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a) Typical Citharichthys macrops , MZUSP 91682; b) Reversed C. macrops , MZUSP 91681, both caught at Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro state.
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One reversed Citharichthys macrops Dresel, 1885 and two ambicolored Paralichthys isosceles Jordan, 1891 specimens were caught in Guanabara Bay and Ilha Grande Bay, respectively. The prior is the first record of reversal for the genus in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean and the first for the species in the world, whereas the latter are the first reco...
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Context 1
... et al. 2002, Carnikián et al. 2006, Macieira et al. 2006) and occurs when the blind side, usually lacking pigmentation, is ontogenetically colored, characterized by the presence of similar pattern elements (including ocelli) on both sides of the body (Bolker et al. 2005). The specimens analyzed in this paper, one reversed Citharichthys macrops Dresel, 1885 and two ambicolored Paralichthys isosceles Jordan, 1891, were caught in regular surveys, employing shrimping boats and using trawl nets, in Guanabara Bay and Ilha Grande Bay, respectively, both in Rio de Janeiro state. Citharichthys macrops is one of the five Citharichthys species known in Brazilian waters. It can be easily recognized by its spotted pattern on the caudal fin. Such spots (three or four) remain visible even after fixation and conservation. This marine species is usually found in shallow waters, less than 40 m deep, away from bays and estuaries. Its distribution ranges from North Carolina (USA) to Santa Catarina (Brazil) (Figueiredo & Menezes 2000). Paralichthys isosceles is one of the five Paralichthys species known in Brazilian waters. The species is easily recognized due to three conspicuous dark ocelli in the posterior half of the body, ctenoid scales on the blind side and a small freckle between the third and fourth rays of the left pelvic fin. Due to their medium to large size and wide distribution, from Southeastern Brazil to Patagonia (Argentina), Paralichthys is the only genus of Pleuronectiformes in Brazil with commercially important species (Figueiredo & Menezes 2000). Ten sinistral C. macrops individuals (Figure 1 a ) as well as the reversed specimen (Figure 1 b ) (Total Length, TL = 133 mm, Standard Length, SL = 107.8 mm and Total Weight, TW = 27.2 g) were caught in Guanabara Bay (22°55'36.8" S; 43°07'48.1" W) in February 2006, in waters between 7.5 and 10.0 meters deep. These specimens were catalogued in the Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo (MZUSP) under the following registration numbers: MZUSP 91681 (1 reversed specimen) and MZUSP 91682 (10 normal specimens). The reversed C. macrops had a lower number of dorsal and anal fin rays than the mean number of rays counted for the typical specimens (Table I). However, Figueiredo & Menezes (2000) report a number of dorsal fin rays ranging from 74 to 85 and the anal fin rays from 56 to 64. The morphometrical characteristics are also in accordance with the information in the literature (Figueiredo & Menezes 2000; Munroe 2002). Therefore, externally, the dextral specimen is a mirror image of the normal sinistral C. macrops . Reversal appears to be rare in Citharichthys flounders, with only two previous cases reported in the Northern Atlantic Ocean: C. spilopterus (Castillo-Rivera & Kobelkowsky 1992) and C. abbotti (Dawson 1969 apud Castillo-Rivera & Kobelkowsky op. cit. ). However, some species in the sinistral Paralichthyidae family have a high reversal rate (Munroe 2002). For instance, up to 40% of individuals are reversed in Paralichthys californicus (Ginsburg 1952 apud Díaz de Astarloa 1997). The present study is the first record of reversal for the genus in the Southwestern Atlantic and the first for Citharichthys macrops . Eleven normal individuals, as well as two ambicolored P. isosceles specimens (Figure 2) (TL = 124.0 and 263.0 mm , SL = 98.8 and 220.0 mm and TW = 14.7 and 184.3 g, respectively), were caught in January 2006 in waters about 60.0 meters deep, outside Ilha Grande Bay (23o27’78.4” S; 44o12’26.5” W). The first was almost fully ambicolored, with lack of pigmentation restricted to the cephalic region, while the second showed pigmentation only on the posterior portion of the body. Similar patterns were described for P. orbignyanus on the Uruguayan coast (Carnikián et al. 2006). All specimens were catalogued in MZUSP under the following registration numbers: MZUSP 91683 (2 ambicolored specimens) and MZUSP 91684 (11 normal specimens). Table II shows that neither ambicolored P. isosceles demonstrated morphological differences in relation to the normal ones. Both morphometric and meristic mean values fall within the species ́ range (Figueiredo & Menezes 2000), as in the reversed C. macrops . Ambicoloration is particularly common in Paralichthys , with reported cases for ...
