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(a) TLC analysis of CO and different batches of VCO (I, II and III). (b) Estimation of aldehydes (A) and peroxides (B) in VCO and CO. TLC: thin layer chromatography; VCO: virgin coconut oil; CO: copra oil.
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Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is an unrefined kernal oil, prepared from Cocos nucifera L., having substantial nutritional and medicinal value. Experimental studies have suggested its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunostimulatory and hypolipidemic effects. The present study assesses its effect on formalin-induced chronic inflammation and cyclophospha...
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Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) is one of the major commercial crops in southern India, which gives many useful products to the inhabitants. Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) is one among them, produced from both ball copra (within the nut) and fresh coconuts. VCO differs from commercial coconut oil (CNO) the way it is processed. In wet processing, natural ferm...
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Virgin Coconut oil (VCO) is a coconut processed product that has high benefits and economic value. One of the methods of making VCO is the fermentation method. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the percentage of 3 types of yeast (starter yeast tape, starter yeast bread (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and tempeh yeast (Rhizopus sp)...
This work studied the production and characterization of coconut oil using dry and wet extraction methods. Both methods yielded oil to varying levels of 42.13% and 31.94% for dry and wet methods respectively. The characteristics of the produced oils showed variations. The data obtained under this investigation were analyzed statistically using Pair...
Citations
... VCO was suggested to exert different protective effects as an antioxidant (Nevin & Rajamohan, 2006), anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-pyretic (Vysakh et al., 2014), anti-hepatosteatotic , and chemoprotective (Nair et al., 2016) agent. In addition, VCO and lauric acid treatments are reported to have beneficial effects on lipogenesis, and both can enhance the rate of fatty acid catabolism (Arunima & Rajamohan, 2012;Lekshmi Sheela et al., 2016). ...
... Al is potent neurotoxic metal and is suggested to produce oxidative stress both in vitro and in vivo (Laabbar et al., 2021;Zahedi-Amiri et al., 2019 shown that VCO can decrease lipid peroxidation levels in the liver, heart, and kidney in vivo (Nevin & Rajamohan, 2006). In addition, VCO lowered lipid peroxidation levels after chemical induced oxidative stress in mice, AD rat models, and in HCT-15 cells (Alghamdi, 2018;Nair et al., 2016). In cell culture studies, pre-treatment with VCO polyphenols reduced oxidant-induced oxidative stress and cell death and restored the levels of glutathione and activities of glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase. ...
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurological disorder that affects various cognitive functions, behavior, and personality. AD is thought to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, including exposure to aluminum (Al). Virgin coconut oil (VCO) may have potential as a natural neuroprotectant against AD. Aim of this study was to determine neuroprotective effects of VCO on Al‐induced neurotoxicity in an in vitro AD model. SH‐SY5Y cells were initially cultured in normal growth medium and then differentiated by reducing fetal bovine serum content and adding retinoic acid (RA). Later, brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was added along with RA. The differentiation process was completed on the seventh day. Study groups ( n = 3) were designed as control group, VCO group, Al group, Al‐VCO group, Alzheimer model (AD) group, AD + Al‐exposed group (AD+Al), AD + VCO applied group (AD + VCO) and AD + Al‐exposed + VCO applied group (AD + Al + VCO). Specific markers of AD (hyperphosphorylated Tau protein, amyloid beta 1–40 peptide, and amyloid precursor protein) were measured in all groups. In addition, oxidative stress parameters (total antioxidant capacity, lipid peroxidase, protein carbonyl, and reactive oxygen species) and neurotransmitter‐related parameters (dopamine, dopamine transporter acetylcholine, and synuclein alpha levels, acetylcholinesterase activity) were measured comparatively in the study groups. VCO reduced amyloid beta and hyperphosphorylated Tau protein levels in the study groups. In addition, oxidative stress levels decreased, and neurotransmitter parameters improved with VCO. Our study shows that VCO may have potential therapeutic effects in Alzheimer's disease and further experiments are needed to determine its efficacy.
... Nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity are severe health disorders caused by drug consumption, including NSAIDs, necessitating the investigation of protective compounds to prevent this damage. Thus, research on medicinal plants has increased in recent years, as they are a valuable resource of protective compounds and are used to develop safer and more potent phytochemical drugs [10,11]. ...
