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![(a) Schematic depiction of solar cell structure employed here, consisting of a blended polymer fullerene active layer with poly(indacenodithiophene-co-phenanthro quinoxaline) (PIDT-PhanQ) as the donor; (b) photocurrent density as a function of voltage for the device structure in (a) using fullerenes 1-4 as acceptor materials, measured under simulated Air mass (AM) 1.5 G solar illumination at 1 kW·m −2. Cited from [59]. Copyright 2012, America Chemical Society.](profile/Jiang-Huang-4/publication/280689091/figure/fig16/AS:668369908928521@1536363212581/a-Schematic-depiction-of-solar-cell-structure-employed-here-consisting-of-a-blended.jpg)
(a) Schematic depiction of solar cell structure employed here, consisting of a blended polymer fullerene active layer with poly(indacenodithiophene-co-phenanthro quinoxaline) (PIDT-PhanQ) as the donor; (b) photocurrent density as a function of voltage for the device structure in (a) using fullerenes 1-4 as acceptor materials, measured under simulated Air mass (AM) 1.5 G solar illumination at 1 kW·m −2. Cited from [59]. Copyright 2012, America Chemical Society.
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Organic photovoltaic cells (OPVs) have been a hot topic for research during the last decade due to their promising application in relieving energy pressure and environmental problems caused by the increasing combustion of fossil fuels. Much effort has been made toward understanding the photovoltaic mechanism, including evolving chemical structural...
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... typical example is the trade-off using donor copolymer poly(indacenodithiophene-co-phenanthro quinoxaline) (PIDT-PhanQ) [9,10] synthesized by Jen's group [59,60]. From Figure 3, we can obviously see that the OPV with the PIDT-PhanQ/(6,6)-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC 70 BM) heterojunction has the highest J SC and fill factor (FF). However, when using higher LUMO fullerene, i.e., indene-C60 bisadduct (IC 60 BA) and indene-C70 bisadduct (IC 70 BA), although the V OC was effectively enhanced from 0.8 V to near 1 V, the J SC and FF obviously decreased, which was ascribed to additional energy loss paths [59]. ...
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... a single fiber electrode, wire-shaped OPVs have also been widely explored by twisting two fiber electrodes [104]. A flexible CNT fiber has been recently developed as one electrode and twisted with a titanium wire, which was grown with a layer of titanium and coated with photoactive materials, as shown in Figure 13. However, this type of OPVs shows a relatively low efficiency [105]. ...
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As the global interest in renewable energy generation continues, the need to develop new and innovative solutions is being explored every day throughout the world by researchers and innovators. Hybrid renewable energy innovations are gaining progressive interest not only because of the threat of climate change but also due to the technological adva...
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... This third generation of bifacial photovoltaics, consisting of transparent or semi-transparent cells, can be used in roofing or glazed facades, contributing to electricity production (Sinha et al., 2021). Among these technologies, organic photovoltaics (OPV) are flexible and have high transparency, but their energy conversion efficiency is still lower than traditional rigid panels (Yu, Zheng and Huang, 2014;Sun et al., 2021). ...
Sustainable energy and technological development in electricity generation processes offer opportunities for the development and utilization of new photovoltaic technologies in construction. Photovoltaic cells for glazed surfaces, known as double glass or double-skin, have been applied in modern buildings due to their attributed characteristics that can enhance thermal comfort, provide natural lighting for internal areas, ensure privacy in external environments, and reduce energy consumption. The objective of this study is to investigate the viability of using double glass in the glazed roof of a family party venue. The qualitative method, a case study, was employed to assess the demand for electrical energy in the building and the potential use of double glass photovoltaic technologies. Market research was initially conducted with technology suppliers, enabling the evaluation of characteristics for the technological and economic feasibility of the project. The results show that the installation of double glass photovoltaic technology offers 40% transparency to solar radiation through the roof, resulting in thermal and luminous comfort. In terms of economic viability, the study demonstrates the possibility of return on investment in 4.6 years, considering energy generation, reduced building energy costs, and installation expenses. The installation of double glass technology, according to market research, is economically viable and generates local electrical energy for residents, providing comfort in the environment and enhancing the quality of life for occupants.
... While in 2009 the average efficiency of cells was c.a. 6%, now it is over 16% 4 and even 18% 5 . As a result, several areas of research on optimizing the parameters of organic solar cells (OSCs) have emerged, which are widely discussed in review and scientific articles [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] . One of the intensively developed research directions in recent years is the study of the influence of the morphology of the active layer on the operation of OPV devices 13,14 . ...
