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a) Schematic section showing the disposition of piezometers on the bank of Kali Nadi; b) Changes in hydraulic heads and river stage during the period of investigation.
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River Kali, in the western gangetic plains, is posing serious threat to riparian communities by contaminating shallow riparian zone groundwater. To manage groundwater contamination, this study attempts to investigate the nature of groundwater-river water interaction, during February to April 2018, along a segment of river Kali near Aligarh in weste...
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Context 1
... from the mass balance of the river, the investigations also included the establishment of two mini-piezometers at right bank of river between R2 and R3. The mini-piezometers were installed to depths of 5 and 10 ft below the ground level, at the same location (Fig. 5a). PVC pipes of 2 in. diameter were used for casing. The lower most foot length of the pipes was perforated to function as the well screen in both the mini-piezometers. Since the mini-piezometers are placed at the same location, they essentially capture the vertical hydraulic gradient close to the channel from depths of 5 to 10 ft. ...
Context 2
... they essentially capture the vertical hydraulic gradient close to the channel from depths of 5 to 10 ft. Measurements of hydraulic heads in mini-piezometers near surface water bodies to characterize the relationship between surface and groundwater is very common (e.g. Allen et al., 2010). Weekly monitoring of water levels in the mini-piezometers (Fig. 5b) revealed consistently higher hydraulic head in the shallow mini-piezometer and lower hydraulic head in the deep mini-piezometers. This implies a downward hydraulic gradient and consistent seepage of river water into the groundwater throughout Table 2 Comparative statistical summary of hydrochemical parameters of groundwater and river ...
Context 3
... the groundwater throughout Table 2 Comparative statistical summary of hydrochemical parameters of groundwater and river water. BIS (2012) and WHO (2017) the period of investigation. The peak in river stage as well as piezometric heads in the middle of the hydrographs is related to rainfall events that occurred during few days in early march. The Fig. 5b also reveals an overall increase in the head difference with time during the period of investigation, implying an increase in the vertical hydraulic gradient and consequently the magnitude of seepage during this period. The enhanced seepage during this period could be related to enhanced groundwater abstractions in the adjacent ...
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Citations
... Knowledge of surface and groundwater interactions is essential for policymakers and planners to make informed decisions regarding water allocation, land use planning, and environmental protection measures. [1] Surface water bodies can serve as recharge areas for groundwater aquifers. By understanding how surface water infiltrates the ground and recharges aquifers, water managers can better plan for sustainable groundwater use. ...
... By understanding how surface water infiltrates the ground and recharges aquifers, water managers can better plan for sustainable groundwater use. [1,2] Linked modeling approach can be adopted to simulate the interaction between surface water and groundwater. This involved integrating a surface model (Dynamic Agricultural Non-point Source Assessment Tool -DANSAT) with existing groundwater models (MODFLOW and MT3D) to capture the dynamic interactions between the two systems [2]. ...
Surface water-ground water interaction plays a crucial role in hydrological systems, influencing water availability, quality and ecosystem sustainability. To maintain drinking water resources and ecosystem health, a mechanistic understanding of the underlying processes controlling the spatial patterns and temporal dynamics of groundwater–surface water interactions is crucial. Understanding these interactions requires a multidisciplinary approach that integrates insights from hydrology, geology, ecology, and geochemistry. Several software applications are available to model and analyze these interactions. This abstract presents the framework and key findings of a comprehensive study aimed at elucidating the complex dynamics of surface water-groundwater interactions through different software. Key finding highlights the significance of spatial and temporal variability in surface water-groundwater interactions, emphasizing the need for comprehensive monitoring networks and advanced modeling tools. It underscores the interconnected nature of surface water and groundwater resources, emphasizing the importance of integrated management strategies for sustainable water resource utilization and ecosystem health. It provides an overview of current research advances and innovative approaches in the broad field of surface water-ground water interactions. By adopting a multidisciplinary approach, we can understand the complex interactions shaping the surface water-groundwater systems, facilitating informed decision-making and effective resource management in a dynamic environment.
