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a The composition and structure of cotton fibers, and b schematic of cutting and swelling of cotton fibers with cellulase treatment
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A novel aqueous alkaline gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) was obtained by combining cotton with PVA, offering a wide operating electrochemical window (1.6 V) for aqueous supercapacitors (SCs). The effects achieved can be explained that the free water is limited inside GPE by strong hydrogen bonds, and hydrate cations and hydrate anions change into sma...
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Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been considered an easily accessible battery technology because of their low weight, cheapness, etc. Unfortunately, they have significant drawbacks, such as flammability and scarcity of lithium. Since the components of zinc-ion batteries are nonflammable, nontoxic, and cheap, AZIBs could be a suitable replacement f...
Heteroatoms co-doped porous carbon attracts tremendous research interest for electrochemical energy storage applications. We demonstrate herein N/S co-doped 3D carbon frameworks with the large specific surface area through KOH activation in the presence of KSCN by utilizing red bean as the precursor. We found that KSCN can not only act as the N/S s...
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Citations
... Notably, the stretching vibrations of -OH and -CO groups experience significant modifications, with a decrease in peak intensity and a red-shift compared to pure PVA. These alterations strongly suggest the formation of complexes or interactions between the KCl and the polar groups (-OH and -CO) in PVA [35,[39][40][41][42][43][44]. ...
The advancement of implantable biomedical devices (IMDs) hinges on the development of biocompatible solid-state electrolytes with outstanding electrochemical performance, safety, and reliability for flexible solid-state supercapacitors. This study focuses on the development of gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and potassium chloride (KCl). The GPEs obtained were subjected to comprehensive characterization using a diverse range of techniques to evaluate their spectral features, morphological properties, thermal and mechanical performance, biocompatibility, ionic conductivity, and cyclic stability. What distinguishes our research is its comprehensive exploration of the profound impact of varying PVA molecular weights and PVA/KCl weight ratios on the ionic conductivity and thermal characteristics of these gels. Notably, we observed a decrease in ionic conductivity with increasing PVA molecular weight, whereas an increase in salt concentration under the same molecular weight led to higher ionic conductivity. In particular, the optimal gel electrolyte with a molecular weight (Mw) of 195,000 g/mol and a PVA/KCl weight ratio of 1/2 demonstrated a promising ionic conductivity of 3.48 ± 0.25 mS/cm. Even after 5000 cycles, it retained 88% of its initial specific capacitance. Our findings reveal that the GPEs exhibit remarkable mechanical robustness alongside unparalleled ionic conductivity, characterized by minimal interfacial resistance. Moreover, these gel electrolytes exhibit remarkable biocompatibility, evident in a cell viability test where 72.3% of cells remained unaffected after a 72-h exposure to PVA/KCl. These findings present a promising avenue towards the fabrication of stable and high-performance biocompatible gel polymer electrolytes which can be used in solid-state supercapacitors, thereby laying the foundation for their integration into flexible, safer, and wearable bio-electronics.
... Likewise, the sample based on the liquid electrolytes displayed inferior electrochemical stability to SC 15 , and a capacitance retention rate of 80.2% was observed after only 4000 cycles. As for hydrogel electrolytes, free water could decompose into OH -/ H ? ions at high potential [33] and the volatilization of free water could occur during the time-consuming tests, thus, the water retention capacity of electrolytes would play a crucial role in the electrochemical stability of the supercapacitors. It was reported that PAM possessed higher water retention capacity than cellulose [34], in this context, it is not surprising to find the decreasing electrochemical stability in the following order SC 15 [ SC 0 [ the supercapacitors based on the liquid electrolytes (1.75 M NaOH). ...
Cellulose has received extensive attention as hydrogel electrolytes in energy storage fields, due to its renewable and environmentally friendly properties. However, it is still difficult to prepare cellulose-based hydrogel electrolytes for supercapacitors with high flexibility, high specific capacitance, and good temperature resistance. Herein, a series of cellulose-based hydrogel electrolytes with good mechanical properties were prepared successfully by incorporating with a small amount of acrylamide/N, N′-methylene bisacrylamide via a simple one-pot strategy and, successively, the resultant hydrogel electrolytes were assembled with the commercial activated carbon, as electrode materials, yielding quasi solid-state symmetric supercapacitors. It was found that the optimum hydrogel electrolytes prepared with 15 wt.% acrylamide/N, N′-methylene bisacrylamide possessed the tensile strength and break elongation as high as 18.7 kPa and 743.3%, respectively. The supercapacitors originating from the above electrolytes showed the excellent electrochemical performance. The specific capacitance could achieve 163.7 F g−1 at 1.0 A g−1 and the corresponding capacitance retention was 87.9% after the constant charge–discharge cycles for 8000 times. Moreover, the supercapacitors could be operated at various bending angles (0°– 180°) and low temperature (− 30 °C) without significant loss of capacitance. These results indicate that the cellulose-based hydrogel electrolytes presented here would have great potential in the application of flexible energy storage devices.