Background and Aim: Tessaria integrifolia Ruiz and Pav. (also known as “Pájaro bobo”) is known for its medicinal properties, including antiulcer, antiasthmatic, leishmanicidal, antipyretic, antispasmodic, diuretic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and hepatoprotective effects. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate its hepatoprotective and nephroprotective effects using a rat model of diclofenac-induced toxicity.
Materials and Methods: We administered three different doses of the methanolic extract of T. integrifolia (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg/day orally) and compared them with the commercial medicine silymarin (100 mg/kg orally). The rats received the T. integrifolia extracts for 5 days, and on days 3 and 4, 1 h after receiving the extracts, diclofenac was administered intraperitoneally at a dose of 50 mg/kg. The animals were euthanized 48 h after the last diclofenac injection, and blood samples were obtained to measure biochemical parameters related to liver and kidney function, such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), bilirubin, cholesterol, triglycerides, creatinine, and urea. Kidney and liver tissues were preserved in 10% formaldehyde and sent for histopathological analysis.
Results: The results show that T. integrifolia has hepatoprotective and nephroprotective effects. These effects are verified by the lower blood levels of ALT, AST, urea, and creatinine compared to the diclofenac group, which exhibited elevated biochemical parameters. In addition, histopathological analysis showed that the groups that received T. integrifolia did not display necrosis or infiltration, which were observed in the diclofenac group.
Conclusion: The methanolic extract of T. integrifolia has hepatoprotective and nephroprotective effects, with the highest protective activity observed at a dose of 400 mg/kg/day.
... They also prevent deleterious systemic fluctuations by regulating, modulating, and maintaining internal milieu. These apparent physiological provisions overtly predispose the organs to xenobioticinduced impairments than other visceral organs (Nair et al. 2016;Abdel-Daim and Abdeen 2018). They are usually the specific targets in free radicals-induced organ injuries. ...
Systemic degradations of various forms have been adduced to cement dust exposure and Inhalation is the most considerable route. We deployed inhalation method to investigate the possible reno-hepatic effect of cement dust exposure. Thirty male Wistar rats weighing between 150 and 180g acquired were acclimatized and randomized into three groups of 10 animals each. Group 1 was the control, group 2: 14-day exposed, and group 3: 28-day exposed. Relative organs weights, heavy metal analysis, hepatic and renal functions tests, fibrotic index, lipid peroxidation (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), nitric oxide (NO), sulfhydryl group, histopathology, and histomorphometry were assessed using standard procedures. There was increase in organ weight and significant (p < 0.05) tissue bioaccumulation of heavy metals. There were significant increases in urea, creatinine, hepatic aspartate aminotransferase, Alanine aminotransferase and Alkaline phosphatase values in the exposed groups compared with control. Inhaled cement dust was observed to induce lipid peroxidation and deplete SOD and CAT levels. There was also significant upregulation of renal and hepatic NO in the 14-day (0.38 ± 0.05 nmol/g to 0.55 ± 0.17 nmol/g) and 28-day (0.48 ± 0.11 nmol/g to 0.80 ± 0.04 nmol/g) groups when compared with their respective control groups (0.78 ± 0.01 nmol/g to 1.33 ± 0.17 nmol/g). A significant reduction in renal and hepatic sulfhydryl groups was also observed in the exposed groups when compared with the controls. Histopathology showed an array of alterations ranging from vascular congestion, necrosis to neutrophil infiltration. Cement dust exposure by inhalation induced reno-hepatic functional alteration via increased organ weight, heavy metal bioaccumulation, histopathological, and biochemical mechanisms. Biochemically, cement dust inhalation depleted antioxidant capacity and generated oxidative and nitrosative stress.
... liver damages often occur due to their contribution to detoxification, metabolism, and excretion of drugs and their metabolites, making the liver an important target organ for drug-caused damage. [2][3][4] Liver injury is an important health disorder that is created through the use of some drugs. Some therapeutic drugs, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), are drugs that caused liver poisoning. ...
Background:
Diclofenac (DIC) is an NSAID that can cause toxic effects in animals and humans and carvacrol (CAR) is a monoterpene compound that displays effective pharmacological and biological actions. The purpose of this work was to assess the influences of CAR on DIC-induced liver injury and oxidative stress in male rats.
