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a Simplified geological map showing location of Liaodong Peninsula and study area in the North China Craton; b Geological map of the Gudaoling batholith in the Liaodong Peninsula and c Mafic microgranular enclaves occurring within monzogranite. The pen in c is 14 cm long
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In situ zircon U–Pb and Hf-isotopic data have been determined for mafic microgranular enclaves and host granitoids from the Early Cretaceous Gudaoling batholith in the Liaodong Peninsula, NE China, in order to constrain the sources and petrogenesis of granites. The zircon U–Pb age of the enclaves (120 ± 1 Ma) is identical to that of the host monzog...
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... The geodynamic evolution of granites remains a subject of debate, and many studies have been conducted to understand the origin of different granitic rock types. Several petrogenetic schemes have been reconstructed to explain the origin of granites, including the following: (1) dehydration melting of tonalite-granodiorte rocks [52]; (2) fractional crystallization of basaltic magma that is derived from the mantle [53]; (3) partial melting of the residual sources after I-type granite extraction [33]; (4) low-pressure melting of the calc-alkaline magmas at the upper crust [54]; and (5) hybridization of the mantle-derived magmas with those of crustal melts [55]. ...
During the Late Precambrian, the North Eastern Desert of Egypt underwent significant crustal evolution in a tectonic environment characterized by strong extension. The Neoproterozoic alkali feldspar granite found in the Homret El Gergab area is a part of the Arabian Nubian Shield and hosts significant rare metal mineralization, including thorite, uranothorite, columbite, zircon, monazite, and xenotime, as well as pyrite, rutile, and ilmenite. The geochemical characteristics of the investigated granite reveal highly fractionated peraluminous, calc–alkaline affinity, A-type granite, and post-collision geochemical signatures, which are emplaced under an extensional regime of within-plate environments. It has elevated concentrations of Rb, Zr, Ba, Y, Nb, Th, and U. The zircon saturation temperature ranges from 753 °C to 766 °C. The formation of alkali feldspar rare metal granite was affected by extreme fractionation and fluid interactions at shallow crustal levels. The continental crust underwent extension, causing the mantle and crust to rise, stretch, and become thinner. This process allows basaltic magma from the mantle to be injected into the continental crust. Heat and volatiles were transferred from these basaltic bodies to the lower continental crust. This process enriched and partially melted the materials in the lower crust. The intrusion of basaltic magma from the mantle into the lower crust led to the formation of A-type granite.
... Numerous studies have inferred that MMEs result from the mixing of mafic and silicic magmas, based on their fine-grained texture and the absence of cumulate texture. These studies have argued that magma mixing is an essential mechanism for granite formation (Kazemi et al., 2019;Yang et al., 2007). However, other studies have demonstrated that Table S8. ...
... The MMEs are ubiquitous in felsic plutons as isolated inclusions or 'enclave swarms' (Rodríguez and Castro, 2018). Several models have been proposed for the origin of MMEs, including refractory solid restites (Chappell and Wyborn, 2012), xenoliths from country rocks (Watson and Jurewicz, 1984), mafic blobs resulting from magma mixing of magmas with different compositions (Yang et al., 2007), and autoliths (Chen et al., 2021a;Zhang et al., 2023). The mineral assemblage of MMEs is similar to that of the host granitoids (Fig. 2), and they have identical crystallisation ages and zircon REEs pattern (Fig. 7c, d) as well as overlapping Sr-Nd-Hf isotopic compositions, which rule out the possibility that the MMEs are restites or xenoliths. ...
... Moreover, in situ zircon Hf isotopes can elucidate the role of magma mixing processes in the generation of granitoids, if such processes take place. The MMEs generated by the mixing of mantle-derived mafic magmas with crustal-derived felsic magmas should have distinct Hf isotopes with host granites (e.g., Yang et al., 2007). However, Qingshan MMEs have indistinguishable zircon Hf isotopes with Qingshan granodiorite, indicating a cognate origin. ...