... The cotton/PVA-based membrane used in the KOH solution with various pH was developed, which delivers good ionic conductivity of 28 mS cm −1 . Next, three planar flexible SCs made by using a membrane blended with PVA and cotton fibres in a 1 M H 2 SO 4 as an electrolyte by using various pH ranges with glacial acetic acid, using the pH (4.8) developed electrolyte, showed improvements in terms of conductivity and mechanical strength with a good capacity [59,60]. Then, to achieve high mechanical strength and flexible supercapacitors featuring ionic conductivity, PVA-based gel polymer solutions are used [61]. ...
To improve the electrochemical performance of the solid-state supercapacitor, we have developed (PVA)-H2SO4-[Co(en)3]Cl3·3H2O gel polymer electrolyte by blending of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), H2SO4, and [Co(en)3]Cl3·3H2O. The electrochemical performance was analysed by cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. The incorporation of redox mediator [Co(en)3]Cl3 into the gel polymer electrolyte PVA-H2SO4 results in an excellent capacitive property with 96% capacity retention after 1000 cycles. At a current density of 0.1 A g⁻¹, the developed PVA-H2SO4-[Co(en)3]Cl3 electrolyte exhibits high specific capacitance of 522 F g⁻¹, which has a capacity gain of 46% over the PVA-H2SO4-based electrolyte. The energy density and power density are 42.49 Wh kg⁻¹ and 76.5 W kg⁻¹, respectively. Concurrently, PVA-H2SO4-[Co(en)3]Cl3 displays ionic conductivity of 17.52 mS cm⁻¹.
Graphical abstract
... With GPEs the LE is confined within a highly porous polymer matrix, which allows the thermal, chemical, electrochemical, and mechanical stability of the LEs to be improved. [183] The GPEs are capable of immobilizing the solvent molecules, decreasing their volatility and increasing their electrochemical stability and the safety of the battery. [184,185] In addition, GPEs have much higher ionic conductivities than solid state electrolytes (in some cases comparable to those of the current industry standard LEs) and offer better interfacial interactions, due to the inclusion of LEs. ...
... [193] Some of the most promising GPEs for HV-LIBs have been aqueous GPEs, as the non-cross-linked portions of the polymer chains can interact with water molecules through hydrogen bonding, decreasing the amount of "free" water, and helping to expand the ESW. [183,224] Recent work by Langevin et al. where they incorporated a water-in-bisalt electrolyte into a UV-cured acrylic polymer matrix, increasing the ESW to 4.1 V, [225] due to the reduction of free water and increase in the retention of free water through polymer coordination. ...
Lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) are promising candidates within the context of the development of novel battery concepts with high energy densities. Batteries with high operating potentials or high voltage (HV) LIBs (>4.2 V vs Li⁺/Li) can provide high energy densities and are therefore attractive in high‐performance LIBs. However, a variety of challenges (including solid electrolyte interface (SEI), lithium plating, etc.) and related safety issues (such as gas formation or thermal runaway effects) must be solved for the practical, widespread application of HV‐LIBs. Most of these challenges arise in the region between the electrodes: the electrolyte region. This review provides an overview of recent development and progress on the electrolyte region, including liquid electrolytes, ionic liquids, gel polymer electrolytes, separators, and solid electrolytes for HV‐LIBs applications. A focus on improving the safety of these systems, with some perspectives on their relative cost and environmental impact, is given. Overall, the new information is encouraging for the development of HV‐LIBs, and this review serves as a guide for potential strategies to improve their safety, allowing the development of HV‐LIBs, including solid‐state batteries, to be accelerated to practical relevance.
... 31,36,37 Recently, many works have reported on the method of structural modi-cation, demonstrating application prospects in different aspects. 38,39 In addition, the structurally designed electrolyte can also improve battery safety performance. 31,40 Therefore, designing the electrolyte structure is an effective way to achieve high-performance and high-safety LMBs. ...
