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(a) Schematic illustration of the attachment of levator scapulae (http://www.crossfitsouthbay.com/muscle-spotlight-levator-scapula-2/) and (b) the levator scapula muscle and the rhomboid muscles (http://www.bestperformancegroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/serratus-anterior-rhomboids-and-levator-scapulae31).
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The evolution from quadrupedalism to bipedalism has adjusted the balance of the upper limb to extensive movement at the shoulder. The scapular angles provide the point of attachment and control to various muscles and have been associated with the different movements of the shoulder girdle and joint. This has made the morphometric and anthropometric...
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Citations
... Digital calipers were used to measure parameters for rat scapula. Literature searches were carried out for the measurements of the human scapula, and the obtained literature data was evaluated [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] . ...
... Length of scapula at p <0.001, mean square: 6.005, dF:3, sum of square: 18 ...
Aim: The aim of the study is to provide anatomical differences between rat and human scapula and definitive information to the literature about which strain is most appropriate for rat modeling, particularly in orthopedics. Methods: In current study, a total of 40 scapulas belonging to Wistar Albino, Brown Norway, Sprague Dawley and Lewis strains were examined morphologically and morphometrically with each other and with the human scapula. Digital calipers were used to measure parameters for rat scapula. Literature searches were conducted for the measurements of the human scapula, and the obtained literature data was evaluated. A statistical analysis of the observed parameters was conducted using mean values, standard deviations, and One Way Anova Analysis in the IBM SPSS program. The Tukey post hoc test was used to determine the differences between groups that have a statistical difference. A fold ratio was calculated for each parameter based on the average values of all rat and human scapulae. Results: According to One-Way Anova analysis, there is not any difference between groups for; width of collum scapula, length of cavitas glenoidalis-1, length of cavitas glenoidalis-2, width of cavitas glenoidalis, external width of cavitas glenoidalis, length of processus hamatus, width of processus hamatus, distance between processus coracoideus and incisura scapula, distance between cavitas glenoidalis to acromion at p<0.05 level. There is a statistical difference groups for; length of scapula (p<0.001), width of scapula (p<0.001), length of margo cranialis (p=0.001), length of margo caudalis (p<0.001), length of spina scapula (p<0.001), length of acromion (p=0.007), width of acromion (p=0.001), coracoacromial distance (p=0.003), distance between cavitas glenoidalis and incisura scapula (p<0.001), angle of angulus cranialis (p=0.001) levels. Conclusions: Wistar Albino, Brown Norway, Sprague Dawley and Lewis rat strains are suitable for orthopedical animal models for especially models including cavitas glenoidalis. Any strain can be used in modeling indiscriminately. However, in modeling where the acromion, spina scapula, and edges of the scapula are important, the most appropriate strain specified in the current study should be selected. Translasyonel Tıp Açısından İnsan ve Laboratuvar Sıçanı Türlerinde Scapula'nın Karşılaştırılması Öz Amaç: Çalışmanın amacı, sıçan ve insan skapulası arasındaki anatomik farklılıkları sağlamak ve özellikle ortopedi alanında sıçan modellemesi için hangi suşun en uygun olduğuna dair literatüre kesin bilgiler sunmaktır. Yöntem: Bu çalışmada, Wistar Albino, Brown Norway, Sprague Dawley ve Lewis sıçan soylarına ait toplam 40 scapula, birbirleriyle ve insan skapulasıyla morfolojik ve morfometrik olarak incelendi. Sıçan scapula'sındaki parametreleri ölçmek için dijital kumpaslar kullanıldı. İnsan scapula'sındaki parametrelerin ölçümleri için literatür araştırmaları yapıldı ve elde edilen literatür verileri değerlendirildi. Gözlemlenen parametrelerin istatistiksel analizi, ortalama değerler, standart sapmalar ve Tek Yönlü Anova Analizi olmak üzere IBM SPSS programı kullanılarak yapıldı. İstatistiksel farklılık olan gruplar arasındaki farklılıkları belirlemek için Tukey post hoc testi kullanıldı. Tüm sıçan ve insan scapula'larının ortalama değerlerine dayanarak her parametre için bir kat oranı hesaplandı. Bulgular: Tek Yönlü Anova analizine göre; scapula boyu (p<0,001), scapula genişliği, margo cranialis uzunluğu (p<0,001), margo caudalis uzunluğu (p<0,001), spina scapula uzunluğu (p<0,001), acromion uzunluğu (p<0,001), acromion genişliği (p<0,001), coracoacromial mesafe (p<0,001), cavitas glenoidalis ve incisura scapula arasındaki mesafe (p<0,001), angulus cranialis açısı (p=0,001) için belirtiler p değerleri seviyesinde gruplar arasında istatistiksel bir fark vardır. Ancak; collum scapula genişliği, cavitas glenoidalis-1 uzunluğu, cavitas glenoidalis-2 uzunluğu, cavitas glenoidalis genişliği, cavitas glenoidalis dış genişliği, processus hamatus uzunluğu, processus hamatus genişliği, processus coracoideus ve incisura scapula arasındaki mesafe, cavitas glenoidalis ile akromion arasındaki mesafe için gruplar arasında p<0.05 seviyesinde herhangi bir fark yoktur. Sonuç: Wistar Albino, Brown Norway, Sprague Dawley ve Lewis sıçan soyları, özellikle cavitas glenoidalis'i içeren ortopedik hayvan modelleri için uygundur. Herhangi bir soy fark gözetmeksizin modellemede kullanılabilir. Ancak acromion, spina scapula, ve scapula'nın kenarlarının önem teşkil ettiği modellemelerde mevcut çalışmada belirtilen en uygun soy seçilmelidir.
