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(a) Variability in the quantitative compositions of proanthocyanidins in the fruit samples of the large cranberry cultivars; (b) Variability in the quantitative composition of chlorogenic acid in the fruit samples of the large cranberry cultivars. Different letters indicate statistically significant differences between the detected amounts of the compounds in the cranberry fruit samples (p < 0.05).
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We carried out a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the phytochemical composition of the fruits of large cranberry cultivars ‘Ben Lear’, ‘Bergman’, ‘Kalnciema agra’, ‘Lemunyon’, ‘Pilgrim’, ‘Stevens’, and ‘Tina’ grown in Latvian climatic conditions. The following predominant compounds were found in cranberry fruit samples: peonidin-3-O-galacto...
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... the spectrophotometric method, we found that the total amounts of proanthocyanidins in the fruit samples of the studied cranberry cultivars ranged from 3.28 ± 0.11 mg EE/g to 5.99 ± 0.21 mg EE/g (Figure 3a). The highest amount of proanthocyanidins (5.99 ± 0.21 mg/g EE) was detected in the fruit samples of the 'Stevens' cultivar collected on 16 August, while the lowest amount (3.28 ± 0.11 mg EE/g) was detected in the fruit samples of the 'Bergman' cultivar collected on 15 September, which was not statistically significantly different from the amount detected in the fruit samples of the 'Ben Lear' cultivar collected on 15 September. ...
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... the berry ripening period (from 16 August until 1 September), a trend of a 1.2-fold decrease in the amount of proanthocyanidins was found in the fruit samples of cranberry cultivars 'Ben Lear', 'Bergman', 'Lemunyon', 'Pilgrim', and 'Stevens'. In fruit samples of the cultivars 'Kalnciema agra' and 'Tina' bred in Latvia, the concentrations of proanthocyanidins increased from 4.77 ± 0.09 mg/g to 5.06 ± 0.13 mg/g and from 4.39 ± 0.13 mg/g to 4.58 ± 0.14 mg/g, respectively (Figure 3a). During the ripening of cranberries (from 16 August until 15 September), the amounts of proanthocyanidins decreased by an average of 1.3 times in the fruit samples of all the studied cultivars, i.e., 'Ben Lear', 'Bergman', 'Kalnciema agra', 'Lemunyon', 'Pilgrim', 'Stevens', and 'Tina' (Figure 3a). ...
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... fruit samples of the cultivars 'Kalnciema agra' and 'Tina' bred in Latvia, the concentrations of proanthocyanidins increased from 4.77 ± 0.09 mg/g to 5.06 ± 0.13 mg/g and from 4.39 ± 0.13 mg/g to 4.58 ± 0.14 mg/g, respectively (Figure 3a). During the ripening of cranberries (from 16 August until 15 September), the amounts of proanthocyanidins decreased by an average of 1.3 times in the fruit samples of all the studied cultivars, i.e., 'Ben Lear', 'Bergman', 'Kalnciema agra', 'Lemunyon', 'Pilgrim', 'Stevens', and 'Tina' (Figure 3a). Vvedenskaya et al. and Wang et al. found that the concentration of proanthocyanidins decreased at the beginning of fruit ripening and slightly increased during the later stage of the ripening [20,21]. ...
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... analysis of the quantitative composition of chlorogenic acid in the fruit samples of the cranberry cultivars grown in Latvia showed that the quantitative composition of chlorogenic acid varied from 105.54 ± 6 µ g/g to 399.04 ± 9 µ g/g (Figure 3b). The highest amount of chlorogenic acid (399.04 ± 9 µ g/g) was detected in the fruit samples of the 'Pilgrim' cultivar collected on 16 August. ...
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... lowest amount of chlorogenic acid (105.54 ± 6 µ g/g) was detected in fruit samples of the 'Bergman' cultivar collected on 15 September. During the investigation period (from 16 August until 15 September), the amounts of chlorogenic acid in the fruit samples of the 'Ben Lear', 'Bergman', 'Lemunyon', 'Pilgrim', 'Stevens', and 'Tina' cultivars decreased by an average of 1.7 times (Figure 3b). The variation trends of chlorogenic acid content detected in the cranberry fruit samples of the 'Kalnciema agra' cultivar bred in Latvia differed from the trends of the variation of chlorogenic acid content in the other studied cultivars. ...
