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a The XPS survey spectra of Ga3 before and after cycle. HRXPS spectra of V 2p (b, e), Ga 3d (c, f), and Ga 2p (d, g) regions before and after cycle
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Ga-doped V6O13 is successfully synthesized by solvothermal method. Ga doping can make V6O13 nanocrystallization, and this structure is conducive to the de-intercalation and intercalation of lithium ions. Ga³⁺ can be doped into V6O13 lattice and replaces the partial position of V. The Ga0.05V5.95O13 has a structure of nanowires with the width of abo...
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Citations
... Figure 7c shows the CV curve of the sample calcined at 400 °C which was acquired from an electrochemical workstation with a voltage between 1.5 and 4.0 V at a scanning rate of 0.1 mV s −1 . Two pairs of redox peaks can be observed, which is similar to other experimental results [25,29,30]. The second charge-discharge cycle curve is similar to the first one, with almost the same capacity, showing high reversible electrochemical properties, indicating that the sample calcined at 400 °C had good cycle stability. ...
A V6O13 micro-flower was synthesized via a facial hydrothermal method using ammonium metavanadate and oxalic acid dihydrate and combined with subsequent heat treatment. The effects of oxalic acid concentration and subsequent calcination temperature on the crystallinity and microstructure of V6O13 are discussed in detail. We have compared these data to determine the optimal amount of reducing agent and calcination temperature and futher explored the electrochemical properties of cathode materials. The results show that the concentration of oxalic acid and calcination temperature has a great influence on the morphology and crystallinity. When paired with Li anode, V6O13 cathode exhibits excellent electrochemical performance that the initial specific capacity is 376.7 mA g⁻¹ and the capacity retention of 48.3% after 100 cycles at the current density of 100 mA g⁻¹. This work provides some references for the development of high-performance lithium-ion battery cathodes.
Graphic abstract
... However, this method is relatively simple and not easy to control the purity of the final product in the synthesis. The difference between the solvothermal method and hydrothermal method is that the solvent used in the solvothermal method is an organic solvent except water [106,107]. Under the conditions of high temperature and high pressure, liquid phase or supercritical conditions, the reaction activity of V 2 O 5 that dispersed in solution gets improved [108]. ...
With the increasing demands of sustainable development society and emerging industries for energy storage technology, energy-storing devices have always been the primary driving force for the revolution of equipment performance. Lithium-ion supercapacitors have attracted more attention possessing both notable advantages of supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries, among which electrode materials are the key to improve their performance. Particularly, V6O13 as the positive electrode of lithium-ion batteries with excellent electrochemical performance has been widely studied. This paper introduces the studies on the application of V6O13 cathode in supercapacitors for the first time. Importantly, the preparation and modification methods of V6O13 are reviewed with reference to its use in lithium-ion batteries, and the possibility of its application in lithium-ion supercapacitors is put forward.
... Among the many cathode materials for LIBs, Vanadium oxides (VO 2 , V 2 O 5 , V 6 O 13 ) are often studied as a cathode material for LIB. That is because it shows the high theoretical specific capacity and the good cyclic stability [9][10][11]. Balogun et al. designed a new type of carbon quantum dot-coated VO 2 interwoven nanowire through a simple preparation process, which has a higher storage capacity for lithium [12]. ...
V6O13 cathode materials have received great attention owing to its high theoretical specific capacity and energy density; however, the poor cycle stability and rate performance have constrained their development. In this experiment, the nanorod-like Co-doped V6O13 with a theoretical equation of CoxV6−xO13 was synthesized for the first time by one-step solvothermal method, and investigated with X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and tests of electrochemical performances. When x = 0.03, the material shows the best electrochemical performance, the sample has the best discharge specific capacity of 377.3 mAh/g at the beginning, and the capacity retention is 54.4% after 100 cycles at 0.1 C (42 mA/g), comparing with those of the pure V6O13 only 279.4 mAh/g and 37.6% in the same condition. The increase in specific surface area and structural stability promoted the kinetics of the chemical reaction and improved the electrochemical properties of the material. The applicability of this method was further examined through a series of tests and analysis of disassembled batteries after cycle, and the evidences that proper Co doping can stable the structure of materials are provided.