Methods:
The male Wistar rats were segregated into four groups. Group 1, the control group; Group 2 received DIC-only (10 mg/kg BW, po); Group 3, received CAR-only (10 mg/kg BW, po), and group 4 received DIC plus CAR. The serum levels as well as the activity of several liver-associated markers, and oxidative and anti-oxidant compounds were tested. The expression of pro-inflammatory mediators was also studied using the qRT-PCR analysis.
Results:
Our results showed that DIC treatment was associated with the elevation in the serum levels of liver-related markers together with …
... Furthermore, virgin coconut oil's polyphenols demonstrate a beneficial health effect and work as modulators of inflammatory cascades to avoid pathogenesis [36]. The current health benefits of virgin coconut oil are in line with the earlier reports of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of virgin coconut oil against cyclophosphamide, arthritis, insulin resistance, cardiovascular risk and hepatic steatosis [37]. ...
Gentamicin is an effective antibiotic against severe infections, but a major downside is its nephrotoxic effects. Virgin coconut oil has potential antidiabetic effects, but there has been no study on its potential role in gentamicin‐induced nephrotoxicity in streptozotocin -induced diabetic rats. Thus, the aim of the current study is to explore the anti‐inflammatory and nephroprotective effects of virgin coconut oil on non-diabetic and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. A total of 48 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into eight groups (n=6), including non-diabetic groups (groups 1-4) and streptozotocin-induced diabetic groups (groups 5-8). Groups 1 and 5 received a normal diet, groups 2 and 6 were fed a normal diet + gentamicin at 100 mg/kg/day for the last 10 days of the study period, groups 3 and 7 were treated with 10 ml/kg/day of virgin coconut oil for four weeks, and groups 4 and 8 were given gentamicin for the last 10 days of the study period plus virgin coconut oil for four weeks at the same doses mentioned. Gentamicin adminstaration caused oxidative stress, and led to antioxidant defense depression which was confirmed by elevated kidney Malondialdehyde (MDA) (4.53, 5.62) and reduced renal antioxidant enzymes including renal superoxide dismutase (59.82, 45.58), catalase (53.11, 37.3) and glutathione peroxidase (51.41.36.34) in non-diabetic (ND) and diabetic (D) rats, respectively. It also resulted in a significant increase of serum urea (31.72, 50.78), creatinine (2.88, 4.16), cystatin-C (13.75, 17.69), and inflammatory biomarkers interleukin-6 (IL-6) (84.01, 102.73) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (667.05, 853.05) in ND and D rats, respectively. Virgin coconut oil showed protective effects and significantly improved renal function parameters, including serum urea (17.35, 38.9), creatinine (1.69, 2.96) and cystatin-C (14.26, 15.94) for ND and D groups, respectively. Pre- and co-administration of virgin coconut oil exerted a remarkable protective effect against oxidative stress induced by gentamicin in normal and diabetic rats. Pro-inflammatory biomarkers were also improved in groups treated with virgin coconut oil. The results are promising in terms of the use of virgin coconut oil as a dietary agent in attenuating the progression of chronic renal disease, especially in the context of diabetes. Key words: anti‐inflammatory, nephroprotective, virgin coconut oil, gentamicin, streptozotocin, flavonoid, phenol, oxidative stress
... The preventive effects of VCO against the cytotoxic effect of cyclophosphamide chemotherapeutic medication in the liver and kidney was demonstrated by Nair et al. [60], the positive effect being attributed to linoleic acid and oleic acids, which are essential fatty acids found in CO. The cytological toxicity of VCO was assessed using a mixture of coconut juice, VCO, and methotrexate on MCF-7 breast cancer cells, using a sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay, and its possible anti-cancer effects were evaluated and compared with methotrexate alone, the results showing that concentrations of 10 µg/mL, 30 µg/mL, and 100 µg/mL of VCO and of methotrexate and VCO suppressed cancer cells [61]. ...
