Figure 1 - uploaded by Nur Izzati Mohd Ali
Content may be subject to copyright.
(a) Structure of designed antenna (b) top view of the patch design and (c) cross section of solar cells
Source publication
This paper presents the analysis of 28GHz solar patch antenna using the variations of transparent conductive oxides (TCO) thin film as the radiating patch. Solar antenna is basically combining the function of antenna and solar cell into one device and helps to maximize the usage of surface area. The main problem of the existing solar antenna is the...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... antenna design used in this paper is the basic rectangular microstrip patch antenna as shown in Figure 1 and based on the design specification in Table 1 For the nontransparent solar antenna which for reference purposes, Copper material used as the ground and the radiating patch material, whereas Rogers RT5880 used as the substrate with dielectric constant, ε r and thickness of 2.2 and 0.254 mm respectively. Table 2 shows the optimized dimension of the design. ...
Citations
... The manufacturing process is based on the deposition of electrically conductive and transparent material on transparent substrates [10,11]. According to the literature, the transparent materials used in the manufacture of these antennas are indium tin oxide (ITO) [12][13][14][15], fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) [16], aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) [17], AgHT-4 [18,19], AgHT-8 [20][21][22][23]), ultra-thin metal film [24], and mesh structures [25][26][27][28][29][30][31]. ...
... OLEDs use ITO as an electrode for its conductive and transparent properties allowing light to go out. Several researchers also use this material in the manufacture of optically transparent antennas [12,14,15]. Its high optical transparency makes it an ideal candidate, but its high sheet resistance remains a challenge for the realization of antennas. ...
The co-integration of antennas with lighting sources appears as an effective way to distribute broadband networks closer to users, lowering interference and transmitted power, as well as to reduce energy consumption in future lighting systems. We here present an original contribution to the implementation of transparent and invisible antennas with OLED light sources. To validate the proposed approach, the honeycomb mesh technique was used, and an optical transparency of 75.4% was reached. The transparent mesh antenna was compared with the non-transparent full-metal antenna in terms of radio-electrical parameters. Our prototype was designed using copper films deposited on a glass substrate. The simulation results of the S-parameters and the radiation patterns were validated against measurements performed in an anechoic chamber. The directivity and gain obtained were 6.67 dBi and 4.86 dBi at 5.16GHz, respectively. To study the effect of antenna integration with OLEDs, optical and photometric characterizations with and without the antenna were measured, and the colorimetric parameters were then treated using the IES TM-30-18 standard.
... There is a paradoxical situation between their increase of optical transparency and the simultaneous decrease of their electrical conductivity, consequently increasing losses and lowering emission gains of the antennas. [10][11][12] Transparent conductive oxides (TCOs), with indium tin oxide (ITO) as an archetypal example, are essential constituents of invisible electronic devices due to their high electrical conductivity, high optical transparency, and good environmental stability. 13 Doping In 2 O 3 with Sn (typically in a 5%-10% range) results in a conductivity of up to 10 4 S cm À1 and visible light transparency of more than 80%, which are the benchmark values for all other TCOs. ...
High operational frequencies of the upcoming 5G network will
result in shorter broadcast distances and network dead zones. Additional access points and signal repeaters embedded into the existing infrastructure will therefore be needed. We demonstrate an
autonomous communication module based on additively manufactured transparent antenna set to operate at 2.4 GHz. The antenna is made of inkjet-printed indium tin oxide, with visible light transmittance, electrical conductivity, and Haake’s figure of merit of 87%, 1,280 S cm-1, and4.9 10-3 ohm-1, respectively. The antenna enables reliable Bluetooth connection in transmission/reception up to a distance of 10 m with a received signal strength indicator above -80 dBm, being feasible for applications where miniaturization and
invisibility of the electronics are essential. The antenna is then connected to a complete communicating system, self-powered by a solar panel, and yields a peak consumption in transmission of 30 mW.
... However, the benefits of the transparent antennas are relatively less than the other opaque antennas due to their low conductivity. [1][2][3] Alternately, semi-transparent antennas can be a potential option where 100% transparency is not a concern. Working on various geometries of semi-transparent antenna designed using mesh structure, grid lines are reported for their use in vehicular applications. ...
In this paper, work on a Ganesha‐shaped semi‐transparent patch antenna is
presented for its use in vehicular application. The design of the antenna is
opted from a commercially available Ganesha sticker that is mostly placed on
the vehicle's window panes as a symbol of an auspicious deity. The geometry
of the sticker without any variation in its dimension is made to work as an
antenna. The antenna is fabricated using adhesive copper tape on a glass slab
backed by an AgHT‐8 transparent conducting sheet which acts as the ground
plane. Microstrip inset feeding technique is used to excite the patch and its
return loss performance and free space radiation pattern measurements are
carried out. Measured results show promising performances that can be used
in future vehicular applications and are in good comparison with that of the
simulated results.
