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... LAI ialah pembolehubah kanopi penting yang diperlukan untuk banyak kajian fisiologi dan ekosistem (Menzies et al. 2007), juga merupakan parameter berguna yang dijadikan sebagai input bagi kebanyakan model di kebanyakan kajian seperti persilangan kanopi, transpirasi, fotosintesis, dan produktiviti pengeluar utama (John et al. 2015) (Stark et al. 2012). Pengekalan gas dalam jumlah daun seperti karbon dioksida yang terdapat pada kanopi secara langsung berkait rapat dengan jumlah karbon yang dibebaskan ke atmosfera (Habermann et al. 2019) (Jensen 2009). ...
Forest restoration is an effort to restore the growth and balance degraded forest ecosystems, through various approaches such as reforestation, land restoration, endangered species conservation, and forest fire prevention. Conventional field data collection challenges, such as limited spatial coverage, tall tree measurement difficulties, and human observation errors, hinder canopy-scale functional traits monitoring and extraction across forest treatments. The study addresses the importance of forest restoration and the challenges associated with conventional field measurements in extracting canopy scale functional traits by utilizing Airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) technology for more accurate information involving the old growth, natural regeneration, and active restored forests in Danum Valley Conservation Area and INFAPRO Sabah. The study utilized diverse processing algorithms, allometric equations, and correlative modeling methods. At the grid level, various LiDAR functional traits were calculated, leaf area index, gap fraction, and canopy density, alongside assessment of multiple correlative modeling strategies. Linear regression and analysis of variance analyzed relationships between LiDAR-derived and field-derived canopy scale functional traits between different forest treatments. The results showed high R-squared values ranging from 0.73 to 0.91, Anova F-statistics and probability values (p) showed that there is a strong relationship between the field data and predicted LiDAR values for three-canopy scale functional traits in different forest treatment types. These results indicate that LiDAR technology is effective in predicting canopy scale functional traits and has the potential to provide accurate and detailed information on forest restoration areas for future conservation and management efforts.
... Over the years, the hill has been decreasing in tree cover. The hilltop is under tremendous pressure due to overexploitation of its trees for fuelwood, timber, and non-wood forest products (John et al., 2015). Kianjiru hill is categorised as woodland (Maluki, 2007) and is surrounded by an ever-increasing population, continuously encroaching on it. ...
... Deep gullies arising from soil erosion were observed in Kiang'ombe, a scenario linked to the removal of vegetation cover over the years. Previous studies have reported intensive grazing and overexploitation of woody resources in Kiang'ombe (John et al., 2015). ...
Forest cover loss is one of the major challenges facing Kenya; and there is insufficient data to guide sustainable biodiversity conservation stratagems. We determined the floristic and growth characteristics, plant species diversity, evenness, relative density, frequency, dominance, important value index, and indicators of biodiversity disturbance. From the 52 plots sampled in Kiang'ombe and Kianjiru hills, we recorded 472 plant species belonging to 90 families. Plants of the Poaceae family were the most abundant and the most diverse, contributing to 90% of all plant species in the study sites. In terms of growth forms, trees were the commonest, followed by herbs and shrubs, while climbers were the least common in both hills. Besides, Kiang'ombe hill had a higher population of herbs than Kianjiru hill. Besides, the Kiang'ombe hill had a higher species diversity (230 plant species; H'= 5.12) than Kianjiru hill (162 plant species; H'= 4.7). Notably, Vepris glandulosa and Euphorbia friesorum were endangered and vulnerable, respectively. Human activities, especially grazing, threatening plant existence and diversity were observed in the two studied hills. Therefore, the two hills are richly endowed with diverse plant species and are refugia for endemic and vulnerable species which should be conserved.
... The distribution of trees amongst different size classes was calculated using a measure similar to shannon diversity to give size class diversity (Nagendra and Gopal, 2011). The other variables such as species diversity, density, basal area and frequency were calculated or derived using standard formulas (Kigomo et al., 2015) as follows: ...