... The Glenoid cavity acts like a static point in the area of the scapular region so it helps to make detections related to the changes that are produced relative to the glenoid cavity. Osteological convention was described by Buikstra and Ubelaker and it provided information regarding the measurement of the glenoid cavity 16 . They stated that the important thing is to measure the left side of the skeletal muscle but if it is damaged or it has some injury then the right can also be measured. ...
Background: Different pathological conditions are associated with the anatomical variations in glenoid cavity. For getting insights into these variations the anthropometric parameters knowledge is highly required. Objective: The purpose of the study was the determination of the anthropometric relationship present between the left and right side of the glenoid cavity of the scapula and the application of the obtained knowledge in the forensic medicine. Place and Duration: In the department of anatomy, Multan Medical and Dental College and Bacha Khan Medical Complex Swabi for six months duration, from January 2021 to June 2021. Material and Methods: The data of 190 patients included in the study, was collected from the anatomy department of our institute. The sample was withdrawn from the non-deformed and well macerated scapulae bone of the 190 patients. The calibrated sliding digital caliper was used to measure the anthropometric parameters of glenoid cavity. The glenoid height, width and index were calculated by SPSS software. Results: The 34.8±4.0 (R=38 ± 4.98 and L=27.9-46.78) and 24.9 ±3.90 (R=27.2 ± 3.43 and L=20.1- 36) was the calculated mean standard deviation of Maximum glenoid height (MGH) and Maximum glenoid width (MGW) respectively. The statistically significant and greater values of MGH and MGW on the right side were obtained by using ANOVA and t-test. While calculated values of glenoid Index (GI) was smaller on the right side as compared to the left. Conclusion: The kinanthropological applications of the scapula are indicated by the study that which side can be more commonly used. This study provides with in-depth knowledge of biological profiling and develops better understanding required during reconstruction of the damaged skeleton. Keywords: Glenoid cavity, Maximum glenoid height (MGH), Maximum glenoid width (MGW).
... Research on the anatomical structure and morphometry of the coracoid process, which is the basis of the present study, is basically complete. The scapula is a complex anatomic unit [4,5], and one of the most important clinical parts of the scapula is the coracoid process [6], which has been a research area of interest for many researchers [7][8][9]. Gumina et al. [6] reported that the morphometry of the coracoid process showed differences in shape, length, and direction in an Italian population. ...
Background
There are few studies on distributions or morphological measurements for bony spurs form at the attachment points of the ligaments and tendons on the coracoid process. The aim of this study was to investigate their most common sites and morphological characteristics, and to propose possible reasons.
Material/Methods
Scapulae with bony spurs on the coracoid process were selected from 377 intact and dry Chinese scapulae. The distribution, height, and transverse and longitudinal diameter of the bony spurs were measured in each coracoid process.
Results
We selected 71 scapulae, 36 left and 35 right, that had bony spurs, from 377 scapulae. The bony spurs were most commonly located at the attachment point of the superior transverse scapular ligament (STSL) (31, 23.66%), while the trapezoid ligament (TL) accounted for the smaller proportion (8, 6.11%). The TSL was the highest, with the minimum transverse and longitudinal diameter, while the TL had the greatest transverse and longitudinal diameters. Only the TSL and TL had a statistically significant difference between the left and the right bony spur regarding the longitudinal diameter (P<0.05).
