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![a) Schematic illustration showing the 3D continuously porous architecture of 2D graphene with the dimensions appropriate for device and engineering applications. b) Four representative types of topological bicontinuous porous structures: Gyroid (G), Schwarz Diamond (D), Schwarz Primitive (P), and iWp (W), which are generated from mathematically defined triply periodic minimal surfaces. G, D, P, and W have an incremental nodal connectivity from threefold, fourfold, sixfold to eightfold. Top row shows the minimal surfaces and the bottom row shows the periodic structures consisting of 5 × 5 × 5 unit cells. b) Reproduced with permission.[²⁰] Copyright 2018, Springer Nature.](publication/356822217/figure/fig1/AS:11431281173275855@1688818797929/a-Schematic-illustration-showing-the-3D-continuously-porous-architecture-of-2D-graphene.png)
a) Schematic illustration showing the 3D continuously porous architecture of 2D graphene with the dimensions appropriate for device and engineering applications. b) Four representative types of topological bicontinuous porous structures: Gyroid (G), Schwarz Diamond (D), Schwarz Primitive (P), and iWp (W), which are generated from mathematically defined triply periodic minimal surfaces. G, D, P, and W have an incremental nodal connectivity from threefold, fourfold, sixfold to eightfold. Top row shows the minimal surfaces and the bottom row shows the periodic structures consisting of 5 × 5 × 5 unit cells. b) Reproduced with permission.[²⁰] Copyright 2018, Springer Nature.
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Constructing bulk graphene materials with well-reserved 2D properties is essential for device and engineering applications of atomically thick graphene. In this article we review the recent progress in the fabrications and applications of sterically continuous porous graphene with designable microstructures, chemistries and properties for energy st...
Citations
... Additionally, the porous structure of 3D electrodes also improves the transfer rate of protons and electrons, enhancing the sensor's response speed and kinetic performance. Among them, 3D graphene (3DG) materials have garnered attention as carbon materials with unique structures and properties [16][17][18][19]. 3DG is typically formed by arranging, crossing, or stacking graphene layers to create a 3D network structure. ...
The sensitive detection of antioxidants in food is essential for the rational control of their usage and reducing potential health risks. A simple three-dimensional (3D) electrode integrated with an anti-fouling/anti-interference layer possesses great potential for the direct and sensitive electrochemical detection of antioxidants in food samples. In this work, a 3D electrochemical sensor was developed by integrating a 3D graphene electrode (3DG) with vertically ordered mesoporous silica film (VMSF), enabling highly sensitive detection of the common antioxidant, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), in food samples. A simple electrochemical polarization was employed to pre-activate the 3DG electrode (p3DG), enhancing its hydrophilicity. Using the p3DG as the supporting electrode, stable modification of VMSF was achieved using the electrochemical assisted self-assembly (EASA) method, without the need for any adhesive agents (VMSF/p3DG). Taking BHA in food as a model analyte, the VMSF/p3DG sensor demonstrated high sensitivity, due to the enrichment by nanochannels, towards BHA. Electrochemical detection of BHA was achieved with a linear range of 0.1 μM to 5 μM and from 5 μM to 150 μM with a low limit of detection (12 nM). Owing to the fouling resistance and anti-interference capabilities of VMSF, the constructed 3D electrochemical sensor can be directly applied for the electrochemical detection of BHA in complex food samples.
... [13][14][15] Inevitably, there is enormous demand for the development of 3D cellular graphene materials. [16][17][18] However, the reported graphene-based cellular materials exhibit relatively low strengths because pre-existing cracks deteriorate their properties. [19] Cracks are unavoidable during synthesis and postprocessing due to weak interconnectivity, poor bonding between sheets, or initial cracks in the substrate framework. ...