... The zircon grains from the coarse-grained and medium-to fine-grained monzodiorite samples had similar initial 176 Hf/ 177 Hf ratios ranging from 0.282329 to 0.282401, with corresponding initial ε Hf (t) values restricted to −13.4 to −10.9 (−12.2 ± 0.6 on average, 1σ, n = 52). These values are comparable to those of coeval enriched lithospheric mantle-derived mafic intrusions from the North China Craton (−11.7 ± 2.6 on average) but are distinct from those of coeval asthenospheric mantle-and ancient lower crust-derived magmas from the North China Craton (0.5 ± 1.8 and −22.2 ± 2.3 on average, respectively; Fig. 13; Wu et al., 2005b;Yang et al., 2007aYang et al., , 2007bZhang et al., 2010;Ma et al., 2014aMa et al., , 2014b. ...
Most known copper (Cu) skarns are associated with oxidized intrusions. In this contribution, we report a Cu skarn associated with a reduced monzodioritic intrusion at Huanren, northeastern China, which contains 0.41 Mt of Cu accompanied by economic concentrations of Zn, Pb, Fe, Mo, and Ag. Copper-polymetallic mineralization in the Huanren deposit is concentrated in skarns located between the contacts of the monzodiorite (SiO2 = 52−55 wt%) and the Cambrian carbonate rocks, with minor molybdenite-bearing veinlets/veins and dissimilated chalcopyrite mineralization hosted within the monzodiorite. Laser ablation−inductively coupled plasma−mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) U-Pb zircon geochronology indicates the monzodiorite crystallized at 125.4 ± 0.6 Ma (2σ). Isotope dilution (ID)-ICP-MS Re-Os molybdenite geochronology indicates mineralization at Huanren occurred at 125.3 ± 0.8 Ma (2σ). Whole-rock major- and trace-element and zircon Hf isotopic compositions suggest enriched (subduction metasomatized) lithospheric mantle−derived sources for the parental magma of the monzodiorite without significant crustal assimilation. Zircon trace-element and magmatic apatite major-element compositions indicate the reduced nature of the monzodiorite, as evidenced by low magmatic oxygen fugacity (fayalite-magnetite-quartz [FMQ] buffer = 1.09 ± 0.19) and negligible apatite SO3 contents (<0.05 wt%). A reduced magmatic-hydrothermal system at Huanren is also supported by the predominance of magmatic ilmenite over magnetite in the monzodiorite and by the presence of pyrrhotite and the absence of anhydrite and hematite in the ore. Chalcopyrite from the Huanren deposit has an average δ34S value of 4.34‰ ± 0.88‰ (1σ), which is clearly higher than values from most porphyry-skarn Cu ± Mo ± Au deposits. Accordingly, we suggest that interaction between (1) external oxidized fluids equilibrated with evaporites and (2) reduced Cl-bearing magmas and related exsolved fluids may have played a critical role in the formation of the Huanren Cu skarn by increasing the ability of fluids to scavenge Cu from the reduced magma and subsequently precipitate Cu in the carbonate rocks. This study defines a new type of Cu skarn and thereby opens new potential for Cu skarn exploration proximal to intrusive units previously deemed too reduced to be Cu fertile, especially in non-arc settings. Moreover, we conclude that the availability of Cl and S in magmatic-hydrothermal systems may be as critical as fO2 in facilitating the actual ore-forming event in Cu skarn systems.
... 18,48 Generally, MMEs formed from mixing between a mantle-derived mafic and a crust-derived felsic magma should exhibit distinct chemical and isotopic compositions from their host rocks. 60,61 However, the MMEs in the Triassic EKOB granites, including the Yuegelu MMEs, have similar mineral assemblages (with variations in mineral proportions) and isotopic characteristics as the host rocks (Figures 2 and 8). 3,12,13,16,20,62 Some researchers have attributed the isotopic similarity between the MMEs and the host granites to the isotopic equilibrium during the magma mixing process. ...