The results of studies on the influence of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) on the structural, thermal and optical properties of thin films of mixtures of phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) with poly[3-hexylthiophene] (P3HT) of various molecular weights are described in this article. The structural properties of the layers of: polymers, mixtures of polymers with fullerenes and their composites with ZnO-NPs were investigated using X-ray diffraction. Whereas their glass transition temperature and optical parameters have been determined by temperature-dependent spectroscopic ellipsometry. The presence of ZnO-NPs was also visible in the images of the surface of the composite layers obtained using scanning electron microscopy. These blends and composite films have also been used as the active layer in bulk heterojunction photovoltaic structures. The molecular weight of P3HT (Mw = 65.2; 54.2 and 34.1 kDa) and the addition of nanoparticles affected the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the obtained solar cells. The determined PCE was the highest for the device prepared from the blend of P3HT:PCBM with the polymer of the lowest molecular weight. However, solar cells with ZnO-NPs present in their active layer had lower efficiency, although the open-circuit voltage and fill factor of almost all devices had the same values whether they contained ZnO-NPs or not. It is worth noting that thermal studies carried out using temperature-dependent ellipsometry showed a significant effect of the presence of ZnO-NPs on the value of the glass transition temperature, which was higher for composite films than for films made of a polymer-fullerene blend alone.
... With the progress of photovoltaic technology and the decrease in photovoltaic power generation cost, the photovoltaic power generation industry is developing well, and more and more photovoltaic power plants are being constructed and planned around the world. In the construction of PV power plants, in addition to the PV power generation technology, the site selection and optimal design of the installation method of PV power plants are also very important for light energy utilization and the output of electrical energy [1][2][3]. Irrational site selection and less-than-optimal array design of PV power plants can cause power generation losses and reduce overall benefits [4]. Whether it is a large ground-based power plant or a rooftop power plant, the site is expected to be flat or with a southfacing slope, but in the actual siting and planning of PV power plants, it is inevitable to encounter a north-sloping site or a building with a herringbone roof and one half of the slope facing north [5][6]. ...
Reasonable determination of the installation inclination and array spacing of PV power plant modules is essential to improve the power generation efficiency of PV power plants. This paper firstly derives the formula for calculating the north-south spacing of PV arrays with arbitrary slope inclination and visualizes the north-south spacing of complex mountain PV arrays using ArcGIS. Secondly, a mountain PV array system is proposed to ensure that the system can still operate at the maximum power point in real-time when the solar radiation intensity changes drastically due to unpredictable environmental variables. Finally, to verify the feasibility of the active PV array system in real-life production, an experimental platform is built, and an operational test experiment of the active PV array system under partial shading conditions is conducted, as well as a long-term power boost comparison test. The experimental results show that the mountain PV array system has a 95.7% matching degree in the operation test experiment, which can be perfectly adapted to most PV plants; in the power boost comparison test, the power generation of the traditional PV system is 254Wh, and the power generation of the mountain PV array system is 483Wh, which is about 1.9 times higher than the performance of the traditional PV system. The mountain PV array system has good adaptability to various harsh and unexpected conditions and solves the problem of improving the power output of PV systems in the shadow-shaded environment of mountainous areas, which improves the general usability of PV.
... However, there is a long way to go in order transfer this peak performance into mass production. Recent developments in organic photovoltaic cells have made significant advancements in power conversion efficiency from 3% to over 15% since their introduction in the 1980s [11], while porphyrin-based organic/inorganic hybrid solar cells were reported working at peak efficiency of 19% in [12]. Additionally, it should be noted that there is a higher expectancy in terms of efficiency from PV is expected even more since their performance may be increased by continuous alignment [13,14]. ...
... For (c 1 , . . . , c n ), a given set of coefficients (a function such as the one from Equation (11) or Equation (12), or any other mathematical function approximating the Equation (2)), the expression of the function becomes completely known and Equation (19) or Equation (20) provides a way towards perpendicular offsets from each observed point. In this context, another optimization can be conducted, namely to minimize the Equation (21) sums, where z k are ordinates of points provided by Equation (20), and f (z k ; c 1 , . . . ...
... Evolution to optimum for f 1 from Equation(11). ...