Crack‐free nanocellular graphenes are attractive materials with extraordinary mechanical and electrochemical properties, but their homogeneous synthesis on the centimeter scale is challenging. Here, a strong nanocellular graphene film achieved by the self‐organization of carbon atoms using liquid metal dealloying and employing a defect‐free amorphous precursor is reported. This study demonstrates that a Bi melt strongly catalyzes the self‐structuring of graphene layers at low processing temperatures. The robust nanoarchitectured graphene displays a high‐genus seamless framework and exhibits remarkable tensile strength (34.8 MPa) and high electrical conductivity (1.6 × 10⁴ S m⁻¹). This unique material has excellent potential for flexible and high‐rate sodium‐ion battery applications.
... 3D graphene can rstly preserve the exceptional 2D physical and chemical properties of graphene, and secondly its 3D structure enables high degree of porosity, large accessible surface area and efficient mass transport, which is important for promoting the formation of methane hydrates. 22 On the other hand, the activity of porous materials as promoters of hydrate formation also depends on their surface properties, especially the surface functional groups. 23,24 Thus, the properties of porous materials can be further enhanced by introducing surface functional groups. ...
The optimization of storage space and material composition can significantly improve the generation rate and storage capacity of methane hydrate, which is important for the industrial application of solidified natural gas (SNG) technology. In our report, the effects of the presence of SDBS (sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate), GO (graphene oxide), 3D-rGO (3D-reduced graphene oxide) and 3D-rGO/SDBS (3D-reduced graphene oxide/sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate) on the methane hydrate generation process are investigated. The results show that the heterogeneous effect on the solid-phase surface of 3D-rGO/SDBS and its interconnected three-dimensional (3D) structure can achieve rapid nucleation. In addition, the presence of 3D-rGO/SDBS can increase the dissolution and dispersion of gas in solution and further enhance the gas–liquid mass transfer, thus realizing efficient methane storage. The maximum methane storage capacity of 188 v/vw is obtained with 600 ppm of 3D-rGO/SDBS in water, reaching 87% of the theoretical maximum storage capacity. The addition of 3D-rGO/SDBS also significantly reduces the induction time and accelerates the formation rate of methane hydrate. This study reveals that 3D graphene materials have excellent kinetic promotion effects on methane hydrate formation, explores and enriches the hydrate-promoting mechanism, and provides essential data and theoretical basis for the research of new promoters in the field of SNG technology.
... Recently, great progress has been made in the production of synthetic carbon nanomaterials, such as carbon nanotubes and graphene materials [3]. Due to their high thermal and electrical conductivities, these materials are considered promising for use in power supplies with high power densities [4]. A large amount of research has been carried out on the use of graphene-based materials for the production of PCMs. ...
The rapid development of electric vehicles, unmanned aerial vehicles, and wearable electronic devices has led to great interest in research related to the synthesis of graphene with a high specific surface area for energy applications. However, the problem of graphene synthesis scalability, as well as the lengthy duration and high energy intensity of the activation processes of carbon materials, are significant disadvantages. In this study, a novel reactor was developed for the green, simple, and scalable electrochemical synthesis of graphene oxide with a low oxygen content of 14.1%. The resulting material was activated using the fast joule heating method. The processing of mildly oxidized graphene with a high-energy short electrical pulse (32 ms) made it possible to obtain a graphene-based porous carbon material with a specific surface area of up to 1984.5 m2/g. The increase in the specific surface area was attributed to the rupture of the original graphene flakes into smaller particles due to the explosive release of gaseous products. In addition, joule heating was able to instantly reduce the oxidized graphene and decrease its electrical resistance from >10 MΩ/sq to 20 Ω/sq due to sp2 carbon structure regeneration, as confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. The low energy intensity, simplicity, and use of environment-friendly chemicals rendered the proposed method scalable. The resulting graphene material with a high surface area and conductivity can be used in various energy applications, such as Li-ion batteries and supercapacitors.
... Recently, great progress has been made in the production of synthetic carbon nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes and graphene materials [3]. Due to their high thermal and electrical conductivities, these materials are considered more promising for use in power supplies with high power densities [4]. A large amount of research has been carried out on the use of graphene-based materials for the production of PCMs. ...
