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![(a) Two discrete 28-GHz mm-wave antenna elements, i.e., the horizontally polarized planar Yagi-Uda antenna (left), and the vertically polarized multi-plate antenna (right). (b) Final topology of vertically polarized multi-plate antenna. (c) 16-element phased-array configuration at the edge of the mobile terminal. (d) Photograph of the prototype testing in an anechoic chamber and close-up view of 5G mm-wave phased-array antenna (Redrawn from [46]).](publication/327810377/figure/fig1/AS:673482048290816@1537582041729/a-Two-discrete-28-GHz-mm-wave-antenna-elements-ie-the-horizontally-polarized-planar.png)
(a) Two discrete 28-GHz mm-wave antenna elements, i.e., the horizontally polarized planar Yagi-Uda antenna (left), and the vertically polarized multi-plate antenna (right). (b) Final topology of vertically polarized multi-plate antenna. (c) 16-element phased-array configuration at the edge of the mobile terminal. (d) Photograph of the prototype testing in an anechoic chamber and close-up view of 5G mm-wave phased-array antenna (Redrawn from [46]).
Source publication
Owing to the rapid growth in wireless data traffic, millimeter-wave (mm-wave) communications have shown tremendous promise and are considered an attractive technique in fifth-generation (5G) wireless communication systems. However, to design robust communication systems, it is important to understand the channel dynamics with respect to space and t...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... overcome the polarization mismatch loss factor, two different antenna-element designs based on the antenna array schematic are demonstrated and investigated. A coplanar waveguide-fed horizontally polarized planar Yagi-Uda antenna-element configuration together with a multi-plate antenna- element topology, which excites a vertically polarized electric field, is proposed, as shown in Figure 7a. The 16-element phased-array antenna depicted in Figure 7c is designed by deploying the two linearly polarized antenna elements alternatively along the edge of the mobile terminals with an angular scanning range of ±80°. ...
Context 2
... coplanar waveguide-fed horizontally polarized planar Yagi-Uda antenna-element configuration together with a multi-plate antenna- element topology, which excites a vertically polarized electric field, is proposed, as shown in Figure 7a. The 16-element phased-array antenna depicted in Figure 7c is designed by deploying the two linearly polarized antenna elements alternatively along the edge of the mobile terminals with an angular scanning range of ±80°. By maintaining the distance at less than 3 mm, an isolation of more than 40 dB was achieved between the horizontally polarized and vertically polarized multi-antenna elements. ...
Context 3
... overcome the polarization mismatch loss factor, two different antenna-element designs based on the antenna array schematic are demonstrated and investigated. A coplanar waveguide-fed horizontally polarized planar Yagi-Uda antenna-element configuration together with a multi-plate antenna-element topology, which excites a vertically polarized electric field, is proposed, as shown in Figure 7a. The 16-element phased-array antenna depicted in Figure 7c is designed by deploying the two linearly polarized antenna elements alternatively along the edge of the mobile terminals with an angular scanning range of ±80 • . ...
Context 4
... coplanar waveguide-fed horizontally polarized planar Yagi-Uda antenna-element configuration together with a multi-plate antenna-element topology, which excites a vertically polarized electric field, is proposed, as shown in Figure 7a. The 16-element phased-array antenna depicted in Figure 7c is designed by deploying the two linearly polarized antenna elements alternatively along the edge of the mobile terminals with an angular scanning range of ±80 • . By maintaining the distance at less than 3 mm, an isolation of more than 40 dB was achieved between the horizontally polarized and vertically polarized multi-antenna elements. ...
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Radio over fiber (RoF) technique has been widely studied for the last few years and is considered an efficient and cost-effective solution to simplify the architecture of remote antenna base-stations, used in many wireless applications, such as WiMAX. The transmission of digitized RF signals is a better alternative to analog RoF, taking the advanta...
Citations
... For instance, it is often desired for antennas to have high gain, good directionality, and beam scanning capabilities. In practical applications, reflector antennas offer efficient power utilization and high power capacity but suffer from large size and slow mechanical rotation for beam scanning, failing to meet the needs for high-speed scanning [1]. Phased array antennas enable electronically controlled beam scanning but require numerous expensive active transmitters and receivers (T/R components), limiting their widespread use [2]. ...