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... variation trends of chlorogenic acid content detected in the cranberry fruit samples of the 'Kalnciema agra' cultivar bred in Latvia differed from the trends of the variation of chlorogenic acid content in the other studied cultivars. The amount of chlorogenic acid detected in the cranberry fruit samples of the 'Kalnciema agra' cultivar increased by 1.7 times (1 September) and later (15 September) decreased by 1.3 times (Figure 3b). ...
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... separation was achieved using solvent A (a 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution) and solvent B (methanol) at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min and the following gradient change: 0 min, 8% A; 8 min, 3% A; 9 min, 2% A; 29.5 min, 2% A; and 30 min, 8% A, delaying the subsequent injection by 10 min. A Chromatogram of the identified peaks of the cranberry fruit sample and their linearity parameter are included in the Supplementary Materials ( Figure S3 and Table S3). ...
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... compounds of the identified peaks are described in Table S1 (linearity parameters of the identified anthocyanins and anthocyanidins); Figure S2: UHPLC-PDA chromatogram (λ = 360 nm) of the large cranberry extract (A); chlorogenic acid and flavonols standard mix (B). The compounds of the identified peaks are described in Table S2 (linearity parameters of the identified chlorogenic acid and flavonols); Figure S3: UHPLC-PDA chromatogram (λ = 205.5 nm) of the large cranberry extract (A); β-sitosterol and triterpenoids standard mix (B). The compounds of the identified peaks are described in Table S3 (linearity parameters of the identified β-sitosterol and triterpenoids). ...
Citations
... A 2022 study of Red Star cultivar fruit grown in Lithuania reported 5.74 mg UA/g dry weight and 1.60 mg OA/g dry weight, comparable to the average quantity in our Oregon samples [34]. Somewhat lower quantities of UA and OA were reported for several cultivars grown at a cranberry plantation in Latvia [35]. A report on the 2016 cranberry fruit of several cultivars grown in Poland found ursolic acid at 1.0-1.76 ...
The impact of the growth environment on the production of health-promoting phytochemicals in cranberry fruit (Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton) is not well established despite increased production worldwide. We investigated the secondary metabolite composition among the cranberry fruit of nine cultivars produced in two major coastal North American growing regions that differ in climate. Using 1H NOESY NMR to generate metabolic fingerprints, principal component analysis revealed variation between the two regions and identified likely contributing metabolites. Triterpenoids ursolic and oleanolic acid, as well as citric and malic acids, were quantified using 1H qNMR, and anthocyanins and flavonols were determined by HPLC-DAD. Total proanthocyanidins (PACs), total soluble phenolics, and DPPH free-radical scavenging antioxidant activity were also evaluated. Across all cultivars, anthocyanins, flavonols, and total phenolic content were significantly higher in West Coast fruit than East Coast fruit, correlating with a regional trend of higher antioxidant activity in fruit grown on the West Coast. The opposite trend was observed for triterpenoids and organic acids, which were significantly higher across cultivars in East Coast fruit. These trends persisted over two growing seasons. The study demonstrates that climate plays an important role in the production of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory phytochemicals in cranberry plants.
... The cranberry fruit has a vast class of phenolic compounds, responsible for its antioxidant activities. Chlorogenic acid and quercetin found in cranberry fruit are associated with a reduction in blood pressure, obesity, dyslipidaemia, and the effects of vasodilation improvement dependent on the endothelium [7][8][9]. ...
Cranberry is scientifically known as Vaccinium macrocarpon, belongs to the family of Ericaceae grows in humid environments, such as forests and swamps in North American countries. It is widely used by Native American peoples and by Europeans as a food and also in traditional medicine by health benefits such as cardioprotective, anticarcinogenic and prevention of stomach ulcers. According to the research by Salo claim that the fruit is composed of 88% water, acid organic, fruits, vitamin C, flavonoids, catechins and anthocyanidins. It can be found in the form of dried fruits, extracts and juices, which usually contain only 10 to 25% Cranberry concentrate. In addition, reveal that anthocyanidins and the proanthocyanidins present in Cranberry, are tannins with a natural defense function against microorganisms, such as those responsible for urinary tract infections (UTI). This berry has a potential curative and preventive effect for various diseases, especially urinary tract infection. Therefore, it becomes relevant to clarify the effect of this natural product on different types of diseases.