The bioactivity of the versatile biodegradable biopolymer poly(lactic acid) (PLA) can be obtained by combining it with natural or synthetic compounds. This paper deals with the preparation of bioactive formulations involving the melt processing of PLA loaded with a medicinal plant (sage) and an edible oil (coconut oil), together with an organomodifed montmorillonite nanoclay, and an assessment of the resulting structural, surface, morphological, mechanical, and biological properties of the biocomposites. By modulating the components, the prepared biocomposites show flexibility, both antioxidant and antimicrobial activity, as well as a high degree of cytocompatibility, being capable to induce the cell adherence and proliferation on their surface. Overall, the obtained results suggest that the developed PLA-based biocomposites could potentially be used as bioactive materials in medical applications.
... This neurological finding is strongly associated with a high oxidative stress state in the brain cells (neurons and supporting cells, such as glia cells and astrocytes). 55 The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of VCO are well supported by the scientific literature 56,57 ; consequently, VCO has been considered as a routine daily food supplement. 58,59 Furthermore, its phytochemical properties include those of P-coumaric and ferulic phenolic compounds, which have been documented to have potent anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. ...
Objectives:
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disorder associated with insulin resistance, hyperandrogenism, and sub-infertility. Virgin coconut oil (VCO) has been reported to have health benefits, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and antiviral properties. This study investigated the effects of dietary VCO supplementation on memory and cognitive impairment in female rats with letrozole induced PCOS.
Methods:
Thirty female rats were randomly divided into five groups. All rats except controls were treated with letrozole for 21 days to induce PCOS and were subsequently treated for 14 days with 10% VCO, clomiphene (CLO), or VCO + CLO. Three neurobehavioral tests were conducted: elevated plus maze, Y maze, and novel object recognition tests.
Results:
Our results indicated statistically elevated serum concentrations of sex hormones in rats with PCOS, compared with the control and treated groups. In addition, all treated groups showed significant reversal of the low serum concentrations of catalase and down-regulated gene expression of Nrf2 in the hippocampus seen in the PCOS rats. In addition, gene expression of acetylcholine esterase was up-regulated in PCOS rats, and was statistically reverted in the VCO treated groups.
Conclusion:
Anxiety-like behavior and impaired short-term memory were observed in PCOS rats; however, VCO supplementation reversed these effects by modulating the gene expression of Nrf2 and AchE.
... Although, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report on benefit of VCO against As toxicity, accumulating evidence suggests beneficial effects of VCO in hepatorenal toxicity. [12,16] Furthermore, in a recent study by Nair et al., [32] VCO supplementation reverses altered levels of ALT, AST, creatinine, and urea in a cyclophosphamide toxicity model. The health-promoting benefits of VCO have been attributed to its potent phytochemical contents. ...
... These findings indicate that VCO restored antioxidant defenses against As-induced oxidative stress in rats. This is consistent with findings of previous studies that report on the VCO antioxidant activity that mitigated oxidative injury caused by antineoplastic drug, [12,32] antiretroviral agent, [15] and ethanol. [35] The phenolic compounds, including catechin, ferulic, P-coumaric, protocatechuic, vanillic, caffeic, syringic acid, and vanillic acids, have been suggested responsible for VCO beneficial health effects. ...
Background: Compelling evidence has implicated oxidative stress as a leading mechanism for arsenic (As)-induced pathologies. We evaluated antioxidant effect of virgin coconut oil (VCO) against arsenic-induced oxidative stress-mediated hepatorenal damage in rats. Methods: Rats were randomly divided into three groups: Control group, as group, and VCO + As group. VCO was orally administered before and along with arsenic (10 mg/kg body weight, orally) for 21 days. Subsequently, serum liver enzymes, albumin (ALB), creatinine, urea, antioxidant enzymes, malondialdehyde, and nitric oxide (NO) level were evaluated. The histology of the tissues was analyzed with standard procedures. Results: Arsenic caused marked increases in serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities, along with urea and creatinine levels, whereas ALB level decreased markedly compared to control. Arsenic significantly reduced superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities, while NO and malondialdehyde levels prominently increased compared to control. In contrast, VCO supplementation before and along with As exposure significantly improved all biochemical parameters and restored the antioxidant defenses comparable to normal control in consistent with improvements in liver and kidney histology. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that VCO could protect against As-induced oxidative stress-mediated hepatorenal damage through reducing inflammatory NO levels and increasing antioxidant defense apparatus in rats.
