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(a) Shows the inner layer of the mussel shell [40], (b): the inner layer of the oyster shell [40], (c) the shape and size of mussel, cockle and clam shells recorded in SEM analysis [20]
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![Fig. 5. Analyses of XRD diffraction of crushed queen shell [40]](publication/355108619/figure/fig2/AS:1076691350880258@1633714630824/Analyses-of-XRD-diffraction-of-crushed-queen-shell-40_Q320.jpg)
![Fig. 8. (a) Shows the inner layer of the mussel shell [40], (b): the...](publication/355108619/figure/fig3/AS:1076691350888452@1633714630858/a-Shows-the-inner-layer-of-the-mussel-shell-40-b-the-inner-layer-of-the-oyster_Q320.jpg)
![The chemical properties of sea shells [41, 43]](publication/355108619/figure/tbl1/AS:1076691350884373@1633714630982/The-chemical-properties-of-sea-shells-41-43_Q320.jpg)
This research mainly concentrates on eco-friendly construction material. Production of cement and concrete industries release huge amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) and greenhouse gases which affect the environment and also there is a demand in construction material by man-made or nature. The construction sector finds an economic and eco-friendly ceme...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... three parts [48]. Periostracum layer, Prismatic layer, and Nacre layers indicate the outer, middle, and inner layers of shells [11]. From the SEM analysis result, the overall shell morphology was observed. The shape of the materials, internal structures of the material, slender particles, and prismatic layer of calcium carbonate are recorded. Fig. 8 a shows the inner layer of the mussel shell [40]. Fig. 8 b shows the inner layer of the oyster shell [40]. Fig. 8 c shows the shape and size of mussel, cockle, and clamshells recorded in SEM analysis [20]. Figures 8 a and b show the crystalline microstructure of material with indication of bulkiness, needle shape crystal, plate like ...
Context 2
... and Nacre layers indicate the outer, middle, and inner layers of shells [11]. From the SEM analysis result, the overall shell morphology was observed. The shape of the materials, internal structures of the material, slender particles, and prismatic layer of calcium carbonate are recorded. Fig. 8 a shows the inner layer of the mussel shell [40]. Fig. 8 b shows the inner layer of the oyster shell [40]. Fig. 8 c shows the shape and size of mussel, cockle, and clamshells recorded in SEM analysis [20]. Figures 8 a and b show the crystalline microstructure of material with indication of bulkiness, needle shape crystal, plate like crystal forms in interfaces of materials. From the SEM and ...
Context 3
... layers of shells [11]. From the SEM analysis result, the overall shell morphology was observed. The shape of the materials, internal structures of the material, slender particles, and prismatic layer of calcium carbonate are recorded. Fig. 8 a shows the inner layer of the mussel shell [40]. Fig. 8 b shows the inner layer of the oyster shell [40]. Fig. 8 c shows the shape and size of mussel, cockle, and clamshells recorded in SEM analysis [20]. Figures 8 a and b show the crystalline microstructure of material with indication of bulkiness, needle shape crystal, plate like crystal forms in interfaces of materials. From the SEM and XRD results the sea shells are irregular in shapes with ...
Context 4
... 8 c shows the shape and size of mussel, cockle, and clamshells recorded in SEM analysis [20]. Figures 8 a and b show the crystalline microstructure of material with indication of bulkiness, needle shape crystal, plate like crystal forms in interfaces of materials. From the SEM and XRD results the sea shells are irregular in shapes with plate needle phases that becomes cement paste and aggregates are highly binds with better hydration process. ...
Citations
... After removing their flesh, sea shells are thrown as waste on land and accumulate on a large scale. Sea shells are of many varieties, such as cockles, mussels, Peruvian scallops, periwinkles and oyster shells [10,11]. ...
The bonding strength of waste recycled cement mortar in a low carbon brick masonry prism
is influenced by this study. The disposal of marine and industrial trash has emerged as a
serious environmental and ecological concern across the world against the climate action of
the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UNSDGs) and COP27. The use of
alternative waste materials in the cement industry minimizes the carbon footprint in the
manufacture, construction, and overall building lifespan and enhances low carbon technology.
The bonding behavior of the 3R hybrid cement (Oyster shell, Ground Granulated Blast
Furnace Slag, and Tyre waste powder) is evaluated in a brick masonry prism. The impact of
hybrid mortar bond strength on triplet masonry prism specimens and cement mortar cubes is
investigated in this study using first-class bricks and OPC 53 cement with 3R waste materials.
In addition, the chemical characteristics, workability, compressive strength, shear, bond,
thermal, durable and microstructure studies of traditional and hybrid cement composites were
determined. These three waste material compositions in the cement matrix have an influence
on the development of alternative waste recycling and reuse materials in industry. Using
hybrid cement saves CO
2 emissions, low carbon emissions, and energy consumption and has
economic and environmental implications. The testing findings show that the brick-and mortar- bond has an excellent lead with the maximum compressive strength of the brick
masonry prism.