Lithium-ion batteries using either liquid electrolytes or solid electrolytes have been extensively studied in recent years, but both of these encounter safety risks such as flammability of liquid electrolytes and uncontrolled dendrite growth. In this study, a sandwich gel polymer electrolyte (SGPE) with a thermal shutdown function was developed to resolve the safety issues. By adjustment of surface pore size of the SGPE, lithium dendrite growth is suppressed. Due to the sandwich structure design, the SGPE can effectively respond to an overheating environment, regulate lithium ion transport and inhibit the penetration of lithium dendrite, demonstrating a remarkably high safety of the batteries, especially at high temperature or under thermal runaway circumstances. In addition, the LiFePO4/SGPE/Li battery exhibits a high reversible capacity of 135 mA h g⁻¹at 1C and maintains high capacity retention (>95%) after 200 charge-discharge cycles. This study shows a great advantage to handle thermal abuse and a stable lithium anode, suggesting a promising approach to the high safety lithium metal batteries.
In this work, PDMS films are treated with varying fluence of hydrogen ion beams (6 × 1017, 9 × 1017, and 12 × 1017 ions/cm2) for used in storage energy devices. XRD and FTIR were used to analyze the PDMS films. Furthermore, the SEM is employed to study the morphological alterations in treated PDMS films. Both XRD and FTIR result indicated that PDMS is chemically interacting after ion treatment. In addition, the dielectric parameters of PDMS films are measured using an LCR device in the frequencies 102–106 Hz. After PDMS exposed to 12 × 1017 ions/cm2, the dielectric constant of the PDMS increased from 23.4 to 44.8, and energy density increased from 1.01 × 10–4 to 1.92 × 10–4 J/m3, while the conductivity increased from 0.29 × 10–7 to 4.3 × 10–7 S/cm. Moreover, the real M′ decreased from 0.198 for PDMS to 0.165 for 6 × 1017 ions/cm2 and to 0.052 at 12 × 1017 ions/cm2, while the imaginary M″ is decreased from 0.205 to 0.155 for 6 × 1017 ions/cm2, and to 0.069 for 12 × 1017 ions/cm2. The studies indicated that the structure as well as electrical characteristics of the treated PDMS had been improved, which allowing being used these substances in different electronic instrumentations.Graphical abstract
(a) The SEM image of untreared PDMS (b) SEM image of irradiated PDMS, (c) the ion source irradiation facility, (d) the energy density as a function of ion fluence of untreated and irradiated PDMS
Flexible and quasi-solid-state gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) comprising plastic crystals are emerged as new class of materials for the energy storage applications. Here, a novel composition of a flexible matrix of GPEs comprising a mixture of a non-ionic plastic crystal (succinonitrile) and an organic-ionic plastic crystal 1-ethyl-1-methyl-pyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethyl sulfonyl)imide, immobilized in a polymer poly(vinylidine fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) for application in carbon supercapacitors. Different structural, thermal and electrochemical properties including high ionic conductivity (σ ~3.3 × 10⁻³ S cm⁻¹ at room temperature) and a wide electrochemical stability window (~3.1 V versus Ag) make the GPE films attractive as potential electrolyte for supercapacitors. Effect of addition of Li-salt (lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, LiTFSI) in GPE is also studied and found improvement in supercapacitors' performance. Supercapacitors are fabricated using the mixed plastic crystals-based GPE films separated by activated carbon electrodes, optimized via different techniques namely cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and galvanostatic charge-discharge measurements. The optimized capacitor with GPE containing LiTFSI offers the specific capacitance of ~370.7 F g⁻¹ with specific energy and maximum power density of ~80.5 Wh kg⁻¹ and ~70.6 kW kg⁻¹, respectively. The supercapacitor offers stable cyclic performance for ~10,000 charge-discharge cycles with ~93% of retention and safe performance over a temperature range from −40 to 80 °C.
Zn-ion hybrid capacitors (ZIHCs) are new types of energy storage system with enormous application prospect. However, the limited energy density and poor durability hinder their application. Herein, we design a hydrogel electrolyte based on Fe³⁺ ionic cross-linked anionic copolymer formed by AMPSZn (2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propane sulfonate zinc) and AAZn (zinc acrylate) in the presence of ZnCl2. The prepared ZIHCs have excellent electrochemical performance, which deliver a battery-level energy density of 205.3 Wh kg⁻¹ at a power density of 1.01 kW kg⁻¹ and retain 81.2% of initial capacitance after 1000 cycles. Importantly, based on hydrogel electrolyte, the prepared ZIHCs also have excellent durability which still work under twisted or bent as well as self-heal after being wholly cut. The ZIHCs are also capable at low temperature showing excellent reliability. In this work, high energy density, flexible, low temperature resistant and self-healing Zn-ion hybrid capacitors were prepared by designing hydrogel electrolyte which provides a new strategy for high performance and reliable ZIHCs.