Vanadium oxides with multioxidation states and various crystalline structures offer unique electrical, optical, optoelectronic and magnetic properties, which could be manipulated for various applications. For the past 30 years, significant efforts have been made to study the fundamental science and explore the potential for vanadium oxide materials in ion batteries, water splitting, smart windows, supercapacitors, sensors, and so on. This review focuses on the most recent progress in synthesis methods and applications of some thermodynamically stable and metastable vanadium oxides, including but not limited to V2O3, V3O5, VO2, V3O7, V2O5, V2O2, V6O13, and V4O9. We begin with a tutorial on the phase diagram of the V-O system. The second part is a detailed review covering the crystal structure, the synthesis protocols, and the applications of each vanadium oxide, especially in batteries, catalysts, smart windows, and supercapacitors. We conclude with a brief perspective on how material and device improvements can address current deficiencies. This comprehensive review could accelerate the development of novel vanadium oxide structures in related applications.
Aqueous rechargeable Zn-ion batteries (ARZIBs) have attracted much attention owing to their safety, high energy density and environmental friendliness. However, dendrite formation and corrosive reactions on Zn anode surface limit the development of ARZIBs. Here, Ga³⁺-doped NaV2(PO4)3 with Na superionic conductor (NASICON) structure [NVP-Ga(x), x=0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75] have been exploited as the high-efficiency artificial layer to stabilize Zn anode. The optimal NVP-Ga(0.5) layer can homogenize ion flux and promote uniform deposition of zinc, the dendrite growth and the parasitic reactions can be greatly inhibited. The symmetric cell based on this unique protection layer can stably operate over 1,300 h at 0.5 mA cm⁻² with 0.5 mAh cm⁻². Benefitting from the high-performance Zn metal anode, the full batteries paired with MnO2 cathode deliver a high discharge capacity of 106 mAh g⁻¹ with the capacity retention rate of 85% after 8,000 cycles. This work provides an advanced strategy to stabilize Zn anode for the industrialization of ARZIBs in the near future.
The vanadium oxide V2O5•4VO2 cathode material has aroused significant interest due to its high theoretical capacity and wide availability. However, the poor rate and cycle performance of the V2O5•4VO2 electrode severely hindered its further application in high-energy density lithium-ion batteries. Herein, a kind of Al/Mn co-doped V2O5•4VO2 prepared via facile solvothermal method combined with annealing process is reported. Theoretical and experimental results reveal that [AlO6] and [MnO6] not only serve as an octahedral pillar to extend the interlayer spacing, but introduce oxygen vacancies that provide more lithium ion active sites and higher ionic and electronic conductivity in lithium ion (de)intercalation process. Paired with lithium metal anode, Al/Mn co-doped V2O5•4VO2 cathode exhibits better performance metrics of 322.5 mAh/g at 0.1 A/g, 91.7% capacity retention after 50 cycles, and 195.8 mAh/g after 200 cycles at a current density of 1 A/g, while the values corresponding to the pure phase V2O5•4VO2 are 248.7 mAh/g, 66.9% as well as 97.7 mAh/g respectively. Actually, the insight into the performance of potential electrode materials improved by double ion doping was provided in the present work.
Vanadium oxides, such as V 6 O[Formula: see text], have a high theoretical capacity for sodium storage, but their performance faces the challenges of low conductivity and poor cycling stability caused by side reactions. To solve these problems, we report on the material design of self-supported nanosheet arrays coated with poly(3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT). In this design, the nanosheet architecture facilitates the electron and ion transport to boost the charge storage, while the PEDOT coating prevents the direct contact between the electrode nanosheet and the electrolyte, thus inhibiting the occurrence of side reactions. This PEDOT-modified nanosheet electrode exhibits a reversible capacity of 179 mAh g[Formula: see text] in the potential range of 1.5–3.8 V, and retains 66% of the initial capacity at a rate of 1 C for 100 cycles.
Element doping has been proven to be one of the effective means to improve the electrical transport performance of materials due to the introduction of impurity levels. In this work, Al/Ga co-doped V6O13 nanorods were prepared via a particularly simple solvothermal method. Al/Ga co-doping delivers an extraordinary compelling advantage that can expand the cell volume as well as introduce oxygen vacancies, which can effectively improve the electrochemical performance of the battery. On the hand, Al/Ga co-doped V6O13 presents a uniform rod-like structure with a diameter of about 100-300 nm and a length of micrometers. On the other hand, when it was used as a cathode electrode material for lithium ion batteries, the Al/Ga co-doped V6O13 nanorod exhibited an initial capacity of 411.5 mAh/g at 0.1 C, higher than pure phase V6O13 with capacity of 286.4 mAh/g. Noted that the capacity retention rate of Al/Ga co-doped V6O13 nanorods reached 64.4% after 100 cycles at 1 C, which is more than twice that of pure phase V6O13. Al/Ga double ion doping provides an insight that better enhance the electrical transport properties of materials.