... The occupancy of the n 2 sites depends on competition between the OHand CO 3 2groups [28]. On the other hand, it is possible that the shoulder at 879 cm -1 may be due to P-OH stretching vibration of HPO 4 2- [30]. The occupancy of n 3 is considered to occur competitively between PO 4 3and CO 3 ...
... On the other hand, it is possible that the shoulder at 879 cm -1 may be due to P-OH stretching vibration of HPO 4 2- [30]. The occupancy of n 3 is considered to occur competitively between PO 4 3and CO 3 ...
Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a major non-organic component of bones and is widely used as orthopaedic and dental material. It is widely used in biological materials due to the apatite-like structure of enamel, dentin, and bones. Black Sea Rapana venosa shells may be used as natural raw material for solid-state synthesis of hydroxyapatite. Huge amounts of rapana shells fall on the shores of the Black Sea and lead to environmental pollution. The wide availability and low cost of rapana shells, as well as the fact that they contain mainly calcium carbonate, make them a low-cost raw material for the solid-state synthesis of hydroxyapatite. In this paper a solid-state synthesis of hydroxyapatite from the Black Sea Rapana venosa shells and monocalcium phosphate monohydrate Ca(H 2 PO 4) 2 .H 2 O is discussed. The raw materials previously were calcined at high temperature of 1000°C to increase their reactivity and formation of a good crystal structure. Then they were homogenized at a 1 to 1 weight ratio in ball mill. Samples with dimensions of 3 x 0.5 cm were pressed at a pressure of 50 MPa on a hydraulic press and then fired at 1180°C with 2 hours hold at maximum temperature. Synthesized hydrоxyapatite was confirmed by XRD and FTIR spectroscopy analyses.
... Overall, the inadequacy of the construction contractors and the ignorance of the customers retards the incorporation of sustainability in the process of construction. However, numerous products are being promoted in the market, which are sustainable, and green materials, the consumers are skeptical in the incorporation of these products due to the lack of awareness and the various benefits of those products on comparison with the conventional materials (Monisha et al 2021). The application of sustainable materials in the process of building construction can not only help in reducing the overall carbon emission but also can curb the overall energy consumed by the building during its occupancy stage thus reducing the cost incurred for the operation of the building while safe-guarding the environment. ...
The importance of sustainability has become one of the major priorities in the field of construction with 40% of total energy worldwide while account for 25% of carbon dioxide emissions are due to buildings. Thus, the implementation of sustainability along with use of Building Information Modelling (BIM) tools are employed in this research to perform energy analysis on buildings using various sustainable materials. The results showed that the incorporation of sustainable materials with low thermal conductivity could reduce the indoor air temperature by 8 ºC and the overall electricity consumption by 30% and carbon emission from 15% to 48% while lowering construction costs.
... This research focused on achieving nearly zero-energy buildings by using municipality solid waste. In India, municipality solid waste is dumped in landfills [12]. ...
The proper reuse and treatment Municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash is a is current a global concern. MSWI fly ashes possess a high concentration of SiO 2 , allowing them to be utilized as a raw material in the production of CSEB. This research looks into compressed stabilized earth blocks (CSEBs) that use municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash (MSWIFA) as an alternative to soil-sand mixture and sand. The experiment was divided into two phases: in the first, the effect of municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash on substituting soil-sand mix without affecting original performance, as well as resistance to sulfate attack, was emphasized. The effect of MSWIFA particle size and replacement ratio on replacing natural sand was then investigated. The analysis reveals that including MSWIFA into a soil-sand mixture considerably improved block performance, particularly under wetting-drying cycles and sulfate attack. MSWIFA particle size and replacement ratio have a significant influence on block strength and water absorption. Compressive and flexural strength are improved by the addition of 20% MSWIFA with a particle size of 0/4.75 mm. As a result, the research establishes a new investigation into the environmental recycling of MSWIFA in the context of the circular economy.
... The chemical composition is compared with the ordinary Portland cement grade 53 and GGBS in Table 1. Among the other materials, oyster shell powder holds a maximum of 95% of CaCO 3 (Monisha et al. 2021). This supports the study for replacing oyster shell powder with cement and GGBS to improve its stability and prepare a hybrid mortar with sustainable material. ...
This study investigates the recycled wastes and optimizes the raw materials in the performance of cement. The research emphasis on characteristics of oceanic waste calcium and steel manufacturing waste as a cement replacement, and its target is to achieve a green environment to reduce global warming. The hybrid cement periphrastically reduces the raw material usage in the manufacturing of cement. It will improve the calcium silicate hydrates formation in the ideal transition phase of the binder. In this study, Taguchi methods are followed in mix design proportion of cement mortar including water-cement ratio (0.45,0.5 and 0.6) and results in the compressive strength in three different ages (7th, 14th and 28th days) were observed. The bulk crystalline constituent patterns are carried out in different magnifications using Scanning Electron Microscope, and its pore structure is studied. The results indicate the composition of pores due to the fineness of hybrid material causes poor flow value. Hence, the use of superplasticizer (SP) to attain the consistency of the mortar to improve the workability and the mechanical properties of the hybrid material composites.