Context 2
... et al. 2002, Carnikián et al. 2006, Macieira et al. 2006) and occurs when the blind side, usually lacking pigmentation, is ontogenetically colored, characterized by the presence of similar pattern elements (including ocelli) on both sides of the body (Bolker et al. 2005). The specimens analyzed in this paper, one reversed Citharichthys macrops Dresel, 1885 and two ambicolored Paralichthys isosceles Jordan, 1891, were caught in regular surveys, employing shrimping boats and using trawl nets, in Guanabara Bay and Ilha Grande Bay, respectively, both in Rio de Janeiro state. Citharichthys macrops is one of the five Citharichthys species known in Brazilian waters. It can be easily recognized by its spotted pattern on the caudal fin. Such spots (three or four) remain visible even after fixation and conservation. This marine species is usually found in shallow waters, less than 40 m deep, away from bays and estuaries. Its distribution ranges from North Carolina (USA) to Santa Catarina (Brazil) (Figueiredo & Menezes 2000). Paralichthys isosceles is one of the five Paralichthys species known in Brazilian waters. The species is easily recognized due to three conspicuous dark ocelli in the posterior half of the body, ctenoid scales on the blind side and a small freckle between the third and fourth rays of the left pelvic fin. Due to their medium to large size and wide distribution, from Southeastern Brazil to Patagonia (Argentina), Paralichthys is the only genus of Pleuronectiformes in Brazil with commercially important species (Figueiredo & Menezes 2000). Ten sinistral C. macrops individuals (Figure 1 a ) as well as the reversed specimen (Figure 1 b ) (Total Length, TL = 133 mm, Standard Length, SL = 107.8 mm and Total Weight, TW = 27.2 g) were caught in Guanabara Bay (22°55'36.8" S; 43°07'48.1" W) in February 2006, in waters between 7.5 and 10.0 meters deep. These specimens were catalogued in the Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo (MZUSP) under the following registration numbers: MZUSP 91681 (1 reversed specimen) and MZUSP 91682 (10 normal specimens). The reversed C. macrops had a lower number of dorsal and anal fin rays than the mean number of rays counted for the typical specimens (Table I). However, Figueiredo & Menezes (2000) report a number of dorsal fin rays ranging from 74 to 85 and the anal fin rays from 56 to 64. The morphometrical characteristics are also in accordance with the information in the literature (Figueiredo & Menezes 2000; Munroe 2002). Therefore, externally, the dextral specimen is a mirror image of the normal sinistral C. macrops . Reversal appears to be rare in Citharichthys flounders, with only two previous cases reported in the Northern Atlantic Ocean: C. spilopterus (Castillo-Rivera & Kobelkowsky 1992) and C. abbotti (Dawson 1969 apud Castillo-Rivera & Kobelkowsky op. cit. ). However, some species in the sinistral Paralichthyidae family have a high reversal rate (Munroe 2002). For instance, up to 40% of individuals are reversed in Paralichthys californicus (Ginsburg 1952 apud Díaz de Astarloa 1997). The present study is the first record of reversal for the genus in the Southwestern Atlantic and the first for Citharichthys macrops . Eleven normal individuals, as well as two ambicolored P. isosceles specimens (Figure 2) (TL = 124.0 and 263.0 mm , SL = 98.8 and 220.0 mm and TW = 14.7 and 184.3 g, respectively), were caught in January 2006 in waters about 60.0 meters deep, outside Ilha Grande Bay (23o27’78.4” S; 44o12’26.5” W). The first was almost fully ambicolored, with lack of pigmentation restricted to the cephalic region, while the second showed pigmentation only on the posterior portion of the body. Similar patterns were described for P. orbignyanus on the Uruguayan coast (Carnikián et al. 2006). All specimens were catalogued in MZUSP under the following registration numbers: MZUSP 91683 (2 ambicolored specimens) and MZUSP 91684 (11 normal specimens). Table II shows that neither ambicolored P. isosceles demonstrated morphological differences in relation to the normal ones. Both morphometric and meristic mean values fall within the species ́ range (Figueiredo & Menezes 2000), as in the reversed C. macrops . Ambicoloration is particularly common in Paralichthys , with reported cases for ...