... ± 41 μg EE/g) was determined in cranberries of the 'Howes' cultivar, whereas the lowest content (1727.40 ± 45 μg EE/g) was found in cranberries of the 'Crowley' cultivar. Šedbarė et al. analyzed fruit samples of the cranberry cultivars 'Tina', 'Stevens', 'Pilgrim', 'Kalnciema agra', 'Bergman', 'Lemunyon' and 'Ben Lear' grown in Latvia and determined that the total proanthocyanin content ranged from 3280 μg EE/g to 5990 μg EE/g [34]. Gu et al. analyzed cranberry fruit lyophilizate and found that the total proanthocyanidin content in the studied fruit samples was 4188 μg/g [35]. ...
... Of these, oleanolic acid accounted for 16.46% to 20.84%, corosolic acid accounted for 1.40% to 6.67%, maslinic acid accounted for 0.36% to 1.93%, α-amyrin accounted for 1.01% to 3.00%, and β-amyrin accounted for up to 1.93%. Šedbarė et al. studied samples of cranberry cultivars grown under Latvian climate and established that ursolic acid accounts for 68.31 ± 0.95%, oleanolic acid accounts for 15.75 ± 0.95%, corosolic acid accounts for 1.21 ± 0.37%, maslinic acid accounts for 0.17 ± 0.13%, and αamyrin accounts for 0.52 ± 0.30% of the total triterpenoid content [34]. The results of the analyses are consistent with the triterpenoid composition established in the samples of the studied cultivars grown in the collection of the National Botanic Garden of Latvia. ...
... The amount of the predominant compound-ursolic acid-in cranberry fruit samples varied from 3468.03 ± 35 μg/g to 4100.04 ± 144 μg/g, with a coefficient of variation lower than that of the total triterpenoid content (about 5%). Sedbare et al. found that the total triterpenoid content of cranberry fruit samples varies from 4215.78 ± 45 to 6232.74 ± 123 μg/g [34]. The triterpenoid content determined by the authors is consistent with the results of our study. ...
In this study, we conducted a qualitative and quantitative analysis of anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, flavonols and triterpenoids in samples of introduced and bred large cranberry fruits from the collection of the National Botanic Garden of Latvia. The highest total anthocyanin levels (8638–9316 µg/g) were detected in the fruit samples of the cranberry cultivars ‘Black Veil’, ‘Franclin’ and ‘Early Black’. The highest total proanthocyanidin levels (2775–3389 µg/g) were found in cranberries of cultivars ‘Kalnciema Agrā’, ‘Kalnciema Tumšā’, ‘Searles’, ‘Howes’, and ‘Kalnciema Ražīgā’. The highest levels of flavonol compounds (1373–1402 µg/g) were detected in cranberries of cultivars ‘Howes’, ‘Black Veil’ and ‘Salaspils Melnās’. The highest levels of triterpenoids (5292–5792 µg/g) were determined in cranberries of cultivars ‘Kalnciema Agrā’, ‘Septembra’, ‘Džbrūklene’ and ‘Early Black’. The results of our study allow for the estimation of differences in the content of secondary metabolites in the fruit samples of the studied cranberry cultivars and for the selection of promising cultivars for further introduction and cultivation in the climatic conditions of the Baltic countries. These results are also important for the selection of the most promising cranberry cultivars for the preparation of cranberry raw material, and the high-quality composition of plant material ensures the effectiveness of cranberry supplements and other cranberry preparations.
... Vvedenskaya et al. determined that during the stages of maturity from July 10 to October 11, the total flavonol content in cranberries of the cultivars 'Stevens' and 'Ben Lear' decreased by 1.4 and 1.3 times, respectively [26]. Šedbarė et al. determined that during the stages of maturity from 16 August to 15 September, the sum of the identified flavonols in cranberries of the cultivars 'Ben Lear', 'Kalnciema agra', 'Bergman', 'Pilgrim', 'Lemunyon', 'Tina', and 'Stevens' grown in Latvia decreased by, on average, 1.3 times [32]. ...