... In general, zircon crystallizes early and preserves the initial isotopic information on the magmas, preventing the isotope composition from being altered by the subsequent magmatic processes (such as magma mixing). 17,61 The Yuegelu MMEs share similar zircon Hf isotopic compositions (ε Hf (t) = −1.7 to +1.4) as the host rocks (ε Hf (t) = −1.8 to +1.0) (Figure 8b, Table S7), which implies their close connections in the magma source rather than the isotopic equilibration during magma mixing. 20,67 Moreover, the distinct boundary between the MMEs and the host rocks (Figure 2a,b) also indicates that no chemical equilibrium was reached during the formation of the Yuegelu MMEs. ...
... In the MgO and Mg# vs. SiO 2 diagrams, the biotite granodiorites plot in the area of experimental crustal melts, and some rocks exhibit a higher MgO and Mg# than those of these melts (Figures 8(3) and 11(1)), suggesting the involvement of mafic magma. All these data imply the key role of the magma mixing process in the formation of the biotite granodiorites [23,99]. In the Th/Nd vs. Th diagram (Figure 13(1)), these rocks follow the geochemical trend of partial melting or magma mixing processes. ...
Permian intermediate–felsic igneous rocks, widely distributed in the southern Beishan orogen, provide crucial constraints on the geodynamic process of the late Paleozoic Paleo-Asian Ocean. New zircon U–Pb dating using LA–ICP–MS determines the age of the northern Qingshan diorites, the Heishantou quartz diorites, and the southern Qingshan biotite granodiorites at 300 Ma, 294 Ma, and 291–286 Ma, respectively. Their whole-rock compositions exhibit arc-like geochemical features. Moreover, their zircon trace elements show the characteristics of continental arc zircons. The diorites, characterized by low SiO2, high MgO with Mg# (50–52), and low Cr, Co, and Ni, display enrichment in Sr-Nd-Hf isotopes (87Sr/86Sr = 0.7060 to 0.7061; ℇNd(t) = −1.4 to −1.7; ℇHf(t) = −4.7 to −0.6), originating from the fractionation process of magma derived from the enriched mantle. The quartz diorites show moderate SiO2 and variable MgO (2.75–3.84 wt%) and exhibit enrichment in Sr-Nd (87Sr/86Sr = 0.7048–0.7050; ℇNd(t) = −1.5–+0.9) and depletion in zircon Hf isotopes (ℇHf(t) = 3.8 to 7.8). Combined with their high Y (20.0–21.0 ppm) and low (La/Yb)N (6.0 to 17.2), we conclude that they originated from the juvenile lower crust previously influenced by oceanic sediments, with the input of enriched mantle-derived materials. The biotite granodiorites display low A/CNK (0.91–0.97), 10000*Ga/Al (1.8–1.9), and Ti-in-zircon temperatures (average 711 °C), indicating that they are I-type granitoids. These rocks show enrichment in Sr-Nd isotopes (87Sr/86Sr = 0.7054 to 0.7061; ℇNd(t) = −2.0 to −1.6) and many variable zircon Hf isotopes (ℇHf(t) = −2.3 to +4.5). Geochemical studies indicate that they originate from the mixing of magmas derived from the enriched mantle and preexisting juvenile lower crust. All these data imply the existence of oceanic subduction in southern Beishan during the early Permian. Integrating these results with previous studies, it is inferred that the retreating subduction of the Liuyuan Ocean contributed to early Permian intermediate–felsic rocks becoming widespread in the Shibanshan unit, the southernmost part of the Beishan orogen, and also why the Paleo-Asian Ocean in southern Beishan did not close during the early Permian.
