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![(a) SEM image of a 200 nm 2,7-di-t-butylpyrene nanorods [61]. (b) SEM image of a 200 nm 9-anthracene carboxylic acid nanorod bundle [62]. (c) Electron Diffraction pattern of 2,7-di-t-butylpyrene nanorod [61]. (d) Fluorescence microscope image of fluorescent 200 nm thick 60 micron long nanorods [63].](publication/26620649/figure/fig4/AS:323460623552514@1454130430615/a-SEM-image-of-a-200nm-2-7-di-t-butylpyrene-nanorods-61-b-SEM-image-of-a-200nm.png)
(a) SEM image of a 200 nm 2,7-di-t-butylpyrene nanorods [61]. (b) SEM image of a 200 nm 9-anthracene carboxylic acid nanorod bundle [62]. (c) Electron Diffraction pattern of 2,7-di-t-butylpyrene nanorod [61]. (d) Fluorescence microscope image of fluorescent 200 nm thick 60 micron long nanorods [63].
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![(a) 200 nm diameter poly(9AC-ME) nanowires [40]. (b) 35 nm diameter...](publication/26620649/figure/fig2/AS:304895891656713@1449704253485/a-200nm-diameter-poly9AC-ME-nanowires-40-b-35nm-diameter-poly9AC-ME-nanowires_Q320.jpg)
![(a) SEM image of a 200 nm 2,7-di-t-butylpyrene nanorods [61]. (b) SEM...](publication/26620649/figure/fig4/AS:323460623552514@1454130430615/a-SEM-image-of-a-200nm-2-7-di-t-butylpyrene-nanorods-61-b-SEM-image-of-a-200nm_Q320.jpg)
Organic nanostructures are new comers to the fields of nanoscience and nanotechnology. In recent years novel methods for controlling the growth and uniformity of one-dimensional (1D) organic nanostructures (nanowires and nanotubes) have been developing. The use of hard templates as molds for the formation of organic nanowires or nanotubes seems to...
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The technique to fabricate nanostructures with high resolution is of crucial importance to nanosciences and nanotechnology. This paper presented a nonconventional method to fabricate metallic nanobowl arrays via the conglutination process, which relied on the high adhesive material to “stick” nanostructures. The ultraviolet (UV)-curable thiol–ene h...
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... Solution-based template wetting is an effective method for the fabrication of numerous composites. In this regard, template wetting methodology that utilizes wetting phenomena to create a uniform coating of a low surface energy material, such as a polymer solution or melts, on a porous AAO template with high surface energy has been widely addressed [25,92]. Kim et al. had prepared organic nanotubes from bis-acylurea in AAO membrane via solution wetting [93]. ...
Anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) templates have been intensively investigated during the past decades and have meanwhile been widely applied through both sacrificial and non-sacrificial pathways. In numerous non-sacrificial applications, the AAO membrane is maintained as part of the obtained composite materials; hence, the template structure and topography determine to a great extent the potential applications. Through-hole isotropic AAO features nanochannels that promote transfer of matter, while anisotropic AAO with barrier layer exhibits nanocavities suitable as independent and homogenous containers. By combining the two kinds of AAO membranes with diverse organic and inorganic materials through physical interactions or chemical bonds, AAO composites are designed and applied in versatile fields such as catalysis, drug release platform, separation membrane, optical appliances, sensors, cell culture, energy, and electronic devices. Therefore, within this review, a perspective on exhilarating prospect for complementary advancement on AAO composites both in preparation and application is provided.
Graphical abstract
... [82] The hard-templating method has been also engaged in the fabrication of 1D-nanostructures (wires, rods, or nanotubes) using different templates such as the AAO membrane (Figure 9b). [83][84][85][86][87] This method is also called the 'nano casting method'. [88] The synthesis of nanomaterials using the hard templating method accomplished through four steps: (1) the pores of template membrane filled by the solution of precursor GUMBOS material into volatile organic solvent; (2) evaporation of solvent, (3) drying, and (4) removal of a template ( Figure 7). ...
GUMBOS (group of uniform materials based on organic salts) are a new class of solid organic ionic materials that shared similar properties as that of ionic liquids, but have a wider range of melting points from 25 °C to 250 °C. A large number of combinations have been made to design and synthesize multifunctional GUMBOS with tuned properties that are encouraged to explore these organic materials for various applications. Further, nanomaterials can be fabricated from GUMBOS through various reliable synthetic approaches. These nanomaterials have known as ‚nanoGUMBOS‘ that possessed advantageous properties at the nanoscale and can be used for target applications. Besides, the size, shape, and uniformity of nanomaterials can be tuned by varying different experimental parameters, and synthetic routes.
This review is divided into two parts and presents all the published data regarding GUMBOS and nanoGUMBOS. The first part enclosed the synthesis of GUMBOS as well as their potential applications in the field of analytical, optoelectronics, biology, and sensor technology. In the second part, the synthesis of nanoGUMBOS using different methods and their applications in the field of cellular imaging, optoelectronics, catalysis, enantiorecognition, and sensor technology will be highlighted.
