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(a) This wind map was averaged from March to May in 2011 at 750 hPa and westerly wind was main wind direction. (b) This wind map was averaged with only winds of easterly windy days from March May in 2011 at 925 hPa. This easterly wind is minor wind direction and about 10% in whole wind from March to May in 2011.
Source publication
Δ14C values of leaves of a deciduous tree record to those of atmospheric CO2 within error and were used
to map out Δ14C distribution in Korea. We collected ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba Linnaeus, a deciduous tree) leaf
samples in mid-June to early July from 2009 to 2013 in Korea to obtain the regional distribution of Δ14C.
Commonly CO2 emitted from fossil...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... reactor 1 in Fukushima of Japan exploded on March 12 in 2011, nuclear reactor 3 on March 14 and nuclear reactor 2 and 4 on March 15 in 2011. These nuclear reactors emitted massive amounts of radioactive materials into the surrounding atmosphere. Korea is in the westerly zone like Fig. 4(a) which was averaged from March to May in 2011 at 750 hPa [24]. However, the develop- ment of surface lows over the southern part of Japan (e.g. eastern part of the East China Sea) sometimes produces easterly winds over South Korea and Kyushu Island like Fig. 4(b) which was aver- aged with only winds of easterly windy days from March to May in 2011 at 925 hPa [24]. This easterly wind was not main wind direc- tion and about 10% in whole wind from wind analysis, so the east- erly wind could sometimes have carried air containing high D 14 C from Japan to Korea. It is not exact evidence for Fukushima nuclear accident to affect D 14 C of Korea air space but further study need to clarify ...
Context 2
... reactor 1 in Fukushima of Japan exploded on March 12 in 2011, nuclear reactor 3 on March 14 and nuclear reactor 2 and 4 on March 15 in 2011. These nuclear reactors emitted massive amounts of radioactive materials into the surrounding atmosphere. Korea is in the westerly zone like Fig. 4(a) which was averaged from March to May in 2011 at 750 hPa [24]. However, the develop- ment of surface lows over the southern part of Japan (e.g. eastern part of the East China Sea) sometimes produces easterly winds over South Korea and Kyushu Island like Fig. 4(b) which was aver- aged with only winds of easterly windy days from March to May in 2011 at 925 hPa [24]. This easterly wind was not main wind direc- tion and about 10% in whole wind from wind analysis, so the east- erly wind could sometimes have carried air containing high D 14 C from Japan to Korea. It is not exact evidence for Fukushima nuclear accident to affect D 14 C of Korea air space but further study need to clarify ...
Context 3
... Fig. 3 D 14 C in the clean and main clean air sites are lower than those of Pt. Barrow, Alaska of USA [X. Xu unpublished results, Keck/CCAMS Lab, University of California, Irvine, 23]. Decrease rates of D 14 C in the clean and main clean air sites are 6.6‰ and 5.7‰ respectively and that of Pt. Barrow, Alaska of USA is 3.8 ‰, so the differences of D 14 C between two group sites in Korea and Pt. Barrow in USA increase annually. Since Korea is in the westerly zone like Fig. 4(a), it is easy for fossil fuel originated CO 2 from China to reach Korean air space, causing lower D 14 C. The economy in China had been growing fast and the amount of fossil fuel orig- inated CO 2 emitted from China had increased annually. China is believed to be the world's largest emitter of carbon dioxide from fossil fuels, contributing more than 20% of global emissions [25,26]. Therefore the high decrease rate of D 14 C annually observed in Korea is partly the result of increasing fossil fuel CO 2 blown in from China ...
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Citations
... Similar short-growth plant-tissue 14 C datasets for evaluating Cff, with and without modeling analyses, have been developed across North America [15] and China [16] through corn leaves. Leaves of Ginkgo biloba, a deciduous type of tree considered sacred in eastern Asia, were used to provide snapshots and time-series of Cff over South Korea [17][18][19]. Radiocarbon analysis from individual maize plants (Zea mays) have provided information on both Cff and nuclear sources in the Netherlands during the years 2010 to 2012, and in western Germany and France in 2012, respectively [20]. Spatial and temporal reconstruction of Cff distribution and point sources have been investigated in grasses and wood in southern Italy [21]. ...
Fossil fuel-derived CO2 (Cff) emission patterns and their point sources across the Rio de Janeiro megacity and state were estimated from a single regional-scale Δ14C distribution map based on isotopic measurements of ipê leaves (Tabebuia, a popular flowering deciduous perennial tree). Data from multi-year sampling (i.e., 2014–2016) was renormalized to reflect 14C signatures of the 2015 calendar year. Spatial variability in Δ14C ranges from a maximum of 27.1 ± 0.4‰ (city of Petrópolis, a higher-elevation municipality) to a minimum of −43.6 ± 1.4‰ (i.e., approximately 27.6 ± 1 ppm of Cff — Santo Cristo, a district within the Rio de Janeiro city). Overall, higher Δ14C values correlate well with green habitats and high elevation areas, while lower values are associated with Cff emissions in densely populated areas with higher industrial and traffic footprints. Cff emissions are higher where local air circulation is poor, such as the area surrounding Guanabara Bay. Other areas with significantly higher Cff emissions were the Paraíba Valley and Mountain regions. These results may be explained by atmospheric transport of CO2 from neighboring states, such as São Paulo and Minas Gerais, and by the predominant west winds and the limited regional air flow created by large topographic features. Lower Cff emissions were observed in the Northwest and Lakes regions, which are dominated by agriculture and tourism activities. Our results highlight the potential of directly estimating Cff for studying urban landscapes in the southern region of Brazil through 14C time-integrated distribution mapping of ipê leaves. The method could also be used to augment greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions inventory studies trends in partitioning Cff from CO2 of bio-template sustainable sources.