... Losing stream is a condition that occurs when the location of surface water is higher so that surface water can provide water supply to the ground, while gaining stream occurs because the position of the groundwater level is more than the position of the river water table so that river water will receive water supply from the flowing ground. 3 The direction of groundwater flow can be determined based on groundwater level data from several adjacent springs or wells. 4 The purpose of meeting groundwater flow patterns is to show the direction of soil flow from where and to where the flow is and show the interaction that will occur between groundwater and surface water at the study site based on water level data. ...
The Ungaran Mountain is a stratovolcano-type volcano with a geothermal system. On the northern side of Mount Ungaran, there are hot springs located in the Gonoharjo area, Kendal Regency, Central Java, Indonesia. These hot springs appear on the mountain slopes and are very close to the surface water. This research aims in analyzing the pattern of groundwater flow with surface water flow around the springs and identifying the relationship that occurs between the springs and the nearest river flow. Analysis of the groundwater flow pattern can be determined based on groundwater level contour maps and groundwater flow maps. Such mapping can occur by plotting groundwater level data measured from 16 springs scattered on the slopes of Mount Ungaran. As a result of the measurements taken, the groundwater level ranged from 298.02 m above sea level to 818.47 m above sea level. The highest groundwater level is in the Pakis area while the lowest groundwater level is in the Boja area. The groundwater flow pattern at the study site flows from the top of the mountain and spreads to the north, northwest, west, southwest. Based on the 15 cross sections conducted, it can be identified that in general the relationship between groundwater and rivers flow in the study area is that most of the groundwater supplies surface water.
... So far, many studies regarding groundwater quality were done in Aligarh city but, none of them did an extensive study of the groundwater quality of Aligarh city and their relation with human health [28][29][30][31][32][33][34]. Hence, in this study an attempt was made to cope up with the research gap. ...
Health effects are related globally to water quality. The residents of Aligarh city are solely rely on groundwater for drinking and domestic purposes. The aim of the study was to find out association between ground water quality and water borne diseases. For this purpose, the present study evaluated physicochemical quality of drinking water. The water quality was evaluated for both pre-monsoon (PRM) and post-monsoon (POM) seasons based on samples collected from 19 stations. To find the potential health risk and waterborne diseases vulnerability, questionnaires-based survey was carried out. Although most of the samples range slightly above the Bureau of Indian Standard's (BIS) permissible limit, the results revealed the sign of contamination from the surface of the earth. According to result of water quality index, the city is classified as having well to moderate water quality throughout the year. The correlation, HCA, and Trilinary plot demonstrate that natural pollution sources, human activities, and geographical factors affecting water quality in the study area. During PRM, 84.21% area falls under slight to moderate sodium hazard category where as the result gets better during POM where 68.42% area falls under the same category. Overall, the water was fit to be used for irrigation purposes. The accuracy of WBD's susceptibility maps was assessed by RMSE. During PRM, chemical parameters in groundwater, WQI and WBD's RMSE were found to be 0.1483, 0.3157 and 0.212 whereas during POM the results were 0.1822, 0.3172 and 0.1966, respectively. The results obtained from susceptibility assessment shows that drinking water will not have any major waterborne diseases. However, the result revealed that POM season is more vulnerable to some waterborne diseases than the PRM season.
... For example, the double counting of integrated water resources can be avoided, and the quantity of water resources can be accurately obtained, both of which are beneficial for water utilization and management [3]. The interchange of SW and GW allows for the exchange of major ions and contaminants [1,4], which can influence water quality. ...
... The concentrations of cations (Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , Na + and K + ) were analyzed by a PerkinElmer Optima 8300 with a detection accuracy of 0.001 mg/L. The concentrations of anions (SO 4 2− , Cl − , F − and NO 3 − ) were measured by ion chromatography (IC850). The concentrations of HCO 3 − and total hardness (TH) were analyzed by the titration method. ...