... The maximum pore diameter is hundreds of nanometres, the minimum is 5 nm and the density of pore is as high as 10 11 pores/cm 2 , pore sizes ranging from 10 nm to 100 μm can be made [24][25][26]. The porous alumina template has a single hole diameter, high temperature resistance and high strength, which is the most widely used template so far [10,[27][28][29]. ...
This review (with 106 references) summarizes the latest progress in the synthesis, properties and biomedical applications of gold nanotubes (AuNTs). Following an introduction into the field, a first large section covers two popular AuNTs synthesis methods. The hard template method introduces anodic alumina oxide template (AAO) and track-etched membranes (TeMs), while the sacrificial template method based on galvanic replacement introduces bimetallic, trimetallic AuNTs and AuNT-semiconductor hybrid materials. Then, the factors affecting the morphology of AuNTs are discussed. The next section covers their unique surface plasmon resonance (SPR), surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and their catalytic properties. This is followed by overviews on the applications of AuNTs in biosensors, protein transportation, photothermal therapy and imaging. Several tables are presented that give an overview on the wealth of synthetic methods, morphology factors and biological application. A concluding section summarizes the current status, addresses current challenges and gives an outlook on potential applications of AuNTs in biochemical detection and drug delivery.
Graphical abstract
... There are different methods to produce nanowires, nanotubes, and nanorods using the AAO mold. These methods include, but not limited to, the solutionbased template wetting [107], and melting-recrystallization wetting, sublimation or electrophoretic deposition [108]. The first method is designed based on the capillary force provided by nanopores that drive the solution to wet the pores; after evaporation of the solvent, the solute is deposited on the walls of nanopores. ...
Recently, nanomaterials have been widely utilized in tissue engineering applications due to their unique properties such as the high surface to volume ratio and diversity of morphology and structure. However, most methods used for the fabrication of nanomaterials are rather complicated and costly. Among different nanomaterials, anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) is a great example of nanoporous structures that can easily be engineered by changing the electrolyte type, anodizing potential, current density, temperature, acid concentration and anodizing time. Nanoporous anodic alumina has often been used for mammalian cell culture, biofunctionalization, drug delivery, and biosensing by coating its surface with biocompatible materials. Despite its wide application in tissue engineering, thorough in vivo and in vitro studies of AAO are still required to enhance its biocompatibility and thereby pave the way for its application in tissue replacements. Recognizing this gap, this review article aims to highlight the biomedical potentials of AAO for applications in tissue replacements along with the mechanism of porous structure formation and pore characteristics in terms of fabrication parameters.
... In literature, several groups have successfully used anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) that under proper anodizing conditions contains very well structured nanopores as templates to fabricate nanoscale roughness [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. With advances in polymer sciences and discovery of precursor wetting films [10], nanotubes and nanofibers have been successfully fabricated with several polymers [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] using methods often termed as "template synthesis" [31,32]. Detailed reviews can be found in [4,26,[28][29][30]. ...
Functionalization of a surface with biomimetic nano-/micro-scale roughness (wires) has attracted significant interests in surface science and engineering as well as has inspired many real-world applications including anti-fouling and superhydrophobic surfaces. Although methods relying on lithography include soft-lithography greatly increase our abilities in structuring hard surfaces with engineered nano-/micro-topologies mimicking real-world counterparts, such as lotus leaves, rose petals, and gecko toe pads, scalable tools enabling us to pattern polymeric substrates with the same structures are largely absent in literature. Here we present a robust and simple technique combining anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) templating and vacuum-assisted molding to fabricate nanowires over polymeric substrates. We have demonstrated the efficacy and robustness of the technique by successfully fabricating nanowires with large aspect ratios (>25) using several common soft materials including both cross-linking polymers and thermal plastics. Furthermore, a model is also developed to determine the length and molding time based on nanowires material properties (e.g., viscosity and interfacial tension) and operational parameters (e.g., pressure, vacuum, and AAO template dimension). Applying the technique, we have further demonstrated the confinement effects on polymeric crosslinking processes and shown substantial lengthening of the curing time.
... Nanostructures of small molecules such as nanotubes, nanorods, nanowires, and nanoflowers have been commonly fabricated using template assisted-method [37][38][39][40][41]. The template is based on alumina oxide material that consists of orderly nanopores to infiltrate a solution, which in turn molds the nanostructured materials. ...
... In addition, nanostructuring an active material of solar cells into nanorods, nanotubes, and nanowires increases the surface area of active layer in absorbing more photons that results in higher efficiency [43,44]. The template assisted-method is a low cost technique to produce nanostructured materials that the properties of the materials can easily be controlled [37,45,46]. The types of nanostructures are affected by the parameters of solution that infiltrate into the template's pores. ...