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... Despite the existence of a specific migration determined as a pattern at the family level, dextral (Achiridae, Pleuronectidae, Poecilopsettidae, Samaridae, and Soleidae) or sinistral (Achiropsettidae, Bothidae, Citharidae, Cyclopsettidae, Cynoglossidae, Paralichthyidae, Psettodidae, and Scophthalmidae) (Castellini et al. 2018), a change towards the opposite direction has been recorded in some species, and this process is called reversal (Díaz de Astarloa 1997) a phenomenon that has been recorded on multiple occasions in several species (Norman 1934, Díaz de Astarloa 1997, da Silva et al. 2007). This phenomenon is more frequent in flatfishes farmed in aquaculture populations than in the wild (Houde 1971, Bisbal & Bengston 1993, López et al. 2009). ...
... It has been proven that in Solea senagalis the reversal condition does not appear to have a direct effect on the swimming of specimens during their metamorphosis and the period before their settlement in the benthic environment, unlike the incomplete migration variants (Xing et al. 2020). This explains the high number of records of adult flatfish where this condition has been reported (Dawson 1969, Castillo-Rivera & Kobelkowsky 1992, Bisbal & Bengtson 1993, Okada et al. 2003, Schreiber 2006, Bergstrom 2007, da Silva et al. 2007, López et al. 2009, Russo et al. 2012, Castellini et al. 2018. In some species of flatfish, the reversal condition is associated with some osteological and color abnormalities (Okiyama & Tomi 1970, Ruiz-Carus & Rider 1998, Macieira et al. 2006. ...
... The Spotted whiff C. macrops is broadly distributed in the western Atlantic, from Chesapeake Bay, USA, to Santa Catarina, Brazil (Munroe 2002). The first record of reversal of this species corresponds to a specimen from Brazil (da Silva et al. 2007) and appears to have a smaller number of fin rays. However, the anomalous specimen of the present study captured in the southern Gulf of Mexico showed similar meristic traits to the specimens of the Northwestern Atlantic coast (Topp & Hoff 1972). ...
In wildlife and cultured environments, it is common to find some specimens of the flatfish group with morphological and color abnormalities. The present study shows two cases in three specimens of abnormalities in flatfishes collected on Mexican coasts. A new record of reversal in Citharichthys macrops (95.9 mm of standard length) collected in the Southwest Gulf of Mexico is presented, and the first record of two specimens of Trinectes fonsecensis (121.1-125.5 mm of standard length) with an absent eye is presented, which were captured in the Bay of Acapulco, Eastern Pacific.
... The ocular side of the fish is coloured or pigmented, while the blind side is completely white 5 . Ambicolouration is an abnormality described in flatfishes, in which pigment is also developed on the blind side of the body [6][7][8][9][10] . The occurrence of such abnormalities is relatively common in hatchery reared individuals of flatfishes 11 . ...
