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An advanced design of a diode-pumped passively Q-switched erbium fiber laser with a Co<sup>2+</sup>:ZnSe crystal as a saturable absorber is reported. The laser giant-pulse operation is obtained with threshold of 8.3 mW, repetition rate of pulses of 235 kHz, and pulse energy, peak power, and duration of 15 nJ, 43 mW, and 350 ns, respectively. The se...
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In this paper, a passively mode-locked Tm-doped fiber laser by employing lead sulfide (PbS) nanoparticles as the saturable absorber (SA) is successfully demonstrated in the 2 μm region for the first time, to the best of our knowledge. Measured by a home-made balanced twin-detector setup at 2 μm, the PbS SA was characterized by the modulation depth...
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Citations
... A diode-pumped passively erbium fiber laser with a Co 2+ :ZnSe crystal as a SA was designed. The laser pulse operation provides pulse width of 350 ns with the repetition rate of 235 kHz (Philippov et al. 2004). The passively-switched Yb-doped DCF laser, produces pulse train with pulse duration of 3 ns and a peak power of 9 KW which is tunable from 1030 to 1100 nm. ...
This paper presents the review of recent progress in photonic crystal fiber (PCF) and its applications. PCF possesses prominent potential for demonstrating various optical devices such as logic gates, combinational circuits, sensors, absorbers, etc. Recent development in PCFs incorporates the deep learning algorithms which deploy new functionalities and enhance the performance capacity in term of accuracy and optimization in comparison to conventional techniques based on Maxwell solver like finite element method (FEM), and plane wave expansion and finite difference time domain (FDTD) method. Thus, this review paper describes the overview of recent development along with historical background of PCFs and rigorous study on deep learning which incorporates neural network and machine learning algorithms like polynomial expansion method, gradient boost, and random forest.
... Passive Q switching can be realized by using a saturable absorber placed inside the laser cavity [11,12]. As a saturable absorber can be used semiconductor saturable absorber mirror (SESAM) [13,14], graphene [15,16], carbon nanotubes [17], fiber absorbers [18][19][20], and different crystalline materials [21,22]. Using a saturable absorber in the laser cavity, it is possible to obtain pulsed generation with a pulse duration less than a cavity round trip time as a result of mode-locking [23][24][25]. ...
We present the numerical simulation and experimental results on generation dynamics of an all-fiber holmium laser with an intracavity modulator based on a Mach–Zehnder interferometer. The experimental data were compared with numerical simulation results in a wide range of parameters. An explanation for the observed increase in the pulse repetition rate from 5.8 to 11.6 kHz, as well as the transition to the chaotic pulsations mode, was given. A numerical variation of the unknown or difficult-to-measure losses in the experiment was carried out. The obtained set of parameters allowed us to implement the correct numerical optimization of an active medium and cavity. As a result, the peak powers of about 9.5 and 13 W were obtained during the experiments, as well as in the numerical simulation.
... They are preferable due to their compactness, simplicity, flexibility, and inexpensive design without much consideration of nonlinearity and dispersion. Previously, semiconductor saturable absorber mirrors (SESAMs) [10], carbon nanotubes (CNT) [11], graphene [12] and transition metal-doped bulk crystals [13] have been deployed as SAs for generating Q-switched pulses. These materials offer different advantages in terms of broadband operation, switching rate and engineerable properties. ...
We demonstrate a Q-switched Erbium-doped fiber laser (EDFL) with a tunable output wavelength using Nickel oxide (NiO) saturable absorber (SA) in conjunction with a Sagnac loop mirror (SLM) filter. The proposed SA was prepared by embedding NiO nanoparticles obtained bysimplistic sonochemical reaction into polyethylene oxide (PEO). The NiO PEO film was integrated into a figure-of-eight resonator configured with a SLM to generate Q-switched pulses with a tunable output wavelength. As the SLM temperature was increased from 30°C to 70°C, the laser operation can be tuned from 1551.9 nm to 1544.1 nm. At 1551.9 nm operation, the repetition rate rose from 36.2 kHz to 40.3 kHz and the pulse duration reduced from 10.00 to 9.32 μs when the pump power rose from 131.5 to 161.0 mW. At the highest pump power of 161.0 mW, the maximum output power and pulse energy were obtained at 0.67 mW and 16.6 nJ. For Q-switched operation at 1544.1 nm, the produced Q-switched pulse exhibited a pulse duration of 8.88 μs , the repetition rate of 45.7 kHz, the highest output power of 0.60 mW and pulse energy of 13.1 nJ at the maximum pump power of 161.0 mW.