... The content of proanthocyanidins was performed using the DMCA assay methodology described by the Heil et al. [68] and modified by Šedbarė ir kt. [32]. The total content of proanthocyanidins was calculated from the (-)-epicatechin (0.0625 mg/mL-1 mg/mL) calibration curve (y = 0.7021x + 0.0138; R 2 = 0.9994) and expressed as mg/g (-)-epicatechin equivalent (EE) dry weight. ...
In our investigation, we evaluated the content of chlorogenic acid, proanthocyanidins, anthocyanins, flavonols, triterpenoids, and phytosterols in cranberry fruit extracts of the cultivars ‘Baifay’, ‘Early Black’, ‘Howes’, ‘Pilgrim’, ‘Red Star’, and ‘Stevens’ grown in Lithuania, as well as changes in the antioxidant activity in extracts of fruit samples of these cultivars during the period of berry maturation. The highest amount of proanthocyanidins (8.87 ± 0.57 mg EE/g EE) and flavonols (3688.52 ± 22.85 µg/g) was determined in cranberries of the cultivar ‘Howes’ harvested on 12 August. Remarkably, the highest anthocyanins content (9628.62 ± 266 µg/g) was determined in cranberries of the cultivar ‘Howes’ harvested on 22 October. The study showed that the content of phytochemical compounds in cranberries varied between 12 August and 22 October; the content of proanthocyanidins decreased by a factor of about 2, the content of chlorogenic acid decreased by a factor of about 1.3, the content of flavonols decreased by a factor of about 2, and the content of anthocyanins increased by 27 to 450 times. A strong correlation was found between the total proanthocyanidin content of cranberry fruit extracts and their in vitro antiradical and reducing activity (r = 0.781 and 0.726, respectively, p < 0.001). The data of our study detail the accumulation of the phytochemical composition of biologically active compounds in cranberry samples during the stages of maturity, therefore these data are significant for the assessment of harvest time of cranberry and can be applied to select cranberry cultivars for further cultivation in Lithuanian climatic conditions.
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease, commonly associated with unhealthy habits and obesity, and it is becoming a serious health issue worldwide. As a result, new approaches to treat diabetes are required, and a movement towards more natural approaches is emerging. Consuming fruit and vegetables is advised to prevent diabetes since they contain several bioactive compounds. A simple and effective strategy to include them in the diets of diabetic and obese people is through beverages. This review aims to report the anti-diabetic potentials of different vegetable and fruit beverages. These functional beverages demonstrated in vitro potential to inhibit α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzymes and to improve glucose uptake. In vivo, beverage consumption showed a reduction of blood glucose, increase of insulin tolerance, improvement of lipid profile, control of obesity, and reduction of oxidative stress. This suggests the potential of vegetable-and fruit-based functional beverages to be used as a natural innovative therapy for the management of diabetes.
Cranberries are well-known berry fruits and a member of Ericaceae family. It is a potential source of bioactive components including phenolic acids, flavonols, organic acids, pentacyclic triterpenoids, anthocyanins, etc. Until now, several scientific researches uncovered the positive role of cranberry consumption to suppress human diseases including obesity, diabetes, microbial infection, hepatotoxicity, hypertensive and cardiotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and cancer. This review focused on the chemical components of cranberries, as well as comprehensively explored the biological capabilities of cranberries based on recent findings. Furthermore, the health benefits of cranberries were also discussed based on recent clinical studies. Our review reported that cranberries are a rich source of various minerals, vitamins, organic acids, sugars, and polyphenols. Cranberries exert potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiobesity, anti-diabetic, anti-microbial, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, and anti-cancer activity via regulating several signaling pathways such as PI3K/Akt/Nrf2, Nrf2/ARE, PI3K/Akt/COX-2, TLR4-NF-kB-p38 MAPK, JAK-STAT, PPARs, TGFβ/Smad, ACE I, and others. Among all bioactivities, antimicrobial activity of cranberries is promising due to bactericidal, bacteriostatic, and antibiofilm properties. Recent clinical studies further confirmed the health benefits and safety, though extensive clinical research are recommended to ensure these effects at the clinical level. Apart from this, consumption of cranberries and their products is suggested because of the rich source of bioactive components to ameliorate biological disorders.