Conclusions
Bony spurs are more likely to form at the attachment points of ligaments and tendons on the coracoid process, which has a greater risk of traction injuries or attachment points avulsion fractures.
... It was found that the anatomical characteristics of the superior angle of the scapula were variable, which might have a potential impact on the biomechanics of the levator scapula, and further affect the levator scapula syndrome [3,11]. By measuring the medial angle of the scapula (the same as ∠acf at the coronal plane in this study), Oladipo et al. [13] found that alteration of the medial angle of the scapula might increase the steepness of the muscle, altering the attachment of the fiber of the levator muscle; this might also create slacks within the lower fibers at the origin resulting in the inability of the levator muscle to pull the scapulae superomedially and possible loss of the burden-bearing ability of the muscle when a heavy load was carried on the shoulder. ...
Purpose
The aims of this study had been to classify the superior angle of the scapula based on morphological features, and to investigate its correlation with the suprascapular notch.
Methods
303 samples of Chinese dried scapular specimens were collected from the Department of anatomy, Southwest Medical University. According to the anatomical morphological characteristics of the superior angle of the scapula, the morphological classification was performed to explore its correlation with the suprascapular notch (SSN).
Results
The superior angle of the scapula was classified into three types (Hilly shape, Mountain Peak shape and Chimney shape). There were 143 cases of Hilly shape (47.20%), 144 cases of Mountain shape (47.52%), and 16 cases of Chimney shape (5.28%). The angle of Hilly shape (93.36° ± 7.76°) was significantly larger than the Mountain Peak shape (86.60° ± 6.61°) and the Chimney shape (86.22° ± 7.20°), and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The type I–III of Rengachary’s classification to SSN was low risk of suprascapular nerve entrapment, while the type IV–VI was high risk of suprascapular nerve entrapment. Compared with the Mountain Peak shape and the Chimney shape, the Hilly shape corresponds to more types I–III of suprascapular notch but to fewer types IV–VI (P < 0.05).
Conclusions
The superior angle of the scapula was divided into three types: Hilly shape (47.20%), Mountain Peak shape (47.52%) and Chimney shape (5.28%). The Mountain Peak shape might be more likely to result in inability of the levator muscle with acute or chronic overload mechanisms, and the risk of suprascapular nerve entrapment in Mountain peak shape was higher than that of Hilly shape. And, it might have a potential effect on neck pain.
... Left side values were found to be greater than right sided values without any significant correlation. According to Oladipo GS [14] the medial border possesses 2 distinct parts for muscle attachment, one extending from superior angle to the origin of spine-superomedial border giving attachment to Levator scapule and other extending from spine to inferior angle-inferomedial border giving attachment to rhomboid group of muscle. These borders enclose an angle the medial angle, making scapula structurally quadrangular rather than triangular. ...
... 949 heavy objects (Comerford & Mottram, 2006). It has been reported that the RA is mainly activated during general and abdominal exercises that assist in increased gross spinal movements (Oladipo, Aigbogun, & Akani, 2015). The External or exterior obliques muscle in the other hand is situated on the inferior eight steaks and attach to the iliac crest. ...
Evidence has demonstrated that the prevalence of lower back pain (LBP) among women population is significantly higher due to the hormonal and reproductive factors such as irregular or prolonged menstrual cycle and hysterectomy. The trunk and hip muscles are considered the most affected muscles in LBP patients and as such proper training of these muscles could give a substantial benefit to the patients. Different types of exercises programmes exist, however, the appropriate training that could be applicable in stimulating certain groups of muscles for a specified gender remains a challenge. As a starting point, this study aims to identify the effectiveness of a stabilisation training programme (SBTP) in developing and stimulating the trunk and hips muscles of female's subjects. 25 healthy female with normal BMI and ages range from 19 to 24 years underwent five sets of stabilisation exercises three times a week for five weeks. Electromyography (EMG) data were collected from 5 muscles of rectus abdominus, external oblique, multifidus, gluteus maximus and gluteus medius. The readings from the EMG were compared after the five weeks interventions (pre and post). An independent t-test was applied to the data gathered to examine the efficacy of the SBTP between pre and post on the targeted muscles. A statistically significant difference of muscle activations between the pre and post on all the assessed muscles were obtained p < 0.05. This result implies that SBTP intervention is efficient in stimulating the females' pelvic muscles activations. SBTP could be a practical measure for prevention and rehabilitation of LBP.