... Some papers have demonstrated that the passively Q-switched operation can be realised by utilising different SAs, including transition metal ion (e.g. V 3+ , Cr 4+ and Co 2+ )-doped crystals [3][4][5], semiconductor saturable absorber mirrors (SESAMs) [6,7] and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) [8,9]. However, the techniques for the fabrication of transition metal iondoped crystals are complicated and expensive [10]. ...
Two-dimensional (2D) materials, such as graphene and molybdenum disulphide (MoS2), are attractive for pulse laser applications owing to their exceptional nonlinear optical properties. In this paper, we fabricated three different saturable absorbers (SAs) based on plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PE-CVD) and liquid-phase exfoliation. The transmissivities of fabricated graphene, MoS2 and graphene–MoS2 SAs were 88.76%, 91.88% and 82.23% at 1064 nm, respectively, which were measured by a UV–Vis-NIR spectrophotometer. Their modulation depths on SiO2 substrate were measured to be 7.1%, 7.8% and 15.01% by the balanced synchronous twin-detector measurement system. Subsequently, these SAs (graphene SA, MoS2 SA, graphene and MoS2 SA, and graphene-MoS2 heterojunction SA) were placed in the same linear laser resonator, and their pulse output characteristics were systematically analysed and compared. When the absorbed pump power was 6.56 W, the heterojunction-based passively Q-switched Nd:YVO4 laser generated stable laser pulses with a pulse width of 180 ns and corresponding repetition rate of 640 kHz, which showed strongly enhanced saturable absorption properties than individual graphene (320 ns, 980 kHz), individual MoS2 (280 ns, 630 kHz), or graphene and MoS2 (248 ns, 760 kHz). And we attributed this mainly to rapid carrier relaxation induced by interlayer charge transfer in heterojunction because of type II band alignment. These results open up a possibility of actively regulating the saturable absorption properties of SAs by constructing heterojunctions with 2D materials.
... Compared to actively Q-switched fiber lasers, passively Q-switched possess the advantages of simplicity, compactness, and flexibility in design. Passively Q-switched fiber lasers have been investigated using different kinds of SAs such as transition metal doped crystals[4][5][6][7], semiconductor saturable absorber mirrors (SESAMs)[8,9], nonlinear polarization rotation[10,11], and recently single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs)[12][13][14]. Although the SWNTs require complex fabrication and expensive packing, they are often demanded for obtaining a broad wavelength range of saturable absorption[15]. ...
In this work, a passively Q-switched erbium-doped ring laser using zinc nanoparticles as a saturable absorber is studied and experimentally demonstrated. To achieve this, a saturable absorber was developed through a selective incorporation of zinc nanoparticles onto the core of an optical fiber using a coherent light source of an infrared laser at 1550 nm, then the saturable absorber was inserted into a laser cavity. The laser has a threshold pump power of 57.7 mW at 980 nm, and a range of pulse-repetition rate from 12.3 to 43 kHz. The highest pulse energy of 2.6 nJ was obtained at a repetition rate of 43 kHz and an output wavelength of 1565.5 nm. In addition, the saturable absorber was morphologically characterized by using both scanning electron and atomic force microscopy showing a uniform distribution of nanoparticles deposited on the optical fiber core. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first demonstration of a Q-switched fiber laser using Zn nanoparticles as a device of saturable absorption.
... Therefore, in general, passive Q-switching methods are more useful and cost-effective than active methods which require additional switching electronics [5]. Several types of SAs have been introduced in passive methods thus far and they include semiconductor SA mirrors (SESAMs) [6,7], transition metal-doped crystals [8][9][10], carbon nanotubes (CNT) [11][12][13][14] and two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials such as graphene and transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) [15][16][17]. These nanomaterials have been selected because of their excellent quantum confinement, strong ionic bonding and the absence of inter-layer interactions. ...
We demonstrate a Q-switched Erbium-doped fibre laser (EDFL) utilizing cobalt oxide (Co3O4) nanocubes film based saturable absorber (SA) as a passive Q-switcher. Co3O4 nanocubes are embedded into a polyethylene oxide film to produce a high nonlinear optical response, which is useful for SA application. It has saturation intensity and modulation depth of 3 MW/cm² and 0.35%, respectively. The proposed laser cavity successfully generates a stable pulse train where the pulse repetition rate is tunable from 29.8 to 70.92 kHz and the pulse-width reduces from 10.9 to 5.02 μs as the 980 nm pump power increases. This result indicates that the Co3O4 is excellent for constructing an SA that can be used in producing a passively Q-switched fibre laser operating at a low pump intensity. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of Co3O4 film based fibre laser.
... Although a variety of SAs such as transitionelement-doped (Cr 4þ [5], V 3þ [6] and Co 2þ [7]) host materials and semiconductor saturable absorber mirrors (SESAM) [8,9] have been applied successfully for a long time, they are limited to a certain extent because of their narrow absorption band and high cost. Excitingly, the successful applications of the two dimensional (2D) single-or fewlayer graphene solve the restriction until recently [10e12]. ...