... 289 Ma; ε Hf (t) = +8.24 to +11.38) are distinct from those of the slightly older zircons (ca. 450 Ma; ε Hf (t) = −11.39 to +6.01), but similar to the values in zircons in the Permian ultramafic-felsic intrusions within the Kanggur Accretionary Complex (Fig. 9A), which indicates that the gneissic magma mixed with depleted mantle components during its formation (Yang et al., 2007). Based on the variable and distinct isotope signatures of the sources of the gneiss and granitic vein (Fig. 9), their old Nd-Hf model ages, low Mg# (0.14-0.27), elevated K 2 O (1.55-4.53 ...
Permian−Triassic metaluminous−peraluminous granitoids, mafic−ultramafic plutons, and Ni-Cu and Au deposits are prominent features in the Eastern Tianshan of the southern Altaids. However, the genetic relationship between coeval granitoids and mafic−ultramafic intrusions, and the geodynamics of magmatism and related mineralization, remain ambiguous. To address these ambiguities, we present petrological, geochemical, and bulk-rock Sr-Nd-Fe and zircon U-Pb-Hf isotope analyses of granitoids from the Shuangchagou Complex and gabbros from the Huangshandong Complex in the Eastern Tianshan. Zircon U-Pb ages demonstrate that the Huangshandong gabbro was emplaced at ca. 277.8 ± 1.4 Ma. In contrast, U-Pb ages determined from zircons in the granitic rocks of the Shuangchagou Complex suggest that the complex crystallized from three stages of magmatism: (1) strongly peraluminous S-type granitic magma represented by early-stage gneiss and granitic veins (ca. 289 Ma), (2) metaluminous to weakly peraluminous I-type granitic magmas represented by the intermediate-stage granitoids (ca. 283−261 Ma), and (3) late-stage granitoids (ca. 250−241 Ma). The intermediate- and late-stage granitoids (ca. 283−241 Ma) show clear enrichments in the light rare earth elements and large ion lithophile elements (e.g., Rb, Th, and U), and depletions in high field strength elements (e.g., Nb, Ta, and Ti), similar to arc magmas, which indicates that the North Tianshan oceanic plate was still subducting during the Middle Triassic. Considering the diversity of magmatic rocks (e.g., mid-oceanic-ridge−type mafic rocks, and I-, S- and A-type igneous rocks), mineralization styles (e.g., Alaskan-type Ni-Cu sulfide deposits and orogenic gold deposits), and the dextral strike-slip faults (e.g., Kanggur Fault) that occurred concurrently in the Eastern Tianshan during the Early Permian to Middle Triassic, we suggest that splitting of the subducted portion of the North Tianshan oceanic plate created a slab window that allowed the upwelling and partial melting of asthenospheric mantle to form the mafic−ultramafic intrusions and related Ni-Cu sulfide deposits. Sustained migration of magma provided the heat necessary to induce partial melting, devolatilization, and desulfurization of crustal materials, producing the Permian−Triassic, high-K to calc-alkaline I- and S-type granitoids, and associated orogenic gold deposits. By integrating the results of this study with published work regarding the Kanggur Accretionary Complex, we suggest that the subduction of the North Tianshan Ocean may have lasted until the Late Triassic.
... respectively. This ratio, observed at low values in enclaves, reflects a melting regime dominated by relatively large melting fractions or the accompanying spinel-dominated residual phase [91,92]. The magma which has formed at the boundary of the upper mantle and lower continental crust would either interact with the continental crust or mix with magma derived from the continental crust in this melting regime. ...