It is known that, for paired measurements subjected to experimental error, better suited linear regression is obtained by using perpendicular offsets. Even so, the great majority of statistical software still uses classical vertical offsets for reasons of convenience. The same convenience leads to the preference of the least squares method in the favor of maximum-likelihood estimation. The treatise for perpendicular offsets for simple linear regression is slightly trickier than the corresponding one for vertical offsets. However, there is no general treatise for perpendicular offsets for nonlinear cases to date. In this work, a typical case of nonlinear dependence—potential versus intensity of current produced by a photovoltaic cell—is subjected to study. A series of paired potential/current data was collected from a commercial photovoltaic device and served for introducing the perpendicular offsets approach in the case of a nonlinear regression. Photovoltaic cell parameters—internal resistance, short-circuit current intensity, potential of open-circuit, and the maximum power point—have been determined by using the perpendicular offsets approach. Several issues were addressed in this work, such as exploring the intrinsic symmetry in the treatment of current versus potential diagrams, the suitability of perpendicular offsets in obtaining of the regression coefficients, and the implementation of nonlinear regression models with perpendicular offsets. Even if both the treatises of perpendicular offsets and nonlinear regression are known for some time now, there is no report in the literature of using both. Furthermore, since both potential and current measurements are affected by errors, it is more natural to use the proposed approach of perpendicular offsets.
... Photovoltaic systems should be cost-effective and eco-friendly. The main focus is on the application of toxic and costly inorganic chemicals [71] such as CdTe and GaAs [72]. The current photovoltaic systems include the possible alternative to inorganic semiconductive material in the photovoltaic field is semiconductors derived from organic polymers. ...
Fossil fuels are used increasingly day by day everywhere on the globe and related to environmental issues like the environmental problems and heating. During this time, attempts are made to seek out sustainable different energy source which is affiliated with fossil material. The foremost important fossil material is plant biomass, especially wood, of the premise of cellulose percentage. However, those materials constituent of lignin have a content of 18-30%. Lignin is mainly used for fuel and has many valuable applications like, nanoparticles synthesis, polycarboxylic acid, supercapacitor electrode, photocatalyst, photovoltaic, etc. Recently, researchers highlighted more sustainable bioenergy production technologies. This review paper focused on different categories application of lignin within the industrial sector which could be a totally sustainable energy conversion.
... The performance of OEDs can be optimized in many ways, for example, by changing the volume composition of the active layer [19,20]. Different methods include the annealing process [21][22][23] or the use of different solvents [24]. Another method of improving the efficiency is the extraction/injection of electron layers and/or holes in the area of their contact with the organic semiconductor [25][26][27]. ...
This work focuses on the study of thermal and physical properties of thin polymer films based on mixtures of semiconductor polymers. The materials selected for research were poly [2,5-bis(2-octyldodecyl)-pyrrolo [3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4(2H,5H)-dione-3,6-diyl)-alt-(2,2′;5′,2″;5″,2′′′-quater-thiophen-5,5′′′-diyl)]—PDPP4T, a p-type semiconducting polymer, and poly(2,5-bis(2-octyldodecyl)-3,6-di(pyridin-2-yl)-pyrrolo [3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4(2H,5H)-dione-alt-2,2′-bithiophene)—PDBPyBT, a high-mobility n-type polymer. The article describes the influence of the mutual participation of materials on the structure, physical properties and thermal transitions of PDPP4T:PDBPyBT blends. Here, for the first time, we demonstrate the phase diagram for PDPP4T:PDBPyBT blend films, constructed on the basis of variable-temperature spectroscopic ellipsometry and differential scanning calorimetry. Both techniques are complementary to each other, and the obtained results overlap to a large extent. Our research shows that these polymers can be mixed in various proportions to form single-phase mixtures with several thermal transitions, three of which with the lowest characteristic temperatures can be identified as glass transitions. In addition, the RMS roughness value of the PDPP4T:PDBPyBT blended films was lower than that of the pure materials.
... In recent years, the production of renewable energy, particularly using solar photovoltaic (PV) technology, has increased significantly. 1,2 Advances in alternative devices and materials to conventional silicon cells, such as perovskite, 3,4 thin film, 5 and organic PV, 6 have been accompanied by growing interest in adjunct technologies that are able to enhance the performance of PV cells, or even just enable their use in non-standard situations. In the built environment, widespread integration of standard PV panels is challenging, as their bulk and superior performance under direct light limits their installation to rooftops. ...