... Authors in [13] used different TCOs, which included ITO, AgHT-4/8, and FTO, as conducting patch material. Figure 6 shows the design, comprising a silicon layer sandwiched between the anode and cathode layer. ...
... The shadow effect reduces solar efficiency [13]. Silver integrated with Ag monolayer performed better for laptop applications, as compared to IZTO multilayer [15]. ...
... Solar patch transparent antenna[13]. ...
The requirement of mounting several access points and base stations is increasing tremendously due to recent advancements and the need for high-data-rate communication services of 5G and 6G wireless communication systems. In the near future, the enormous number of these access points might cause a mess. In such cases, an optically transparent antenna (OTA) is the best option for making the environment more appealing and pleasant. OTAs provide the possible solution as these maintain the device aesthetics to achieve transparency as well as fulfill the basic coverage and bandwidth requirements. Various attempts have been made to design OTAs to provide coverage for wireless communication, particularly for the dead zones. These antennas can be installed on building windows, car windscreens, towers, trees, and smart windows, which enables network access for vehicles and people passing by those locations. Several transparent materials and techniques are used for transparent antenna design. Thin-film and mesh-grid techniques are very popular to transform metallic parts of the antenna into a transparent material. In this article, a comprehensive review of both the techniques used for the design of OTAs is presented. The performance comparison of OTAs on the basis of bandwidth, gain, transparency, transmittance, and efficiency is also presented. An OTA is the best choice in these situations to improve the aesthetics and comfort of the surroundings with high antenna performance.
... Based on the used TCO structure, TCO based glass antennas can be classified as mono-layer and multilayer. In 2017, a series of glass antennas working at 28 GHz was implemented by applying four types of mono-layer TCOs, which include indium tin oxide (ITO), fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) and silver-coated polyester films (AgHT-4, AgHT-8) [10], respectively. These antennas can be employed on solar panels for the field of satellite communication. ...
We prepare and test four types of glass antennas for X-band applications and energy harvesting. These antennas are made of three different glass metallization schemes, including conductive copper foil (CCF), conductive silver paste (CSP) and indium tin oxide (ITO) thin film. Compared with conventional microstrip patch antennas, the dielectric substrate materials of these designs are replaced with silicon-boron glass (εr = 6, tangent δ = 0.002). The antenna with CCF as a radiator and ground plane (case one) is compared with the antenna with ITO replacing the radiator (case two) and ground plane (case three), respectively, and the glass antenna made of CSP (case four) is also presented. In this paper, these four types of glass antennas are measured and analyzed, and a comparison of the fabrication process and performance of these antennas is demonstrated. This study could contribute to the development of human-machine interactivity (HMI) systems with glass dielectric substrates.
... The realization of these antennas consists in depositing a material that is transparent and has a high electrical conductivity on an optically transparent substrate [5]. The transparent and conductive materials used for the design of optically transparent antennas are TCOs [6], (such as ITO [7], FTO (Fluorine doped Tin Oxide) [8], AZO (aluminum doped zinc oxide)), TCO/Metal/OTC multilayer materials (AgHt-4 [9], [10], AgHT-8 [11], [12]), ultra-thin metal film (copper, silver, gold) [13], and metal mesh structures (wire and micrometric mesh) [14]- [18]. ...
This article discusses an original contribution to increase the optical transparency of the Transparent Conducting Oxides (TCOs) and to design optically transparent and invisible antennas that can be integrated in OLEDs light source. To validate the proposed technique, the meshed antenna is compared with the full metal antenna in terms of electrical, optical and radiation parameters. The proposed antennas are designed by using the ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) films printed on a glass substrate. The two antennas cover the 5.5 GHz band for WLAN applications. The peak gain of full-ITO and meshed-ITO transparent antennas are 4.41 dB and 4.33 dB at 5.52 GHz and 5.47 GHz, respectively. Due to increasing sheet resistivity, the gain of the meshed-ITO antenna are lower than the full-ITO antenna.
... Bagi antena jenis ini, bahagian elemen pemancar dan substrat peranti adalah lut sinar. Bahan yang selalu digunakan adalah kaca atau plastik PET bagi lapisan substrat dan filem tipis pengalir sebagai elemen pemancar, seperti yang dibincangkan oleh penyelidik Mohd Ali et al. (2017) dan Selamat et al. (2016)the dielectric permittivity value of the glass was varied from 1.5 to 10. A Kapton film (radiating element. ...