Using the WS2 nanosheets prepared by a facile hydrothermal reaction as saturable absorber (SA), we demonstrate a tri-wavelength passively Q-switching operation of a diode-pumped Yb:GdAl3(BO3)4 (Yb:GAB) crystal laser for the first time. The single pulse energy up to 1.30 μJ with the output power of 140 mW is obtained. The corresponding pulse width and repetition frequency rate are 440 ns and 107.8 kHz, respectively. The stable pulsed laser operates at 1044.9, 1045.6 and 1048.5 nm, simultaneously. This work suggests that solvothermal synthesized WS2 could be a promising SA to realize a simultaneously multi-wavelength laser operation.
... Passive Q-switching is performed by using a saturable absorber element placed inside the cavity including graphene [3][4][5], carbon nanotubes (CNT) [6][7][8], transition metal-doped crystals [9][10][11], and semiconductor saturable absorber mirrors (SESAM) [12,13]. On the other hand, the active Q-switching technique is based on the use of a modulator driven by an external electrical generator. ...
... Passive Q-switching is performed by using a saturable absorber element placed inside the cavity, which modulates automatically the losses within the laser cavity. As already mentioned, the variety of saturable absorber elements in passively Q-switched fiber lasers usually includes the use of graphene, CNT, metal-doped crystals, and SESAM [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. The pulse repetition rate is determined and varied by the applied pump power, while the pulse duration and pulse energy are affected by the cavity and the Q-switching element parameters and commonly remain fixed. ...
A brief explanation on Q-switched fiber laser operating principle for active technique in terms of operation characteristics is presented. Experimental analysis of proposed pulsed fiber lasers by the active Q-switched technique is demonstrated. Experimental setups include the use of Er/Yb doped fiber as a gain medium and an acousto-optic modulator as cavity elements. Setup variations include the use of fiber Bragg gratings for wavelength selection and tuning and Sagnac interferometer for wavelength selection in single wavelength operation and for cavity loss adjustment in dual wavelength operation. The experimental analysis of principal characteristics of single-wavelength operation of the fiber laser and cavity loss adjustment method for dual-wavelength laser operation are discussed.
... These absorption bands, combined with the broad mid-IR PL of Co 2+ (3-4 μm) which bridges the gap between that of Cr 2+ and Fe 2+ , make Co 2+ :II-VI materials attractive for a number of laser applications. Co:ZnSe and Co:ZnS have successfully been used as Q-switches for alexandrite, Er-doped glass, YAG, YSGG and fiber laser systems [8,9,10,11,12,13,14] utilizing each of the three absorption transitions. Also, the strong overlap of Co 2+ mid-IR PL with the absorption of Fe 2+ enables fast and efficient energy transfer from Co 2+ to Fe 2+ and laser oscillation of Fe 2+ in ZnSe and ZnS has been demonstrated via energy transfer from Co 2+ at low temperature [15]. ...
Progress in fabrication and mid-IR lasing of Cr and Fe thermal-diffusion and radiation enhanced thermal diffusion doped II-VI binary and ternary polycrystals is reported. We demonstrate novel design of mid-IR Fe:ZnSe and Cr:ZnSe/S solid state lasers with significant improvement of output average power up to 35W@4.1 μm and 57W@2.5 μm and 20W@2.94 μm. We report significantly improved output characteristics of polycrystalline Cr:ZnS/Se lasers in gain-switched regime: 16 mJ at 200 Hz, pulse duration 5 ns with tunability over 2400-3000 nm as well as Kerr-Lens-Mode-Locked regime in terms of average power (up to 2 W), peak power and pulse energy (0.5 MW and 24 nJ, respectively), and pulse duration (less than 29 fs).
... Despite being easily controllable to the pulsing parameters, this method suffers from considerable attenuation to the signal and thus the obtainable pulse energy is limited. Fortunately, the Q-switching, which has attracted research attention in the past few years, is a competitive method to overcome these shortcomings of the external modulation [14][15][16][17][18][19]. Leigh et al demonstrated an actively Q-switched fiber laser by stressinduced birefringence in the single longitudinal mode [15]. ...
A compact frequency-modulation Q-switched single-frequency fiber laser is demonstrated at 1083 nm. The short linear resonant cavity consists of a 12 mm long homemade Yb 3+-doped phosphate fiber and a pair of fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) in which the Q-switching and the frequency excursion is achieved by a tensile-induced period modulation. Over 375 MHz frequency-tuning range is achieved with a modulation frequency varying from tens to hundreds of kilohertz. The highest peak power of the output pulse reaching 6.93 W at the repetition rate of 10 kHz is obtained.