There is an increasing global recognition of the need for environmental sustainability in mitigating the adverse impacts of cement production. Despite the implementation of various carbon dioxide (CO2) mitigation strategies in the cement industry, such as waste heat recovery, the use of alternative raw materials and alternative fuels, energy efficiency improvements, and carbon capture and storage, overall emissions have still increased due to the higher production levels. The resolution of this matter can be efficiently achieved by the substitution of traditional materials with an alternative material, such as calcined clay (CC), construction and demolition waste (CDW), which have a significant impact on various areas of sustainable development, including environmental, economic, and social considerations. The primary objectives of employing CDW in the Portland cement production are twofold: firstly, to mitigate the release of CO2 into the atmosphere, as it is a significant contributor to environmental pollution and climate change; and secondly, to optimize the utilization of waste materials, thereby addressing the challenges associated with their disposal. The purpose of this work is to present a thorough examination of the existing body of literature pertaining to the partial replacement of traditional raw materials by CDW and the partial replacement of Portland cement by CDW and to analyze the resulting impact on CO2 emissions.
In recent years, most developing countries, the construction sector has been aware of sustainable building combinations of thermal comfort, low energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in the environment. About 90% of CO 2 is released in construction building materials, in that cement plays an important role in releasing the large amount of carbon dioxide in the manufacturing process. Many researchers have focused on alternative materials in cement to reduce the raw material demand and sustainable building materials. A 3RC was developed by (aquamarine + industrial) waste materials introduced in cement to identify the performance. The study describes the thermal behavior of newly invented 3RC in concrete with different elements in the physical models to observe the temperature, sensible heat and relative humidity at 12-months using thermal sensors. The validated results are computationally evaluated using Design Builder software to prove that less than 2°C error from the observed data is similar. The results of the analysis showed that the thermal comfort, energy consumption and greenhouse gas satisfy the manufacturing of cement and had good adaptability in the overall performance of the building. The simulation models were observed for 12 months, and the energy consumption in future developing building sites was predicted.
Building design under different climate change scenarios should increase their thermal energy performance and consecutively reduce their impact on the environment. To compare the performance of a building temperature analysis, thermal comfort, CO2 emission and energy consumption design characteristics to its traditional construction, a comparative simulation analysis was performed on a 3RC building. Compared to the thermal comfort scenario, the proposed 3R cement design features include the wall, roof and plastering. The change in temperature between winter and summer was less than 5 °C, and the relative humidity dropped with temperature, which nearly matched the data collected. To do this, Design Builder energy simulations were run utilizing meteorological data for the location. Simulations validate the advantages of energy and greenhouse gas execution, which resulted in a 12% reduction in annual energy consumption and a 5% reduction in CO2 emissions. To accomplish this, two machine learning techniques were evaluated in this study that could be applied to forecasting temperature in a building. To compare their accuracy in terms of the R-coefficient and root mean square error as well as their performance in terms of the Gaussian process and multilayer perceptron, the models execute the experiment using real data. The findings show that over all horizons, it has the highest average accuracy of 0.95%.
Marine shell resources have received great attention from researchers owing to their unique merits such as high hardness, good toughness, corrosion resistance, high adsorption, and bioactivity. Restricted by the level of comprehensive utilization technology, the utilization rate of shells is extremely low, resulting in serious waste and pollution. The research shows that the unique brick-mud structure of shells makes them have diverse and good functional characteristics, which guides them to have great utilization potential in different fields. Hence, this review highlights the constitutive relationship between microstructure-function-application of shells (e.g., gastropods, cephalopods, and amniotes), and the comprehensive applications and development ideas in the fields of biomedicine, adsorption enrichment, pHotocatalysis, marine carbon sink, and environmental deicer. It is worth mentioning that marine shells are currently well developed in three areas: bone repair, health care and medicinal value, and drug carrier, which together promote the progress of biomedical field. In addition, an in-depth summary of the application of marine shells in the adsorption and purification of various impurities such as crude oil, heavy metal ions and dyes at low-cost and high efficiency is presented. Finally, by integrating thoughts and approaches from different applications, we are committed to providing new pathways for the excavation and future high-value of shell resources, clarifying the existing development stages and bottlenecks, promoting the development of related technology industries, and achieving the synergistic win-win situation of economic and environmental benefits.
The popularity of concrete is accompanied by terrible consumption, resulting in huge carbon emissions in our environment. Accordingly, the concept of sustainable development has been valued in the cement material production industry. Based on high-performance concrete, green high-performance concrete materials have been proposed and become a research hotspot. This study sorts out and provides the recognized characteristics of green concrete and introduces different environmentally friendly green concrete types from three ways of reducing the environmental burden. The fly ash concrete shows the characteristics which contain abundant resources, low cost and wide application scope. And for recycled concrete, it can greatly reduce the environmental impact caused by construction waste and reduce the production of traditional concrete. Nano-development of concrete would improve the properties of conventional concrete, to achieve greater strength with minimal environmental burden. Results show that green concrete saves the amount of cement and concrete, is environmentally friendly, and has high strength, high durability, and crack resistance compared with traditional concrete.
