In contrast to our results; Thi et al. 22 reported large coagulated ZnO nano-rods with lengths and widths of ∼ 370 nm and ∼ 160 nm, respectively using orange peel extract. A summary Table 2. Illustrating the previously prepared ZnO NPs using various reaction temperatures and plant extracts. ...
... The mass loss profile was steady up to 28.3 and 13.9% of the actual mass for nano-rods and the hexagonal NPs, respectively. This loss might be due to the elimination of moisture and carbonaceous phytochemicals in the prepared samples of ZnO NPs 22,63 . ...
Although, different plant species were utilized for the fabrication of polymorphic, hexagonal, spherical, and nanoflower ZnO NPs with various diameters, few studies succeeded in synthesizing small diameter ZnO nanorods from plant extract at ambient temperature. This work sought to pioneer the ZnO NPs fabrication from the aqueous extract of a Mediterranean salt marsh plant species Limoniastrum monopetalum (L.) Boiss. and assess the role of temperature in the fabrication process. Various techniques have been used to evaluate the quality and physicochemical characteristics of ZnO NPs. Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–VIS) was used as the primary test for formation confirmation. TEM analysis confirmed the formation of two different shapes of ZnO NPs, nano-rods and near hexagonal NPs at varying reaction temperatures. The nano-rods were about 25.3 and 297.9 nm in diameter and in length, respectively while hexagonal NPs were about 29.3 nm. The UV–VIS absorption spectra of the two forms of ZnO NPs produced were 370 and 365 nm for nano-rods and hexagonal NPs, respectively. FT-IR analysis showed Zn–O stretching at 642 cm⁻¹ and XRD confirmed the crystalline structure of the produced ZnO NPs. Thermogravimetric analysis; TGA was also used to confirm the thermal stability of ZnO NPs. The anti-tumor activities of the two prepared ZnO NPs forms were investigated by the MTT assay, which revealed an effective dose-dependent cytotoxic effect on A-431 cell lines. Both forms displayed considerable antioxidant potential, particularly the rod-shaped ZnO NPs, with an IC50 of 148.43 µg mL⁻¹. The rod-shaped ZnO NPs were superior candidates for destroying skin cancer, with IC50 of 93.88 ± 1 µg mL⁻¹ ZnO NPs. Thus, rod-shaped ZnO NPs are promising, highly biocompatible candidate for biological and biomedical applications. Furthermore, both shapes of phyto-synthesized NPs demonstrated effective antimicrobial activity against various pathogens. The outcomes highlight the potential of phyto-synthesized ZnO NPs as an eco-friendly alternative for water and wastewater disinfection.
... The synthesis of ZnO NPs followed the method described in Ref. [45]. Initially, an aqueous extract was prepared by combining 10 g of vegetal powder of P. lentiscus leaves with 200 mL of distilled water, heated for 30 min at 60-70 °C, left to cool at room temperature (25 ± 2 °C), filtered using N2 filter paper, and stored at 4 °C for future use. ...
... The orange fruit peel extracts were prepared as described [36]. The orange fruits were briefly dried and cleaned before being peeled as thinly as possible. ...
Bacteriophages (phages) are viruses that infect the bacteria within which their reproduction cycle takes place, a process that ends in the lysis and death of the bacterial cell. Some phages are also able to destroy bacterial biofilms. Due to increased antibiotics resistance, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, another biofilm-forming pathogen, is a problem in many parts of the world. Zinc oxide (ZnO) and other metal nanoparticles (NPs) are biologically active and also possess anti-biofilm properties. ZnO-NPs were prepared by the green synthesis method using orange peels. The vibrational peaks of the ZnO-NPs were analyzed using FTIR analysis, and their size and morphological properties were determined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The ability of the ZnO-NPs to reduce or eliminate P. aeruginosa biofilm alone or in combination with phages PB10 and PA19 was investigated. The P. aeruginosa cells were effectively killed in the preformed 48 h biofilms during a 24 h incubation with the ZnO-NP–phage combination, in comparison with the control or ZnO-NPs alone. The treatments on growing biofilms were most efficient in the final stages of biofilm development. All five treatment groups showed a significant biofilm reduction compared to the control group (p < 0.0001) at 48 h of incubation. The influence of the ZnO-NPs and phages on the quorum sensing system of P. aeruginosa was monitored by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) of the autoinducer biosynthesis gene lasI. While the ZnO-NPs repressed the lasI gene transcription, the phages slightly activated it at 24 and 48 h of incubation. Also, the effect of the ZnO-NPs and phage PA19 on the viability of HFF2 cells was investigated and the results showed that the combination of NPs with PA19 reduced the toxic effect of ZnO-NPs and also stimulated the growth in normal cells.
... The efficiency of the ZnO NPs as antimicrobial agents against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus can be attributed to the bioactive molecules in the Nauclea latifolia extract incorporated into the nano-sized particles. The performance recorded with Nauclea latifolia-ZnO NPs in the present work was similar to those previously reported [40,41]. In this study, ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized using Nauclea latifolia fruit extracts and utilized as antimicrobial agents against S. aureus and E. coli. ...