The rapid development of electric vehicles, unmanned aerial vehicles, and wearable electronic devices has led to a high interest in research related to the synthesis of graphene with a high specific surface area for energy applications. However, the problem of graphene synthesis scalability, as well as the lengthy duration and high energy intensity of the activation processes of carbon materials, are significant disadvantages. In this study, a reactor was developed for the green, simple, and scalable electrochemical synthesis of graphene oxide with a low oxygen content of 14.1 %. The resulting material was activated using a fast joule heating method. The processing of mildly oxidized graphene with a high–energy short electrical pulse (32 ms) made it possible to obtain a graphene–based porous carbon material with a specific surface area of up to 1984.5 m2/g. The low energy intensity, simplicity, and use of environmentally friendly chemicals render the proposed method scalable.
... Their unique structures play critical roles in reversible Li metal storage and electrochemical performance. [141][142][143][144] Graphene-supported materials have been widely reported to regulate metal deposition and construct 3D host structures for stable RMBs. The introduction of functional groups further provides active nucleation sites and modies the metal affinities of the carbon matrix. ...
Rechargeable metal batteries (RMBs) stand out as an attractive energy storage technique due to their high theoretical energy density. However, the unstable electrode-electrolyte interface, resulting from parasitic reactions between electrolytes...
... Along with the fraction of graphene that dispersed in MXene increased, which would induce the aggregation of graphene nanosheets as shown in Figure S3 (Supporting Information). Based on the "like dissolves like" theory, [36] highly conjugated 2D MXene with a graphene-like laminar structure, which could adherent to graphene via -interactions, providing electrostatic repulsive interactions among graphene to disperse nanosheets and avoid the aggregation issues ( Figure 2k). ...
Whereas thermal comfort and healthcare management during long‐term wear are essentially required for wearable system, simultaneously achieving them remains challenge. Herein, a highly comfortable and breathable smart textile for personal healthcare and thermal management is developed, via assembling stimuli‐responsive core–sheath dual network that silver nanowires(AgNWs) core interlocked graphene sheath induced by MXene. Small MXene nanosheets with abundant groups is proposed as a novel “dispersant” to graphene according to “like dissolves like” theory, while simultaneously acting as “cross‐linker” between AgNWs and graphene networks by filling the voids between them. The core–sheath heterogeneous interlocked conductive fiber induced by MXene “cross‐linking” exhibits a reliable response to various mechanical/electrical/light stimuli, even under large mechanical deformations(100%). The core–sheath conductive fiber‐enabled smart textile can adapt to movements of human body seamlessly, and convert these mechanical deformations into character signals for accurate healthcare monitoring with rapid response(440 ms). Moreover, smart textile with excellent Joule heating and photothermal effect exhibits instant thermal energy harvesting/storage during the stimuli‐response process, which can be developed as self‐powered thermal management and dynamic camouflage when integrated with phase change and thermochromic layer. The smart fibers/textiles with core–sheath heterogeneous interlocked structures hold great promise in personalized healthcare and thermal management.
... It can maintain the excellent characteristics of graphene, overcome the π-π force between graphene layers, effectively block the self-disordered stacking of graphene nanosheets, and achieve the stability of its macro structure [6][7][8][9][10]. The structural characteristics of 3D graphene materials have shown unique advantages in applications such as electrochemical catalysis [11][12][13][14], energy storage [15][16][17][18], sensors [19,20], biomaterials [21][22][23], and environmental fields [24][25][26] and are also considered a new type of functional material with great potential. It has been found that the characteristics and prospective utilization of 3D graphene are critically influenced by the lateral size of graphene nanosheets. ...