... As can be seen in Figure 9, the spatial changes in the indices (EC, pH, Na + , Ca 2+ , Cl − , SO 4 2− , HCO 3 − , TDS and F − ) of SW and GW were the same along the flow path. SW sample T1 and GW sample TG1 were geographically close and were both collected in the upstream area. ...
The Tabu catchment, a typical-desertified steppe in China, was selected as the study area to qualitatively analyze the interaction between surface water (SW) and groundwater (GW), and an integration of hydrochemical analysis and isotopic techniques was applied. The results show that the ion contents in SW and GW increased from upstream to downstream, and the hydrochemical evolutions were both controlled by rock weathering and influenced by evaporation. The δD–δ18O lines of SW and GW were δD = 5.14δ18O − 24.68 and δD = 6.89δ18O − 5.81, respectively. Along the I–I′ profile, the contents of most indices, δD and δ18O in SW and GW both showed increasing tendencies. All of the similarities in the hydrochemical characteristics and isotopic techniques indicated that SW was recharged by GW. The δD–δ18O inconsistency in SW and GW samples from midstream and downstream areas indicated that SW did not recharge to GW in these areas and was consumed by evaporation or replenished the moisture in the vadose zones. The runoff decreased, which was mainly caused by excessive exploitation of GW and a decline in the GW level. This study deepens the understanding of the hydrological cycle and provides guidance for the optimal combined utilization of SW and GW.
... The interactions between surface water and groundwater can be evaluated through different approaches which generally depend on the type of studied catchment and the research aims. Applied research has included approaches such as piezometry and hydraulic analysis (Chen et al., 2013;Kebede et al., 2017), fieldwork techniques (Xu et al., 2017;Gallo et al., 2020), mathematical methods such as numerical modelling and spectral analysis (Jiang et al., 2020;Jafari et al., 2021a;Saeedpanah and Golmohamadi Azar, 2023), hydrochemistry Khan and Khan, 2019;Gonçalvès et al., 2021), and stable and radioactive isotopes Jafari et al., 2021b;Okwir et al., 2023). ...
An increase in the frequency of severe hydrological events has highlighted the importance of sustainable water management in intensive agricultural regions. In a warming climate, improved understanding and stewardship of water resources are needed to guarantee water supply, ensure food security, and build resilience against extreme events. In this study, we evaluate a framework that combines spectral analysis and geochemical tracers as a potential tool for (1) gaining valuable insights into surface water (SW)-groundwater (GW) interactions, and (2) providing guidance for improved water management in an intensive agricultural basin in southern Guatemala. The framework proves to be useful in revealing important water dynamics, exposing key feedback mechanisms for water availability and quality. With the use of power density functions and hydrochemistry (T, pH, EC, and major ions), two specific interaction regimes (influent and effluent) were identified and delimited for the main watercourse. These segments are estimated to interact at high rates with the shallow aquifer in the river channel proximities and would lose influence towards the basin flanks. Furthermore, the δ2H and δ18O values indicate that regional groundwater flow systems play an essential role in the basin groundwater recharge. Lastly, we established three influence zones that depict the spatial extent of the SW-GW interactions within the basin. With these zones, we provide recommendations that will allow for further investigation and application into better water management strategies regulating groundwater development and land use activities within the agricultural context of the area.
... Time scales can also be relevant in some cases. When tracking the flow of a dye or plume through groundwater, closely spaced wells are necessary to avoid missing the plume's path [128]. Point measurements are usually taken using seepage meters, piezometers, grain size analyses, and permeameter tests, while isotope-related tests like tracer tests and pumping tests are larger in scale. ...