... The occurrence of such abnormalities is relatively common in hatchery reared individuals of flatfishes 11 . Nevertheless, there are few reports of ambicolouration in flatfishes from different parts of the world both in natural habitat as well as in hatchery reared individuals [6][7][8][9]12 and in India [13][14][15][16][17] . ...
The present report describes the incidence of ambicolouration in the Malabar tonguesole, Cynoglossus macrostomus (Norman, 1928) collected at a depth of 20 m off Chapora, Goa, central west coast of India. The ambicolourate specimen was 130 mm in total length and appeared to be normal on the ocular side except ambicolouration (~65%) on the blind side of the body. Radiographs revealed no skeletal and scaling anomalies between normal and ambicolourate specimens. Possible causes of such ambicolouration in flatfish species needs further research.
... eyes and colour on the side that is usually eyeless and unpigmented) occur, resulting in sinistral orientation in dextral species and vice versa (Díaz de Astarloa, 1997). Such anomalous reversals have been well documented in a wide range of species (Norman, 1934;Gudger & Firth, 1936;Bisbal & Bengston, 1993;Munroe, 1996;Díaz de Astarloa, 1997;da Silva et al., 2007;Macdonald, 2013). In a few species, however, eye migration occurs in either direction with almost equal frequency. ...
... Three specimens of P. californicus, from a total of 1256 have been reported to be ambicoloured (Haaker & Lane, 1973). Dawson (1962) recorded an incompletely ambicoloured specimen of P. lethostigma trawled in Calibogue Sound, South Carolina, U.S.A. Two ambicoloured specimens of Paralichthys isosceles Jordan 1891 (one almost fully ambicoloured and the other partially ambicoloured) have been reported in Brazilian waters (da Silva et al., 2007). Other reports include a partially ambicoloured Etropus crossotus Jordan & Gilbert 1882, captured from coastal waters of Georgia, U.S.A. (Taylor et al., 1973), a totally ambicoloured P. californicus collected in Anaheim Bay, California, U.S.A. (Haaker & Lane, 1973) and an almost completely ambicoloured Eopsetta jordani (Lockington 1879) with skeletal anomalies taken off the west coast of Vancouver Island, Canada (Forrester & Smith, 1971). ...
... In the symphurine tonguefish Symphurus vanmelleae Chabanaud 1952, right-eyed specimens are also rare (Munroe, 1996). Reversal appears to be rare in the paralichthyid genus Citharichthys Bleeker 1862, with only three reported cases (Dawson, 1969;Castillo-Rivera & Kobelkowsky, 1992;da Silva et al., 2007) and in the pleuronectid genera Microstomus Gottsche 1835 and Cleisthenes Jordan & Starks 1904 (Goto, 2009). ...
Five adult paralichthyid specimens with various kinds of abnormalities are reported from the south-west Atlantic Ocean. These abnormal flatfish specimens represent the first records of wholly ambicoloured Paralichthys orbignyanus specimens having a deep notch between the eye and dorsal fin and a partially albinistic specimen having skeletal deformities and only the second record of an almost totally ambicoloured specimen. We also report the first observation of reversal in Paralichthys patagonicus and an almost totally ambicoloured, reversed Xystreurys rasile.
... Color abnormalities have been reported for a variety of flatfish species (e.g. Cunningham, 1907;Hussakof, 1914;Norman, 1934;Gudger, 1936;Gudger and Firth, 1936;De Veen, 1969;Houde, 1971;Fujita, 1980;Gartner, 1986;Chaves et al., 2002;Quigley, 2003;Carnikian et al., 2006;Diaz de Astarloa et al., 2006;Macieira et al., 2006;Da Silva Junior et al., 2007;Akyol and Şen 2012). ...