The work presents a report on Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) synthesized through a green approach using Nauclea latifolia fruit extracts, with a view to investigating the prepared nanoparticles for their antimicrobial activities. The ZnO NPs synthesized were characterized using various analytical instruments, including X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The instruments provided valuable information
on the characteristics of the Zn ONPs. The antibacterial activities of the synthesized ZnO Ps were evaluated with Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). The maximum absorption was observed at 379 nm. The average hydrodynamic size and the polydispersity index (PDI) were measured as 81.77 nm and 0.401, respectively. The nanomaterial has a hexagonal wurtzite structure, and the Zn–O bond was detected at 537 cm–1. The nanoparticles were in the nano range with sizes ranging from 10.02 nm to 28.50 nm. The N. latifolia fruit extract-mediated ZnO NPs showed excellent performance against the two bacteria at all concentrations of ZnO NPs. The highest inhibition zones for E. coli and S. aureus at 8 mg/L of ZnO NPs are 21 and 16 mm, respectively. This study provides valuable insights into an efficient, simple, and environmentally friendly route for synthesizing ZnO NPs with a potential application in the biomedical field.
... Ingeniously synthesizing antimicrobial zinc oxide nanoparticles from the aqueous extract of Ailanthus altissima fruits [107] successfully targeted Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Thi et al. [118] created antibacterial zinc oxide nanoparticles by reducing orange-peel extract. Luque et al. [69] used C. sinensis extract to successfully synthesize polycrystalline zinc oxide nanoparticles with excellent photocatalytic activity. ...
Vegetables and fruits waste extracts are becoming increasingly popular due to their accessibility, affordability and high concentration of bioactive compounds in environmentally friendly nanoparticle biosynthesis. This is mainly because it utilizes natural sources and helps to reduce bio-waste. The current review is an effort to investigate the use of these extracts as reducing, capping and stabilizing agents in the biosynthesis of nanoparticles. The presented work critically reviews different phytochemical compositions present in fruits and vegetables waste extract and their functioning in the synthesis of nanoparticles. These nanoparticles synthesized by the environmentally friendly method have shown potential applications in a variety of fields. Further, their applications are also reviewed in this study. It is found that the extract made up of Ailanthus altissima fruit as well as the peels waste of lemons and mandarins yields a significant amount of zinc oxide and silver nanoparticles. These nanoparticles effectively interact with viruses, cancer cells, and environmental pollutants. Therefore, these nanoparticles might be a promising candidate for environmental and medical applications. Furthermore, the nanoparticles synthesized through Sterculia acuminata, tangerine peels, and cauliflower waste are useful for eliminating heavy metals and degrading organic dyes. Therefore, it can be concluded that the potential of synthesized nanoparticles derived from fruit and vegetable waste addresses the environmental issues and also propels improvements in environmental remediation and healthcare.
Graphical abstract
... Following the methodology reported in our previous publication [20], orange peel extract (Citrus Sinensis) is used as the synthesis medium in this study to synthesize ZnO nanoparticles in this study. Additionally, commercial ZnO (Merck, 99.9 %) was employed as a reference. ...
... Subsequently, high-temperature pyrolysis during calcination releases ZnO nanoparticles from the zinc ellagate ( Fig. 1). The proposed mechanism has been presented in prior research focusing on the environmentally friendly synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles utilizing fruit peel extract [20][21][22]. ...
We introduce eco-friendly synthesized ZnO nanoparticles by using orange peel extract for thermoelectric applications. Orange peel extract plays a crucial role as a reducing and surface-stabilizing agent in the synthesis process. It significantly affects the microstructure and lattice defects governing transport properties and ther-moelectric performance of polycrystalline ZnO. A comparison of the structural and thermoelectric properties between the green-synthesized ZnO (ZnO OPE) and commercial ZnO (ZnO com) is conducted. The outcomes indicate that the ZnO OPE sample exhibits a 3.5-time higher electrical conductivity than the commercial ZnO at 1073 K, which is thermally activated at more than 673 K by oxygen vacancies. Moreover, the highly porous nanostructure of the ZnO OPE sample substantially reduces thermal conductivity from 14.5 W/mK to 5.5 W/mK with increasing temperature from 300 to 1073 K. The combination of nanostructure and defect modification paves the way for thermoelectric ZnO-based materials synthesized using environmentally friendly processes.
... A wide selection of metal oxide nanoparticles like zinc, copper, titanium, and iron oxides have been prepared for their nano medical, catalytic, solar cells, sensors, and ultraviolet protection, zinc oxide has gotten extensive attention from chemist researchers [11]. Zinc oxide is a semiconductor inorganic substance with three crystalline shapes: zinc blend, wurtzite, and rock salt; the structure of wurtzite has stable tetrahedral geometry with a wide band gap [12]. ...
... On the other hand, the FTIR spectra detected the disappearance of almost the absorption bands explained, especially for ZnO with 5% and 10% due to the minimum amount of extract added and their volatility after the calcination step. Meanwhile, new absorption bands were detected at 491-467 cm-1, representing the bond formation between zinc and oxygen [12], [20]. It must be highlighted that the difference in FTIR spectra between the banana peel extract and the green synthesized catalyst was verified by the successful chemical reaction between zinc salt and banana peel extract in the first stage of preparation. ...
In this work, environmentally friendly zinc oxide nanoparticles was produced using sustainable green technology. With several loading amounts, such as 5%, 10%, 50%, and 100%, the banana peel extract was utilized as a capping agent. This was followed by calcinations at 400 ºC for 3 h in a muffle furnace. To evaluate the physical and chemical change of the synthesized nanoparticles, XRD, FTIR, UV-VIS and SEM/EDAX was used. The characterization results reveald that the all the green synthesized ZnO NPs samples strongly supports the well-crystallinity with high phase purity. The average crystallite size of the prepared samples was calculated using Debye-Scherer's formula and the results shows that with an increase in extract amount, the average crystallite size was shrinking. The FTIR result verified the successful chemical reaction between zinc salt and banana peel extract. The UV-VIS results showed the effect of size quantisization phenomena at 100% extract adding. Finally, the SEM images for all the prepared samples confirm the spherical shape.