Groundwater and surface water, though thought to be different entities in the past, are connected throughout the different landforms of the world. Despite being studied for quite some time, the interaction between groundwater and surface water (GW-SW) has received attention recently because of the heavy exploitation of both of these resources. This interaction is responsible for a phenomenon like contaminant transport, and understanding it helps to estimate the effects of climate change, land use on chemical behavior, and the nature of water. Hence, knowledge of GW-SW interactions is required for hydrologists to optimize resources and analyze the related processes. In this review article, different aspects of the interaction are discussed. Starting from the basics of the phenomenon, this work highlights the importance of GW-SW interactions in the hydrological cycle. Different mechanisms of GW-SW interactions are briefly examined to describe the phenomenon. The scales of interaction are also elucidated where the classification is addressed along with a brief introduction to the large scale and sediment reach scales. The study then moves on to the investigation methodologies used for the process of SW-GW interaction and their classifications based on whether they are field methods or modeling techniques. Various literature is then explored in terms of research approaches. Finally, we highlight the applicability of the methods for different scenarios. This work is aimed to summarize advances made in the field, finding research gaps and suggest the way forward, which would be helpful for hydrologists, policymakers and practicing engineers for planning water resources development and management.
... Generally, most studies attempt to infer hydrological exchanges through multi-method approaches; however, the appropriateness of each method is strongly dependent on specific hydrogeological settings and a range of spatio-temporal conditions (Khan & Khan, 2019;Levy & Xu, 2012;Sophocleous, 2002). Common approaches include a combination of modelling (Ellis et al., 2007;Tanner & Hughes, 2015;Tian et al., 2015), seepage meters and mini-piezometers (Baxter et al., 2003;Brodie et al., 2009;Oxtobee & Novakowski, 2002), hydrograph separation (Killian et al., 2019;Madlala et al., 2019), and time-series temperature measurements (Conant, 2004;Schmidt et al., 2007), amongst others (Coluccio & Morgan, 2019;Kalbus et al., 2006;Toran, 2019). ...
... Table 2 summarizes the number of groundwater sites at specific distances from the river and their associated contribution to the total for each cluster. As the Vaal River is known to be polluted (Wepener et al., 2011), evidenced by its EC value (mean 947.51 µS/cm), it is expected that any hydrological exchange will be highlighted by mineralized groundwater proximal to the channel (Guggenmos et al., 2011), as interaction generally depends on the distance from the channel (Khan & Khan, 2019;Kumar et al., 2009). ...
The growing importance of groundwater as a freshwater supply in semi-arid areas such as the Vredefort Dome World Heritage Site (VDWHS) demands the judicious management and development of this vital resource. The increased demand for groundwater due to the contamination of surface water, coupled with the lack of information on hydrological interaction and associated water quality implications, present difficulties in establishing management strategies. An integrated study based on hydrochemistry and multivariate statistical techniques supplemented by environmental isotopes delineated discrete areas of surface water and groundwater interaction in a fractured-rock terrain. Surface water loss was observed in sections that exhibited declining groundwater levels, whereas limited baseflow was restricted to zones with stable groundwater levels. The multivariate statistical analysis revealed the combined effect of natural hydrochemical processes and anthropogenic sources as controlling factors of water composition, and highlighted zones of aquifer-river water mixing, where certain areas were found to be additionally polluted by human-derived contaminants. The stable isotope (¹⁸O and ²H) ratios confirm mixing between depleted groundwater and enriched river water, producing a composition that reflected an integration of the isotopic variations. The continuous wastewater discharge into the Vaal River combined with the increased groundwater exploitation may be prompting induced recharge conditions. The results suggest compartmentalization of the groundwater systems, where certain areas within 1 km of the channel were not influenced by river-induced contamination. This indicates that hydrological connectivity is governed by site-specific hydraulic properties. This study shows the usefulness of a multi-method approach by combining environmental isotopes, hydrochemistry, and multivariate statistics to characterize hydrological linkage in semi-arid regions.
... The middle aquifer comprised of brackish water is separated from the overlying shallow aquifer by thick calcareous clay of 7-8 m thickness. A deep aquifer containing brackish to saline water about 130 mbgl downwards is confined 19 . ...