Leucogranites of Kalebalta in Central Anatolia are composed of plagioclase, quartz, orthoclase, and biotite and contains mafic microgranular enclaves (MME) in sizes ranging from few cm to 70 cm. In the total alkali-silica diagram, they fall typically in the granite field and show a calc-alkaline nature in the alkalis-iron-magnesium diagram whereas enclaves are Medium K series calc-alkaline, which represents the transition from tholeiitic to calc-alkaline. Leucogranites which have A/CNK(mol%) > 1 are strong peraluminous and seen as the products of magma derived from a metasedimentary source. Signs of magma mixing expressing the mantle inputs are also observed in many bivariation diagrams. Zircon and apatite saturation temperatures calculated on the basis of whole rock chemistry are 744–829°C for leucogranites and 761–832°C for their enclaves. According to the Raman spectra, biotite and plagioclase minerals in leucogranites and their enclaves show similar Raman spectrums. The biotite minerals have Mg–O and/or Fe–O translational (transformation) bonds between 182 and 552 cm⁻¹, Si–O–Si bending between 552 and 1,100 cm⁻¹ and Si–O–Si vibrational bonds between 1,100 and 1,200 cm⁻¹. The results of this study suggest that the leucogranites and enclaves are most probably derived from different magmas. In addition, according to geochemical and spectroscopic data, they may also have fractional crystallization, which is effective after the mixing process.
... Originally, I-type granitoids were considered as produced by reworking of pre-existing crustal rocks, precluding a direct mantle input (e.g., Chappell and Stephens, 1988;Chappell and White, 1992;Wyllie, 1977). However, it has subsequently been proposed that mantle-derived magmas (Bonin, 2004;Kemp et al., 2007;Kemp and Hawkesworth, 2006), magma mixing, and amphibole fractionation are responsible for some I-type granites (e.g., De Paolo, 1981;Collins, 1998;Barbarin, 1999;Millar et al., 2001;Yang et al., 2004Yang et al., , 2007Davidson et al., 2007;Rooney et al., 2010;Richards, 2011). ...
The Charco Rico prospective comprises a segment of the Sierra de Majé massif in Central Panama, an intrusive complex constructed during a lull in volcanic activity between 40 and 16 Ma at the 75-0 Ma Central American Volcanic arc system (CAVAS). Charco Rico represents an intermediate suite (55-65 wt% SiO2) but with inclusion of related Majé intrusives, range from gabbro to granodiorite. Zircon U-Pb dating of Charco Rico granitoids yield LA-ICP-MS ages of 20.2 ± 0.9 to 19.1 ± 1.5 Ma. Their formation is consistent with maximum partial melting of ~10% of a Sr-enriched (i.e., amphibolite) N-MORB like source followed by fractional crystallization of hornblende at about 0.8 GPa (~29 km depth). Zirconium saturation thermometry shows a temperature of magma crystallization of 700-800 ºC which essentially is a record of amphibole crystallization temperature. Whole rock chemistry of the Charco Rico and Majé intrusives and other 32-20 Ma arc-related suites in Panama record chemical parameters similar to adakite, e.g., Sr/Y that ranges to 80, high LREE/HREE ratios, and depletion in HREE (Yb, Lu). A fundamental chemical attribute of these suites, however, is depletion of MREE, and particularly Ho, relative to LREE and HREE, and the absence of Eu-anomalies. These features, together with positive and negative correlations of La/Yb and Dy/Yb with SiO2 , respectively, infer a dominant role of amphibole frac-tionation from basaltic magma and/or residue during partial melting of older calc-alkaline bodies in the lower crust. 176Hf/177 Hf ratios in zircon grains range from 0.282925 to 0.283192 and record εHf t between + 5.8 and + 15.3, which are indicative of a depleted mantle (juvenile) source and/or recycling (partial melting) of older juvenile crust. T DM incubation ages range to higher than 300 Ma, which may reflect old basement recycling. Partial melting of the depleted mantle ± lower crust may have been facilitated by a combination of hot asthenospheric upwelling during slab rollback, slab tear or lithospheric delamination, and simultaneous thinning of the continental crust under extension. Whole rock chemistry and reported cumulate hornblende in host granites with adakitic-like signatures, infer that hornblende differentiation controlled the magma chemistry and migration to high-SiO2 rocks with 'adakite' signatures.