Programmable metasurfaces are two-dimensional electromagnetic structures characterized by a low profile, conformability, and the ability to flexibly manipulate the amplitude and phase of electromagnetic waves. For high-quality beam scanning with the metasurface, it is essential that the metasurface possesses high-precision phase response quantization characteristics. This paper constructs a reflection-type metasurface unit cell featuring four P-I-N diodes and six operating states. To address the unit cell’s complexity and optimization challenges, we developed an automatic optimization algorithm, derived from the genetic optimization algorithm, for the metasurface unit cell. This algorithm was used to optimize a six-phase reflective 2.5 bit programmable metasurface cell operating at 5 GHz. The unit cell’s prototype was fabricated and measured to verify the design. Additionally, a metasurface comprising 16 × 16 unit cells was designed and simulated. The results highlight the metasurface unit cell’s excellent phase response quantization characteristics, and investigate the impact of quantization accuracy on beam scanning.
... In one recent study, an eight-port (4×4) MIMO antenna was presented in [14]. This antenna has three layers: the ground layer, the substrate layer, and the patch layer. ...
Recently, multiport multi-input and multi-output (MIMO) antenna technology has been the main focus of both manufacturers and researchers. So, their biggest challenge was to propose a small antenna that operates in broadband. We will be the primary contributors to the manufacturing process for this sort of antenna in this work, so we suggested a 4×4 MIMO antenna in a very compact size. As a result, the antenna dimensions are (W=16 mm, L=16 mm, H=1.6 mm) and it operates in millimeter bands ranging from 38 to 80 GHz, with a wide bandwidth of 42 GHz. This antenna was created using modern design principles, such as the Rubik's cube form. According to the results, we noticed that the performance of the parameters is good, as the reflection coefficient is <10 dB for all frequencies. In addition, the isolation transmission performance between ports is <-26 dB, the envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) is <0.0000234 between all ports, and the diversity gain (DG) ranges between ports from 9.99 to 10 dB. Moreover, the percentage of the total antenna efficiency and radiation ranges from 70 to 98%, while the projected antenna gain ranges from 6.9 to 9.5 dB. With all these positive results, the suggested antenna has become one of the critical components in most contemporary wireless systems.
... Over the past decade, the development of electronically scanned antenna arrays (ESAAs) has been the focus of intense research since they outperform mechanically scanned systems with exceptional speed, compactness, lightweight, and immunity to positioning errors. These advantages make the ESAAs the preferred choice in applications such as wireless communications [1][2][3][4], radar systems [5,6], nondestructive testing [7,8], and microwave imaging [9][10][11][12], among others. In communications, these arrays enable dynamic beamforming, where the antenna pattern is shaped to maximize the signal power toward the desired receiver(s) and/or to minimize interference from other directions. ...
We present the design and the performance evaluation of a new interconnect for large-scale densely packed electronically scanned antenna arrays that utilize a high-speed digital board-to-board vertical connector. The application targets microwave tissue, imaging in the frequency range from 3 GHz to 8 GHz. The tissue-imaging arrays consist of hundreds of active antenna elements, which require low-reflection, low-loss, and low-crosstalk connections to their respective receiving and transmitting circuits. The small antenna size and the high array density preclude the use of coaxial connectors, which are also expensive and mechanically unreliable. Modern board-to-board high-speed connectors promise bandwidths as high as 12 GHz, along with high pin density, mechanical robustness, and low cost. However, their compatibility with the various transmission lines leading to/from the miniature printed antenna elements and microwave circuitry is not well studied. Here, we focus on the design of the transitions from coplanar waveguide transmission lines to/from a high-speed vertical connector. The performance of the interconnect is examined through electromagnetic simulations and measurements. Comparison is carried out with the expensive sub-miniature push-on sub-micro coaxial connectors commonly used in miniature radio-frequency electronics. The results demonstrate that high-speed vertical connectors can provide comparable performance in the UWB frequency range.
... Smart Antennas are phased array antennas with smart signal processing algorithms used to identify the angle of arrival (AOA) of the signal, which can be used subsequently to calculate beam-forming vectors [26]. ...
... Then create a virtual image to temporarily store the list of phases having negative positions. Then a quantization (on 8 bits) of all the stored phases using equations (24,25) and (26). ...