Solar energy generally is the natural solution of environmental pollution due to fossil fuel burning to fulfil the electrical energy demands today. As it is the alternative of a limited source, research on solar energy caught attention of various industry and field experts due to its renewability characteristic. Communication technology industry is not an exception. The advancement in the current industry makes the integration of solar and antenna is crucial to be explored to cater issues such as limited surface area on a device, or for standalone application that required self-powered telecommunication system. It is an obligatory to analyse the features of current solar antenna as an initial step before the process of improvement and adaptability of design and application that will be done next. In this paper, a thoroughly review of advancement of the solar antenna design technology are discussed. These antennas are divided to solid type, semi-transparent type, and transparent type according to its antenna components’ transparency. For each category, the features that reviewed are the antenna configuration, material used in the design, type of solar cell used, operating frequency of the antenna, performance of the solar antenna and the integration process done.
... A number of techniques can be found in literature to overcome these issues of low gain and impedance bandwidth [1][2][3]. Some of them includes Parasitically Coupled or Gap-Coupled Patches [4][5], Large Slot Aperture-Coupled Patches [6], Use of Thick Low Permittivity Dielectric Substrate [7][8], Stacked Microstrip Patches [9][10] etc. All these techniques have their own cons and pros. ...
... GHz and stable pattern. In [8], Ali et al offers a solar antenna includes a thin film of transparent conductive oxides (TCO) that act as a radiating patch at 28GHz. In such type of antenna to utilize the maximum surface area the job of antenna and solar cell is combined. ...
This article presents the investigation of reasonable antenna structure for 5G technology. This technology gives high bandwidth, diminished idleness better quality of service, ideal limit, wide band of range accessibility. It works at mm wave band in that one can furnish high recurrence go with enormous measure of bandwidth. In this article a modified monopole circular printed antenna with elliptical slots for K band (23.1GHz) and Ka band (28.0GHz) is presented. The antenna is designed on FR-4 substrate having is very small size of dimensions 9.1mm×9mm×1.59mm. The peak gain value of the proposed design is 3.94dBi at 23.1GHz and 3.76dBi at 28 GHz. Several parameters such as S11 variation, gain plot and radiation pattern (for both the frequency) are presented and discussed.
... Figure 2 shows the rectangular microstrip patch antenna which as a reference antenna of 28 GHz operating frequency. ITO thin film with sheet resistance, RS of 10Ω/sq used as the radiating patch material, and the thickness of the layer determined based on the equation discussed in [28][29][30][31]. The material of the substrate layer is glass with dielectric constant, εr and thickness of 4.82 and 1.10 mm respectively. ...
p>A transparent grid array antenna of 28 GHz frequency is presented. The radiating element of the antenna is made of ITO thin film and printed on a glass as the dielectric substrate. The simulation of the antenna executed by using Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Microwave Studio software demonstrated at 28 GHz operating frequency for 5G band applications. This antenna then compared to the rectangular microstrip patch antenna of the same operating frequency. Structural parameters of the proposed antenna were optimized based on parametric studies done. Grid array antenna gives better performance as it gives 35.7% lower return loss with -43.88 dB, better efficiency and gain with a gain of 7.358 dB, which is more than 40% increases.</p
... Metallic layer, mostly copper, is used in the patch and ground plane of the antenna, on the other hand dielectric material is used as substrate. Therefore, nontransparent antenna produces a shadow on the solar cell of solar antenna which leads to decline the total solar efficiency of a solar antenna [1]. This difficulty can be mitigated by using optically transparent microstrip antenna. ...
A high gain optically transparent microstrip patch antenna for K band (18 GHz-27 GHz) satellite communication has been proposed and investigated in this paper. In order to make sure the property of optical transparency of the antenna, optically transparent materials have been chosen for all the layers of the microstrip patch antenna. Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) film is opted for the radiating patch and ground plane where the substrate is made of pyrex glass (lossy) (Ɛr = 4.82 and tanδ = 0.0054). The proposed transparent antenna operates at center frequency of 24.8 GHz ranging from 17.625 GHz to 30.523 GHz that covers the entire K band of satellite communication. The transparency property of the patch antenna is useful to minimize the shadowing effect of the solar antenna as well as helpful to guarantee the maximum uses of satellite surface area. The proposed antenna has high IEEE gain of 12.36 dB and directivity of 13.38 dBi including efficiency of 92.38%. It also possesses very wide bandwidth (12.898 GHz), high front to back ratio (16.699 dB) and very good VSWR (1.0566) at center operating frequency.