Both color and morphological abnormalities on two different flatfish species [Dicologlossa cuneata (Mo-reau, 1881) and Scophthalmus maeoticus (Pallas, 1814)] have been recorded from Turkish seas. Ab-normal flatfish species, Dicologlossa cuneata (Mo-reau, 1881), wedge sole, was sampled from two dif-ferent localities in Aegean sea. First wedge sole from Izmir bay (Aegean sea) had three different colour ab-normalities (ambicoloration; albinism and xanthochro-ism) on eyed and blind sides of their body. Other ab-normal wedge sole specimen from Ekincik cove (Ae-gean sea) had ambicoloration on blind side of the body. Second abnormal flatfish species Scophthalmus maeoticus (Pallas, 1814), Black sea turbot, was caught from the Black sea coast of Istanbul and the specimen had totally ambicolored (blind side of the body was colored as like as eyed side) and morphological ab-normalities (a fleshy piece-hook-above the head).
... Such malpigmentation includes albinism and hypermelanosis on the ocular and blind sides, respectively. The malpigmentations have been found most commonly in artificial culture facility (Venizelos and Benetti, 1999;Bolker and Hill, 2000), while the features are rarely found in the wild (Díaz de Astarloa, 1995Astarloa, , 1997Astarloa, , 1998Ivankov and Ivankova, 2002;Chaves et al., 2002;Carnikián et al., 2006;Macieira et al., 2006;Silva et al., 2007). The pseudo-albinism on the ocular side is a common feature among farmed pleuronectiformes (Nakamura et al., 1986;Purchase et al., 2002). ...
... From the economic perspective, this symptom undermines the commercial values of fish seeds (Seikai and Mat-of the position of the eyes and the color of body from left to right side. The fish develops eyes and colors on the side that is expected to become the blind side (Okiyama and Tomi, 1970;Chen, 1980;Bi et al., 1987;Bruno and Fraser, 1988;Suzuki, 1994;Diaz de Astarloa, 1997;Ivankova, 1997;Guibord and Chapleau, 1999;Silva et al., 2007;Ivankove et al., 2008). The ratio of sinistral fish observed in the present study is 86.9%, and the ratio of dextral fish is 13.1%. ...
The starry flounder Platichthys stellatus, like all flatfish, exhibits conspicuous lateral asymmetry in numerous traits, most obvious of which is the migration of one eye to the other side of the head during metamorphosis. Additional changes related to eye migration include asymmetrical pigmentation, and a behavioral shift from larvae that exhibit upright, open-water swimming to juveniles and adults that lie on the ocean floor, eye side up. However, the morphology of these juveniles has been quite plastic in recent years, a phenomenon which is thought to be related to a diverse suite of semi-intensive and intensive larviculture methods. The cause of morphological abnormalities in the farmed flatfish is poorly understood. In the present study, we observe the features of morphological specificity and abnormality of immature fish (mean total length 23 cm) and survey the occurrence frequency of the specificity and abnormality of juvenile (mean total length 6.70 cm) in artificial culture facility. We find 2 types of abnormality (e.g., albino in ocular side and hypermelanosis in blind side) and 1 type of specificity (e.g., lateral polymorphism). These considerably differ from normal individuals (has sinistral eye and pigmented on only one side) by several characteristics (dextral eye, ocular side albinism, blind side hypermelanosis). The incidences of albinism, hypermelanosis, and body reversal are , , and , respectively. These suggest that these morphometric and morphological differences occur more in artificial environment during and just after metamorphosis.
... eyes and colour on the side that is usually eyeless and unpig- mented) occur, resulting in sinistral orientation in dextral species and vice versa (Díaz de Astarloa, 1997). Such anomalous reversals have been well documented in a wide range of species (Norman, 1934;Gudger & Firth, 1936;Bisbal & Bengston, 1993;Munroe, 1996;Díaz de Astarloa, 1997;da Silva et al., 2007;Macdonald, 2013). In a few species, however, eye migration occurs in either direction with almost equal fre- quency. ...