... Regardless, while finetuning the model with better input data could have improved results, pvTrace v2.1.sv shows strong agreement with previously reported experimental studies.6: Comparison between simulated (pvTrace v2.1.sv) ...
Luminescent solar concentrators (LSCs) are a promising technology to help integrate solar cells into the built environment, as they are colorful, semi-transparent, and can collect diffuse light. While LSCs have traditionally been cuboidal, in recent years a variety of unconventional geometries have arisen, for example circular, curved, polygonal, wedged, and leaf-shaped designs. These new designs can help reduce optical losses, facilitate incorporation into the built environment or unlock new applications. However, as fabrication of complex geometries can be time- and resource-intensive, the ability to simulate the expected LSC performance prior to production would be highly advantageous. While a variety of softwares exist to model LSCs, they either cannot be applied to unconventional geometries, are not open-source, or are not tractable for most users. Therefore, here we introduce a significant upgrade of the widely-used Monte Carlo ray-trace software pvTrace to include: (i) capability to characterize unconventional geometries and improved relevance to standard measurement configurations; (ii) increased computational efficiency; and (iii) a graphical user interface (GUI) for ease-of-use. We first test these upgrades using devices from the literature, as well as experimental results from in-house fabricated LSCs, with agreement within 1% obtained for the simulated versus measured external photon efficiency. We then demonstrate the broad applicability of pvTrace by simulating 20 different unconventional geometries, including a variety of different shapes and manufacturing techniques. We show that pvTrace can be used to predict meaningful physical phenomena, including enhanced optical efficiency using 3D printed devices. The more versatile and accessible computational workflow afforded by the upgraded pvTrace, coupled with 3D printed prototypes, will enable rapid screening of more intricate LSC architectures, while reducing experimental waste. Our goal is that this accelerates sustainability-driven design in the LSC field, leading to higher optical efficiency or increased utility.
... On the other hand, the progress in acceptor moiety is relatively low. Fullerene derivatives have gained much interest as acceptor materials due to their unique structural and electron accepting ability [13][14][15][16]. ...
A series of phenothiazine-C60/70 dyads containing fulleropyrrolidine tethered to C-3 position (C60-PTZ and C70-PTZ) or to the heteroatom N-position via either phenyl (C60-Ph–PTZ and C70-Ph-PTZ) or phenoxyethyl linkers (C60-PhOEt-PTZ and C70-PhOEt-PTZ) of the phenothiazine were synthesized and light-induced electron transfer events were explored. Optimized studies suggested that the highest molecular orbital (HOMO) resides on donor phenothiazine moiety while lowest molecular orbital (LUMO) on the acceptor fulleropyrrolidine moiety of the dyads. Optical and electrochemical properties suggested no electronic communication between the donor and acceptor moieties in the ground state. However, steady-state emission studies in solvents of varied polarity, involving selective excitation of C60/C70, disclosed that the emission intensity of C60/C70 was quenched in the dyads in the increasing order, C60/70-PTZ > C60/70-Ph-PTZ > C60/70-PhOEt-PTZ as a consequence of the donor–acceptor distance resulted due to spacer lengths. Also, the emission quenching is more pronounced in polar solvents such as DMF compared to a non-polar solvent, toluene. With the support of parallel electrochemical studies, the emission quenching is attributed to intramolecular photo-induced electron transfer occurring from PTZ to (C60/C70)* generating a radical ion pair, PTZ+⋅–C60−⋅/PTZ+⋅–C70−⋅. Finally, bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells devices inverted fashion prepared by employing the dyads as acceptors, and PTB7 as donor, suggested that the devices prepared from C70 derivatives i.e., PTB7:C70-PTZ and PTB7:C70-PhOEt-PTZ exhibited better power conversion efficiency of 2.66% and 2.15%, respectively over C60 derivatives i.e., PTB7:C60-PTZ and PTB7:C60-PhOEt-PTZ with the efficiencies of 1.80 and 1.72%, respectively. AFM studies revealed that the poor performance of PTB7:C60-PTZ- and PTB7:C60-PhOEt-PTZ-based devices can be ascribed to the lower solubility of the dyads in 1,2-DCB solvent leading to rough morphology.Graphical abstract
... Naphthalene-based organic compounds have been widely used as components of optoelectronic materials in organic light-emitting diodes [1][2][3], photovoltaic cells [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11], and organic thin-film transistors [12][13][14][15][16] because of their outstanding electrochemical and chemical stability and outstanding photophysical characteristics. These unique properties are mostly attributed to the electronic-abundant nature and structural rigidity originating from the dimeric fused-benzene ring formation [17]. ...