The lateral size of graphene nanosheets plays a critical role in the properties and microstructure of 3D graphene as well as their application as supports of electrocatalysts for CO2 reduction reactions (CRRs). Here, graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets with different lateral sizes (1.5, 5, and 14 µm) were utilized as building blocks for 3D graphene aerogel (GA) to research the size effects of GO on the CRR performances of 3D Au/GA catalysts. It was found that GO-L (14 µm) led to the formation of GA with large pores and a low surface area and that GO-S (1.5 µm) induced the formation of GA with a thicker wall and isolated pores, which were not conducive to the mass transfer of CO2 or its interaction with catalysts. Au/GA constructed with a suitable-sized GO (5 µm) exhibited a hierarchical porous network and the highest surface area and conductivity. As a result, Au/GA-M exhibited the highest Faradaic efficiency (FE) of CO (FECO = 81%) and CO/H2 ratio at −0.82 V (vs. a Reversible Hydrogen Electrode (RHE)). This study indicates that for 3D GA-supported catalysts, there is a balance between the improvement of conductivity, the adsorption capacity of CO2, and the inhibition of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) during the CRR, which is related to the lateral size of GO.
... The lithium-ion batteries with bi-continuous surfaces are illustrated in Figure 6. Researchers have attempted to tailor the pores at the nano-scale to synthesise the 3D continuously porous microstructures with improved battery performance [90]. Template-based methods are commonly used to fabricate these bi-continuous architectures. ...
Additive manufacturing is increasingly utilised in the energy conversion and storage field. It offers great flexibility to fabricate structural materials with improved physical properties, and other advantages such as material waste reduction, fabrication time minimisation, and cost-effectiveness. In this review, current developments in additive manufacturing of energy storage devices are discussed. The digital design approaches of structural materials and mainstream additive manufacturing techniques, including vat photopolymerization, powder bed fusion, material jetting, binder jetting, material extrusion, and directed energy deposition, are summarised. Then, a comprehensive review of recent advances in the electrochemical and thermal energy storage field is provided. In the end, an integrated framework considering digital design and additive manufacturing is proposed for a wide range of energy applications.
... The quasi-periodic gyroid minimal surface topology is adopted from a nanoporous Ni (np-Ni) substrate that is produced by surface-diffusion-mediated self-assembly during dealloying of a Ni 30 Mn 70 alloy. [51][52][53][54][55] Different from conventional chemical etching to prepare porous substrates from two-phase mixtures, the dealloying is an atomic-scale self-assembly process. Driven by chemical potential difference between Ni and Mn in 1 M (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 solution, Mn atoms are selectively removed from the random Ni 30 Mn 70 solid solution, while the remaining Ni reorganizes by surface diffusion to form a bicontinuous structure. ...
... CVD Growth of 3D Nanoarchitectured hBN: The nanoporous metalbased CVD method, employed to fabricate scalable, free-standing 3D hBN, had been established by the group for growing 3D graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides. [51,79] As illustrated in Figure 1c, np-Ni substrates with a controllable thickness were fabricated by chemically dealloying manganese from 10-500 μm thick Ni 30 Mn 70 alloy sheets using 1 M (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 solution for 5 h at 50 ○ C. The as-dealloyed np-Ni had bicontinuous open porosity with a mean pore size of ≈10 nm. A single-step LPCVD process [47,80] was then applied where a crucible holding ammonia borane powder was placed ≈20 cm outside the entrance of the furnace and a custom holder enclosing the np-Ni was placed at the center of the furnace, ≈50 cm downstream from the entrance. ...
Two‐dimensional (2D) hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) is one of the most promising candidates to host solid‐state single photon emitters (SPEs) for various quantum technologies. However, the 2D nature with an atomic‐scale thickness leads to inevitable challenges in spectral variability caused by substrate disturbance, lattice strain heterogeneity, and defect variation. Here, three‐dimensional (3D) nanoarchitectured hBN is reported with integrated SPEs from native defects generated during high‐temperature chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The 3D hBN has a quasi‐periodic gyroid minimal surface structure and is composed of a continuous 2D hBN sheet with built‐in convex and concave curvatures that promote the formation of optically active and thermally robust native defects. The free‐standing feature of the gyroid hBN with a nearly zero mean curvature can effectively eliminate the substrate disturbance and minimize lattice strain heterogeneity. As a result, naturally occurring defects with a narrow SPE spectral distribution can be created and activated as color centers in the 3D hBN, and the density of the SPEs can be tailored by CVD temperature.