... To take the glenoid cavity dimensions, the scapulae were tightly held in anatomical position by a standing clamp; with the lateral border and the glenoid cavity facing anteriorly. Using a sliding digital caliper calibrated to 0.01mm, data were collected in line with measurements protocol by Solanki 9 , Campobasso et al 10 and Oladipoet al 18 . Two (2) anthropometric parameters were measured from the glenoid cavity; maximum glenoidheight (MGH), maximum glenoid width (MGW) and the glenoid index (GI) was calculated by dividing MGW by MGH. ...
p> Introduction: An understanding of the normal glenoid cavity morphometry is important in corroborating the basis of luxation at the glenohumeral joint (GHJ). This study was carried out to determine the morphomertic relationship of the glenoid cavity to joint stability and device models to estimateglenoid cavity dimensions ofthe scapular boneof Nigerian origin in a post-mortem skeletal state using selected angles and dimension
Methods: A total of 200wellmacerated unpaired scapulaebone (96 right and 104 left) with complete ossification were used for this study. Geometric measurements were taken using standard procedures. SPSS (IBM® version 20) was used to analyze the data and the results of all measured parameters (for both sides and total) were presented. Correlation was determined from the summation of the bilateral measurement of; the superior (SSA), inferior (ISA) and medial (SVA) angles of the scapulae, maximum height of the scapula (MHS), and maximum glenoid height and width (MGH and MGW). Glenoid index (GI) was calculated by dividing MGW by MGH. Regression formulae for estimation the glenoid cavity parameters were derived. Significance level was set at 95% (P≤0.05 was considered significant).
Result: The mean GIwas calculated as 68.18±5.93% (with min. and max. ratio of 54% and 87%respectively). Of the predictor variables for estimating MGH and MGW, SSA was weakly (-) correlated (r<0.2; R<sup>2</sup><0.1), MSH was averagely (+) correlated (r<0.55; R<sup>2</sup><0.3), while a strong (+) correlation was observed between the interglenoid cavity dimensions (r=0.785; R<sup>2</sup>=0.617).
Conclusion: Indices below 50% and above 89% are indications of possible GHJ problems.Using single measurements of various scapular parts to estimate the glenoid cavityis possible.Distortion of the morphometric relationship that exists between MGW and MGH is a clear pointer for glenohumeral luxation syndromes.
Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.16(4) 2017 p.572-579</p
... Morphometric variations of the bone are clinically important. The scapula itself is a complex anatomic unit, so this draws the interest and attention of scientists and researchers to study the morphometry of the scapula [1,2]. One of the most important clinical aspects of the scapula is the coracoid process [3], and its morphometry has been a study area of interest to many researchers [4][5][6]. ...
Ethnic origin plays an important role in bone morphometry. Studies examining the influence of coracoid process have focused primarily on adults and have not included people from diverse Asian ethnic backgrounds. Our goal was to explore ethnic differences in morphometry of coracoid among Asian population. We performed morphometric measurements of coracoid process on cadaveric shoulders and shoulder CT scans from 118 specimens. The cadaveric sample included Indian (46%), Chinese (27%), and Myanmarese (27%) subjects, while the CT scans sample included Chinese (67%) and Malay (33%) subjects. The morphometric measurements were performed using digital caliper and software developed at Golden Horses Health Sanctuary (GHHS). In the Indian cadaveric shoulders, the coracoid process is better developed than the other groups with the exception of the tip width of coracoid process. There are significant differences in almost all measurements (í µí± < 0.05) between the ethnic groups. On the other hand, the morphometry of coracoid process from CT scans data is bigger in Chinese than Malay subjects when stratified by sex (í µí± < 0.05). Moreover, in all morphometric measurements, the females had smaller measurements than males (í µí± < 0.05). Understanding such differences is important in anatomy, forensic and biological identity, and orthopaedic and shoulder surgeries.
... There are two large scapular processes (acromion and coracoid) that extend beyond the margin of the glenoid cavity superior to the head of the humerus. 1 The morphometry of the scapular showed that the medial angle which is now referred to as the spino vertebral angle, of the right side of the scapula is wider than the left, which has great clinical significance. 2 The scapular is rather quadrangular instead of being triangular. 2 The acromion is the larger posterior process having a facet for the lateral end of the clavicle, it is related to varieties of shoulder disorders. 3 The slope and length of the acromion and the height of the arch are most closely associated with degenerative changes, depending on the type of the acromion. ...
... 2 The scapular is rather quadrangular instead of being triangular. 2 The acromion is the larger posterior process having a facet for the lateral end of the clavicle, it is related to varieties of shoulder disorders. 3 The slope and length of the acromion and the height of the arch are most closely associated with degenerative changes, depending on the type of the acromion. ...