This paper discusses the architecture of an adaptive transmitting antenna array that allows highly flexible beamsteering. Antenna arrays are used in many digital signal processing applications due to their ability to locate signal sources. The Direction of Arrival (DOA) estimation is a key task of array signal processing, with the Taguchi method and Multiple Signal Classification (MUSIC). Although various algorithms have been developed for DOA estimation, their high complexity prevents their use in real-time applications. In this paper, we design and develop an implementation using Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA Artix-7), which is the most widely used ARM processor in embedded systems. The antenna array is digitally controlled with the phases synthesized by the Taguchi method.
... Much work has been put into developing alternate solutions and tactics to alleviate the spectrum scarcity problem, including studying the millimeter wave spectrum or the extremely high-frequency band (EHF), which ranges in frequency from 30 GHz to 300 GHz [3]. High-speed multimedia data transmission and reception with more bandwidth are now possible because of current high-tech devices' widespread usage of wavelengths from 10 nm to 1 nm [4], [5]. ...
... In case of array design, the mutual coupling and a suitable distance between the antenna elements pose additional challenges [21,[123][124][125][126][127]. It is important to control spurious radiations from feeding and power divider networks in array design. ...
Industry 4.0 is a digital paradigm which refers to the integration of cutting-edge computing and digital technologies into global industries due to which the state of manufacturing, communication, and control of smart industries has changed altogether. Industry 4.0 has been profoundly influenced by some major disruptive technologies such as the Internet of Things, smart sensors, machine learning and artificial intelligence, cloud computing, big data analytics, advanced robotics, augmented reality, 3D printing, and smart adaptive communication. In this review paper, we discuss physical layer-based solutions with a focus on high reliability and seamless connectivity for Industry 4.0 and beyond applications. First, we present a harmonized review of the industrial revolution journey, industrial communication infrastructure, key performance requirements, and potential sub-6 GHz frequency bands. Then based on that, we present a comprehensive review of intelligent tunable dynamic antenna systems at sub-6 GHz as key enablers for next-generation smart industrial applications. State-of-the-art smart antenna techniques such as agile pattern reconfigurability using electrical components, machine learning and artificial intelligence-based agile beam-scanning antennas, and beam-steerable dynamic metasurface antennas (DMAs) are thoroughly reviewed and emphasized. We unfolded the exciting prospects of reconfigurable dynamic antennas for intelligent and reliable connectivity in application scenarios of Industry 4.0 and beyond such as Industrial IoT and smart manufacturing.
... To find the best values, the proposed method is compared to several well-established methods, including GWO, SCA, SSA, and CS. Additionally, the method is frequently tested to guarantee the greatest performance for various antenna element counts, such as 10, 15, and Fig. 13 Antenna array pattern synthesis by using optimization method [120] 20 radiating antenna elements. There have been presented numerous meta-heuristics techniques for lowering the SLL. ...
A very significant field of research that keeps getting better at tackling optimization issues is the metaheuristic algorithm. One of the categories of metaheuristic algorithms that has gained popularity among researchers in recent years is nature-inspired computational techniques. Finding the best answers to data-driven challenges is becoming ever more difficult, if not impossible, as data generation explodes. Applications of intelligent, bio-inspired computational techniques are becoming increasingly acknowledged as being necessary for solving highly complex problems promptly, especially when dealing with dynamic problem definitions, fluctuating constraints, incomplete or imperfect information, and constrained computing resources. Thus, more and more intelligent algorithms are being investigated for resolving various challenging issues. While some studies examine how these computational techniques may be applied in different contexts, other investigations attempt to gradually improve the algorithm itself. Wireless communications have a bigger significance in several applications, like Radio Detection and Ranging (RADAR), and Fifth generation (5G) communication as a result of the growing demands on technologies. Relatively low side lobe levels, nulls towards the intended direction, including beam shaping approaches like pencil beams and sectoral beams will indeed enhance communication system efficiency while often enhancing the range of RADAR. Many computational methods inspired by natural phenomena are used to increase scan efficiency through the impact of a pencil as well as sector beams about over the target range. Antenna arrays are widely used in 5G standalone architecture, Internet of Things, and beamforming applications of next-generation communications, however, maintaining the subsidiary lobes and directivity is still a challenge. The array parameters could be estimated in real-time using a variety of standard computational techniques, but these methods would struggle to keep its side lobe level low as well as directivity high. As a result, this comparative study intended to examine the various nature-inspired computational techniques for the synthesis of antenna arrays holistically in this work.