... The accumulating evidence from the literature powerfully confirms the importance of histologic modification in primary and secondary lymphoid tissues of rodents following CY administration (6,23). Moreover, LMS has been reported to display nonspecific immune stimulation on both cellular and humoral immunity and, hence, it has been applied as a positive control treatment in a number of immunotoxicity studies (24,25). ...
Introduction: Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is an edible oil extracted from the meat of mature coconuts. It is also known for its health and therapeutic benefits, mainly attributed to its polyphenols and medium-chain fatty acid contents The immunomodulatory effects of VCO have not been extensively investigated. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of VCO on cyclophosphamide (CY)-induced immunotoxicity of peripheral lymphoid tissues. Methods: Forty Wistar rats were divided into five groups of eight rats each. Group 1 served as the normal control, while the other groups were all given 10 mg/kg of CY orally once daily for 4 weeks. Group 2 received CY served as the negative control. Group 3 rats were treated with levamisole (LMS) for 6 weeks, while Groups 4A and 4B were given VCO at 10 mL/kg and 15 mL/kg, respectively, for 6 weeks. The spleen and ileum sections were subjected to routine histological examination and immunohistochemical evaluation for T and B lymphocytes. Results: Histologically, the spleen and Peyer’s patches (PPs) of the ileum exhibited a significant reduction in the lymphoid cellularity following daily administration of 10 mg/kg CY for 4 weeks.
... The toxic effects of CP on hematological parameters were confirmed by significant depletion in count of erythrocytes, Hb, thrombocytes, and PCV. The obtained results implicate an etiological connection between anemia disease and CP [26][27][28][29][30]. It could be demonstrated by different mechanisms showing bone marrow suppression or elevated osmotic fragility of erythrocytes. ...
This study investigated the effect of aqueous extract of the aerial parts of Leonurus cardiaca on cisplatin-induced hepato-renal damage in male Wistar albino rats. Sixty male wistar albino rats weighing between 180 and 220g were used for this study. The rats were grouped into 12 groups, five rats per group. Group 1 served as normal control, group 2 received 5mg/kg weight of cisplatin, serving as negative control while group 3 received 5mg/kg b.w of cisplatin and treated with 25mg/kg weight of hydrochlorothiazide and served as positive control. Group 4-12 rats were cisplatin-induced cardiovascular damage treated with Leonurus cardiaca extract at 166, 250, and 500mg/kg for 7, 14, and 21 days. Biochemical assays were determined using standard methods and procedures. The Na + , Cl-, HCO 3-, creatinine, and urea levels of kidney homogenate of group 7 treated rats with the extract at 250mg/kg b.w for 7 days were 123.05±0.01mmol/l, 1.07±0.01mmol/l, 27.27±0.01mmol/l, 13.63±0.01mmol/l, 0.68±0.02mmol/l, and 1.14±0.01mmol/l respectively and were significantly increased when compared to the negative and normal control groups. Similar increases occurred for 14 and 21 days treatments. The kidney homogenate Na + , Cl-, HCO 3 , creatinine, and urea of group 7 treated rats with the extract at 500mg/kg b.w for 7 days were 158.05±0.01mmol/l, 3.03±0.01mmol/l, 31.13±0.01mmol/l, 19.46±0.01mmol/l, 2.06±0.00mmol/l, and 2.03±0.01mmol/l respectively. Values were significantly increased (p<0.05) in comparison to the normal and negative control groups. Similar increases were observed for 14 and 21 days Original Research Article Ogbomade et al.; JALSI, 24(11): 10-22, 2021; Article no.JALSI.84163 11 treatments. The plasma ALT, ALP, and AST activities were 187.35±0.00U/L, 98.03±0.01U/L, 185.64±40.81U/L respectively, were significantly decreased (p<0.05) in comparison to negative control treated with the extract at 250mg/kg b.w for 14 days. The plasma ALT, ALP, and AST activities of group 10 rats treated with the extract at 500mg/kg b.w for 7 days were 164.24±0.01U/L, 87.02±0.01U/L, and 183.74±0.01U/L respectively and were significantly decreased (p<0.05) in comparison to negative control. The hepato-renal curative potential of Leonurus cardiaca could be attributed in part to its ability in enhancing liver and kidney regeneration.