... Three specimens of P. californicus, from a total of 1256 have been reported to be ambicoloured (Haaker & Lane, 1973). Dawson (1962) recorded an incompletely ambi- coloured specimen of P. lethostigma trawled in Calibogue Sound, South Carolina, U.S.A. Two ambicoloured specimens of Paralichthys isosceles Jordan 1891 (one almost fully ambicoloured and the other partially ambicoloured) have been reported in Brazilian waters (da Silva et al., 2007). Other reports include a partially ambi- coloured Etropus crossotus Jordan & Gilbert 1882, captured from coastal waters of Georgia, U.S.A. ( Taylor et al., 1973), a totally ambicoloured P. californicus collected in Anaheim Bay, California, U.S.A. (Haaker & Lane, 1973) and an almost completely ambicoloured Eopsetta jordani (Lockington 1879) with skeletal anomalies taken off the west coast of Vancouver Island, Canada (Forrester & Smith, 1971). ...
... In the symphurine tonguefish Symphurus vanmelleae Chabanaud 1952, right-eyed specimens are also rare (Munroe, 1996). Reversal appears to be rare in the paralichthyid genus Citharichthys Bleeker 1862, with only three reported cases (Dawson, 1969;Castillo-Rivera & Kobelkowsky, 1992;da Silva et al., 2007) and in the pleuronectid genera Microstomus Gottsche 1835and Cleisthenes Jordan & Starks 1904(Goto, 2009. ...
Two cases fo ambicoloration were reported in two flounders of Paralichthyidae in the Western South Atlantic. One of the specimens showed almost complete ambicoloration while the other one was partially pigmented.
Comparisons of the external morphology and analysis of osteological features of the postcranial and appendicular skeletons of three southwestern Atlantic flatfish species of the genus Paralichthys (P. isosceles, P. orbignyanus and P. patagonicus) were carried out. Bones are described, and detailed morphological, morphometric and meristic characteristics of these flounders are given in order to provide information about the external and internal morphology of three species of Paralichthys occurring in the south-west Atlantic waters that add new information and will help regarding within the framework of a phylogenetic study of the group. Interspecific differences were found in the number of vertebrae and intermuscular bones, as well as in the morphology and morphometry of vertebrae, caudal skeletons, pectoral and pelvic girdle bones. Relationships between bones are discussed and bone characteristics compared with those found in other species of Paralichthys and in other pleuronectiform species. The position of Paralichthys isosceles within Paralichthys is discussed, along with other congeners such as P. triocellatus and P. oblongus.
In several species of Pleuronectiformes have been cases of ocular reversal, a phenomenon in which the individual lies at the bottom on the opposite side than usual and / or normal. The rate at which this condition occurs is variable and depends on the species analyzed. In the genus Paralichthys reversal has been reported in four species: P. albigutta, P. orbignyanus, P. californicus y P. dentatus. This paper reports a case of reversal in Paralichthys adspersus (Steindachner, 1867) caught in Caldera (Chile). On the other hand is reported for this species reversed individuals from a crop, from broodstock who were captured in Bahia Coquimbo. In right and left specimens from a crop, a comparison was made of morphometric relationships. The proportion of fish with ocular reversal coming from a culture, accounting 2.2% of the population fishes produced. We discuss the frequency of such anomalies and the probable causes that would produce.
This study focused on the infuence of local-scale environmental factors on key metrics of fish community structure and function at Guanabara Bay, an estuarine system that differs from all other south-western Atlantic estuaries due to the infuence of an annual low-intensity upwelling event during late spring and summer, between November and March, when a warm rainy climate prevails.The spatial patterns of the bottom temperature and salinity were more heterogeneous during the rainy season than the dry season, being linked to total precipitation and seasonal oceanographic events. The study identifed 130 species and 45 families, placing Guanabara Bay as one of the most species-richtropical estuarine ecosystems, far exceeding 22 other Brazilian estuaries. These results, in addition to characteristics such as a relatively well-preserved mangrove forest, high productivity and favourable conditions for the growth and reproduction of estuarine species, indicate that Guanabara Bay plays acentral role in supporting large populations of fishes, including commercially important species.