... Because of this tunability of LCs, we can implement various microwave devices. The phase shifter is a key component of phased array antennae that are used to implement beam steering in communication systems such as mobile devices [1] and automotive radar [2]. For the implementation of beamforming networks that operate in the millimeter-wave (mmWave) range, phase shifters with high tuning efficiency, low-loss, small size, and low cost have been studied [3,4]. ...
A novel technique to enhance the phase shifting range of a liquid crystal (LC)-based, sub-strate-integrated waveguide (SIW) phase shifter by inserting inductive posts (IPs) is presented for the first time. The IPs inserted in the LC-based SIW phase shifter produce a phase advance based on the relative permittivity of the LC, resulting in an additional differential phase shift. At 28 GHz, the proposed structure with IPs achieves a ratio of maximum differential phase shift (∆) to maximum insertion loss () (FoM1) = 52.82 °/dB and ratio of maximum differential phase shift to length (FoM2) = 2.62 °/mm. Compared with conventional LC-based SIW phase shifters that lack an IP and use the same amount of LC, the FoM1 increased by 16% and the FoM2 increased by 55%. In addition, compared to the typical structure that uses additional LCs instead of IPs, the FoM1 decreased by 7%, and FoM2 increased by 21%. Therefore, inserting IPs into the LC-based SIW phase shifter can reduce the dimensions of the phase shifter and the amount of LCs required to achieve the desired differential phase shift. We believe this work can contribute to the design of compact and efficient SIW phase shifters for future telecommunication systems.
... In general, in a microwave photonic (MWP) system, a RF signal is modulated to an optical carrier to create optical sideband(s), and the RF phase shift is accomplished by altering the phase of the carrier or the sideband(s). RF phase shifters are an integral part of the phase arrayed antennas (PAA) where they require fast and continuously tunable phase over a wide operational bandwidth, to alter the beam profile for different applications such as RADAR, Satellite communication systems, and high-speed network systems [1,2]. There have been many demonstrations of microwave photonic phase shifters where the tunable phase is achieved using different techniques like microresonators [3,4], fiber Bragg grating [5], cross-phase modulation [6], slow-light in semiconductor optical amplifiers [7], polarization modulation [8], and stimulated Brillouin scattering [9,10,11,12,13]. ...
Photonic manipulation of the radio frequency (RF) signal
phase has the potential to enable wideband microwave
phase array antennas and RADARs. Stimulated Brillouin
scattering is a promising candidate for RF phase
manipulation due to the phase shift associated with its
narrowband gain. However, the maximum phase shift that
can be generated by SBS is limited by available pump
power. Here we propose a phase enhancement technique
based on coherent Brillouin interaction between the
orthogonal polarization components of SBS gain. We
demonstrate a 360o phase shift by tuning the bias voltage,
which is three times more than the SBS-induced phase shift
at the same Brillouin pump power. The bias-controlled
phase shift can be exploited to realize phase array antenna
systems for fast scanning applications.
... [20]. Besides, beam-scanning antennas are widely used in military and civilian sectors because of their flexibility and agility in beam pointing as well as their ability to seek and track target signals on moving carriers [21]. Due to the advantages of minimizing the impact of polarization mismatch and mitigating multipath interferences, antenna arrays with circularly polarized elements are preferable in comparison to those utilizing linearly polarization. ...
This paper proposes a cost-effective millimeter-wave (mmWave) phased array antenna incorporating circular polarization (CP) capabilities for beam scanning applications. An initial evaluation involves the examination of an open single-loop antenna. Subsequently, the phased array design is presented, featuring a 4-element circular loop phased array antenna designed to operate at a frequency of 27.5 GHz. The precise control of the main beam steering is achieved through the implementation of a corporate feed network and four-phase shifters employing transmission line time delay techniques. To expand the CP bandwidth, the design incorporates concentric parasitic open-loop antennas. Experimental findings confirm the configuration’s ability to facilitate left-hand circular polarization (LHCP) radiation over a scanning angle span of 50°, specifically ranging from -25° to +25°. This accomplishment aligns with the stringent criteria for maintaining a radiation pattern with an axial ratio (AR) of less than 3 dB across a broad frequency spectrum. Additionally, the design achieves a peak gain of approximately 11 dBic in combination of a total efficiency surpassing 85% throughout the CP bandwidth. In addition, the proposed design offers the advantages of compact size and low cost. Prototypes were fabricated and measured, with results closely matching simulations. Owing to the achieved radiation properties, the proposed design demonstrates a potential for practical applications in satellite and wireless communications systems.