... In contrast, the lower crust, which is composed mainly of meta-igneous rocks with low tungsten concentrations, is not considered a source for the formation of such deposits (Ishihara, 1977;Song et al., 2021). The zircon Lu -Hf isotope system is widely considered to provide a powerful tool for deciphering the evolution of the crust and mantle (Iizuka et al., 2017;Kemp et al., 2009;Kinny and Maas, 2003;Vervoort and Kemp, 2016;Wu et al., 2006;Yang et al., 2007). Zircon Hf isotope data compiled for granites associated with tungsten deposits in the Nanling region are characterized by ε Hf (t) values of − 8 to − 11.6 and Paleoproterozoic T DM2 (1.7-1.9 ...
Tungsten is a critical and strategic metal used widely in the aerospace, automotive, electronic, and defense in dustries. Most tungsten deposits are genetically related to granitic rocks and a small number of them are giant deposits that supply much of the World’s demand for tungsten. Understanding the genesis of these giant deposits and developing models based on this understanding that can guide exploration for them is, therefore, a matter of considerable interest. China hosts nearly 50% of the global tungsten resource, much of which is contained in a few giant deposits. This makes it an ideal location in which to study the processes that lead to the formation of giant tungsten deposits. Here, we use a compilation of the whole-rock geochemical and zircon Hf–O isotopic compositions of granitic rocks associated with tungsten deposits in China and elsewhere, in conjunction with Rayleigh fractionation modeling and Monte Carlo simulations, to quantitatively evaluate the role of the source region, oxygen fugacity, and the degree of magma differentiation in the formation of giant tungsten deposits. The zircon Hf–O isotopic compositions are very heterogeneous, indicating that there is no source either in the upper crust, the lower crust, or one representing a mixture of crust and mantle that can explain the existence of giant tungsten deposits. Our modeling also shows that changes in oxygen fugacity have little impact on the formation of giant tungsten deposits. Instead, the modeling demonstrates that a combination of a pre-enriched source and a high degree of magma differentiation are pre-requisites for forming a giant tungsten deposit.
... Liu et al. (2010) reported a 176 Hf/ 177 Hf value of 0.282015 6 0.000025 for the GJ-82C standard, while Woodhead and Hergt (2005) reported an 176 Hf/ 177 Hf value of 0.282306 6 0.000006 for the 91500 standard. The parameters ɛHf and T DM were then calculated using the formulas of Yang et al. (2007). All the U-Pb and Lu-Hf zircon data are provided as supplemental material (U-Pb Data and Lu-Hf Data excel files). ...
This work focuses on the sedimentary provenance of the Villavicencio Formation of the Mendoza Precordillera and integrates the information obtained with previous work on other coeval units of the Precordillera Central of San Juan province (Gualilán Group: Talacasto and Punta Negra formations) in western Argentina. Multiproxy provenance analyses are carried out from different applied methodologies (petrography, geochemistry, morphological, and cathodoluminescence studies of detrital zircon grains, and analysis of U-Pb and Lu-Hf isotopes). The Villavicencio Formation is mostly composed of pelites and very fine-grained psammites. The major components are quartz, both monocrystalline and polycrystalline, and metamorphic lithics that associate this unit with a recycled orogen. Regarding geochemistry, the Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) values are similar to the Post-Archean Australian Shales (PAAS), indicating a null to incipient degree of weathering. The ratios between different trace elements and rare earth elements (REEs) suggest the felsic composition of the source area. Th/U ratios differ, but a secondary uranium enrichment is inferred. The morphological analysis of the zircon grains reveals their mainly plutonic origin. The integration of U-Pb data with Lu-Hf data shows a juvenile-mantle origin in which the populations are dominantly Mesoproterozoic and ɛHf of positive values (up to 12), indicating poor differentiation. The Villavicencio Formation would be the product of deltaic deposits in which its components are dominantly from the Western Pampean Sierras associated with the Grenville orogen, assuming exhumation and erosion of the Mesoproterozoic basement. The data support the hypothesis of equivalence and correlation with the Punta Negra Formation in the Devonian depocenters of the south-central region of the San Juan Precordillera.