... Although both the HOMO and LUMO of each naphthyl o-carborane compound were mainly localized on the naphthyl group (HOMO > 90% and LUMO > 84%, Tables S4, S6, S8, and S10), the LUMO 1 50 µM in THF. 2 50 µM, observed at 298 K. 3 Measured in the film state (5 wt% doped in PMMA). 4 50 µM in THF/water (1/9, v/v). 5 Absolute PL quantum yield. ...
The efficiency of intramolecular charge transfer (ICT)-based emission on π-aromatic-group-appended closo-ortho-carboranyl luminophores is known to be affected by structural fluctuations and molecular geometry, but investigation of this relationship has been in progress to date. In this study, four naphthyl-based bis-o-carboranyl compounds, in which hydrogen (15CH and 26CH) or trimethysilyl groups (15CS and 26CS) were appended at the o-carborane cage, were synthesized and fully characterized. All the compounds barely displayed an emissive trace in solution at 298 K; however, 15CH and 26CH distinctly exhibited a dual emissive pattern in rigid states (in solution at 77 K and in films), attributed to locally excited (LE) and ICT-based emission, while 15CS and 26CS showed strong ICT-based greenish emission. Intriguingly, the molecular structures of the four compounds, analyzed by single X-ray crystallography, showed that the C‒C bond axis of the o-carborane cage in the trimethysilyl group-appended compounds 15CS and 26CS were more orthogonal to the plane of the appended naphthyl group than those in 15CH and 26CH. These features indicate that 15CS and 26CS present an efficient ICT transition based on strong exo-π-interaction, resulting in a higher quantum efficiency (Φem) for ICT-based radiative decay than those of 15CH and 26CH. Moreover, the 26CS structure revealed most orthogonal geometry, resulting in the highest Φem and lowest knr values for the ICT-based emission. Consequently, all the findings verified that efficient ICT-based radiative decay of aromatic group-appended o-carboranyl luminophores could be achieved by the formation of a specific geometry between the o-carborane cage and the aromatic plane.
... These semiconducting polymers stand out due to their tunable absorption spectrum, light emission with high quantum yield, solubility in organic solvents, low bandgap, and electronic properties [3]. Owing to these characteristics, D-A polymers can be easily processed to form thin, lightweight, flexible, and uniform films [4]. In addition, water-soluble nanoparticles have been successfully fabricated from semiconductor polymers through a nanoprecipitation approach with DSPE-PEG-azide as the encapsulation matrix [5]. ...
A series of PFDPP copolymers based on fluorene (F) and diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) monomers were synthesized via direct arylation polycondensation using Fagnou conditions which involved palladium acetate as catalyst (a gradual catalyst addition of three different percentages were used), potassium carbonate as the base, and neodecanoic acid in N, N-dimethylacetamide. This synthesis provides a low cost compared with traditional methods of transition-metal-catalyzed polymerization. Among the different amounts of catalyst used in the present work, 12% was optimal because it gave the highest reaction yield (81.5%) and one of the highest molecular weights (Mn = 13.8 KDa). Copolymers’ chemical structures, molecular weight distributions, and optical and thermal properties were analyzed. The linear optical properties of PFDPP copolymers resulted very similarly independently to the catalyst amounts used in the synthesis of the PFDPP copolymers: two absorptions bands distinctive of donor–acceptor copolymers, Stokes shifts of 41 nm, a good quantum yield of fluorescence around 47%, and an optical bandgap of 1.7 eV were determined. Electronic nonlinearities were observed in these copolymers with a relatively high two-photon absorption cross-section of 621 GM at 950 nm. The dynamics of excited states and aggregation effects were studied in solutions, nanoparticles, and films of PFDPP. Theoretical calculations modeled the ground-state structures of the (PFDPP)n copolymers with n = 1 to 4 units, determining the charge distribution by the electrostatic potential and modeling the absorption spectra determining the orbital transitions responsible for the experimentally observed leading bands. Experimental and theoretical structure–properties analysis of these donor–acceptor copolymers allowed finding their best synthesis conditions to use them in optoelectronic applications.