The Kali River is a sixth-order tributary of the Ganga
River. It originates near Khatoli town in
Muzaffarnagar and confluences with the Ganga River
at Kanauj District, Uttar Pradesh. In this study,
drainage morphometry, temporal groundwater level
observations and precipitation data are used to
examine surface and subsurface hydrological
conditions. Survey of India topographic maps has been
used to identify the basin characteristics based on their
1:50,000 scale. The groundwater and precipitation
data were obtained from the Indian Meteorological
Department and the Indian Water Resources Society.
The basin area was calculated about 11,470 sq. km
with an NW-SE sloping. In addition, it is elongated shaped
with a dendritic pattern. The bifurcation ratio
(5.06), drainage density (0.65), stream frequency
(0.24) and ruggedness number (0.09) show strongly
permeable alluvium, low relief, high infiltration rate,
least erodible and high permeability. The basin reflects
a relationship between spatio-temporal groundwater
level and rainfall (~21 years: 1996 to 2017). According
to this study, the water level declined at a rate of 12.47
meters per year as a result of excessive groundwater
use and climate changes such as a decrease in
precipitation rates around the area. Therefore, it is
recommended to conservation of groundwater
resources in the future.
... Groundwater is constantly flowing and exchanging water with various surface water bodies (including wetlands, lakes, and rivers) (Safeeq and Fares, 2016). Surface water interacts with groundwater by seepage of groundwater to surface water bodies, seepage of surface water to groundwater or combining the two (Khan and Khan, 2019). ...
Surface water quality deterioration is one of the primary issues of the twenty-first century due to the high demand for drinking and irrigation purposes in most communities. The purpose of this study was to investigate the suitability of the Sisa river in Kumasi Metropolis, as well as the critical factors affecting its water quality and human health risk among children and adults. The findings indicated that the surface water was alkaline and, in some samples, turbidity, alkalinity, color, microbial, Fe, and Cr concentrations exceeded the standard permissible limits of WHO. Water from individual sampling sites contained Escherichia coli, total, and fecal coliform counts. There was no strong significant correlation among the levels of the heavy metals, suggesting their lack of control in their distribution, source, and transport pathway. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed three factors that account for about 98.86% of the total variance in the surface water quality data set. Moreover, PCA findings revealed that geogenic and anthropogenic sources were responsible for variations in physicochemical and microbiological parameters of the study area. Fe and Cr were found to have high toxic levels among the heavy metals analyzed. The heavy metal assessment index indicated moderate to high hazards. Cu had a hazard index greater than one at Duase and Atonsu, indicating a possible non-carcinogenic risk. The overall carcinogenic risk values were greater than 10⁻⁶, indicating the possibility of cancer. Water quality index values ranging from 97.95 to 137.22 percent showed that about 75% of the samples were of poor quality. Based on these results, we recommended proper water management strategies and policies should be implemented as soon as possible to manage and protect the water resources.
The study presents an assessment of groundwater vulnerability due to heavy-metal contamination using Heavy Metal Pollution and Contamination Index of Urban Aligarh. Globally, hazardous compounds in industrially contaminated sites are pressing and high-priority issue. A detailed risk assessment was carried out to determine the potential health hazards linked to locations that were recently polluted. A total of 17 groundwater samples were taken from hand-pump and 20 industrial drainage samples were collected from selected areas of Aligarh. The concentration of heavy-metals in the collected samples analyzed were shown on maps using ArcGIS software and interpreted for Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPIx) and Contamination Index (CDx). These analyzed values were subsequently compared with the permissible limits established by the agencies like EPA, WHO, and BIS. The mean concentration of heavy-metals in groundwater of different locations was observed as follows particular sequence: Ni (1.40), Cu (0.58), Zn (0.06), Fe (0.08), Mn (0.04), Cr (0.001), Pb (0.00025) mg/l. Additionally in industrial effluent, Cr (18.3), Ni (13.34), Mn (1.16), Cu (1.99), Pb (1.2), Fe (6.3), Zn (0.51) mg/l. According to HPIx, the analysis reveals 64.7%, of visited areas belonged to have safe groundwater. Conversely, a smaller proportion, 35.3%, was found falling into heavy metal-polluted group.
