a Surface bedrock geology map of northern Sweden modified from Bergman et al. (2001). Lines (white colour) delineate the main deformation zones (DZ) in the area. FDZ Fjällåsen DZ, LJL Luleå-Jokkmokk Line (extend of concealed Archaean crust after Mellqvist et al. (1999)), NDZ Nautanen DZ, PSZ Pajala shear zone, modified after Bergman et al. (2001) and Bauer et al. (2018). Black-coloured symbols mark mineralisation at Aitik, Nautanen, Malmberget and Kiirunavaara deposits. Lithostratigraphic units: HS Haparanda suite, KiirG Kiirunavaara group, LS Lina suite, PMS Perthite monzonite suite, PorphG Porphyrite group. b Insert map indicates the main tectonic domains of the Fennoscandian Shield modified from Koistinen (2001). The major deformation zones of the northern Fennoscandian Shield (black lines) modified after Skyttä et al. (2019), BBSZ Bothnia-Senja shear system, HSZ Hirvaskoski shear zone, MOL Malangen-Onega Lineament, RLZ Raahe-Ladoga zone. The red polygon in the insert map indicates the study area