In this study, we investigate the morphological, structural, and optical properties of both bulk-heterojunction and composite nanotubes that composed of thiophene-based small molecules BHBT2 and fullerene PC71BM. Mix-blended and template-assisted methods were used to fabricate the bulk-heterojunction and composite nanotubes, respectively. A single material of BHBT2 thin films and nanotubes that fabricated via spin-coating and template-assisted methods, respectively, was also studied. Two different formations between bulk-heterojunction and composite nanotubes were compared to elaborate their advancement in properties. Absorption spectra of BHBT2:PC71BM bulk-heterojunction and composite nanotubes have fallen within the ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) range. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) images show that the carbon-rich of PC71BM, has successfully infiltrated into the BHBT2 nanotube to form the BHBT2:PC71BM composite nanotubes. However, due to the informality distribution of infiltration, charge carrier transfer is seen to be better in bulk-heterojunction rather than in the composite nanotubes.
... The thickness of the membrane and the periodicity of pores depend on the time of anodization and the voltage applied [59]. The flexibility of fabricating pore size which ranges from 7 nm to more than 300 nm make AAO a suitable template-assisted pattering for high-resolution fabrication [60]. This technique is applied to fabricate several nanostructures such as nanodots, nanorings, nanopillars, and nanotubes over a large area. ...
This review article discusses progress in surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) chip-based nanostructure array patterns. Recent advancements in fabrication techniques for nano-arrays have endowed researchers with tools to explore a material’s plasmonic optical properties. In this review, fabrication techniques including electron-beam lithography, focused-ion lithography, dip-pen lithography, laser interference lithography, nanosphere lithography, nanoimprint lithography, and anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) template-based lithography are introduced and discussed. Nano-arrays have gained increased attention because of their optical property dependency (light-matter interactions) on size, shape, and periodicity. In particular, nano-array architectures can be tailored to produce and tune plasmonic modes such as localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), surface plasmon polariton (SPP), extraordinary transmission, surface lattice resonance (SLR), Fano resonance, plasmonic whispering-gallery modes (WGMs), and plasmonic gap mode. Thus, light management (absorption, scattering, transmission, and guided wave propagation), as well as electromagnetic (EM) field enhancement, can be controlled by rational design and fabrication of plasmonic nano-arrays. Because of their optical properties, these plasmonic modes can be utilized for designing plasmonic sensors and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensors.
... El procesamiento con moldes es una técnica efectiva para controlar la morfología en la producción de materiales a escala nanométrica (Emre Kiyak y Cakmak, 2014; Wang y Qi, 2008). Esta técnica proporciona un tamaño adecuado del material que se quiere producir, por cuanto el molde facilita que se rellenen las estructuras con el elemento apropiado; de esta manera, se obtienen diferentes tipos de materiales unidimensionales como nanotubos, nanofibras, nanocintas, entre otros (Al-Kaysi et al., 2009;Liang et al., 2016) (ver Figura 6). Aunque esta ruta de síntesis es atractiva porque permite controlar el tamaño de las estructuras formadas (Naik et al., 2009), es costosa porque los moldes de los precursores usados se obtienen por métodos de morfosíntesis como la litografía (Jiao et al., 2006;Son et al., 2004;Xia et al., 2003); otra desventaja del proceso radica en la dificultad de deshacer el molde para obtener finalmente la estructura (Wang y Qi, 2008). ...
En este artículo de revisión se presentan las diferentes formas de fabricación de nanofibras de polímeros haciendo énfasis tanto en la técnica de electrospinning, la cual es un proceso sencillo, versátil y adecuado para la fabricación de materiales unidimensionales (1D), como en los parámetros que se deben considerar al utilizar este método; además, se señala la importancia de los parámetros de procesamiento (voltaje, distancia y flujo), de solución (concentración, viscosidad y tensión superficial) y ambientales (temperatura y humedad). Finalmente, se mencionan las distintas aplicaciones que involucran nanofibras en campos de acción como energía, ingeniería de tejidos, medio ambiente y alimentos.
... Some nanostructures involving nanotubes, nanorods, nanowires, nanoflowers, and nanopeapods have been produced by alumina template method [1][2][3]. It is a versatile costeffective procedure employed to fabricate various nanostructures using polymer solution or melt [4,5]. The wetting process of the alumina template to fabricate nanostructures deploys infiltration of solution into the nanochannels of the template through several methods such as immersion, spin-coating, and dipcoating methods [6][7][8]. ...
In this study, low-bandgap polymer poly{[4,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-cyclopenta-(2,1-b;3,4-b′)dithiophen]-2,6-diyl-alt-(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)−4,7-diyl} (PCPDTBT) nanostructures have been synthesized via a hard nanoporous alumina template of centrifugal process. Centrifuge has been used to infiltrate the PCPDTBT solution into the nanoporous alumina by varying the rotational speeds. The rotational speed of centrifuge is directly proportional to the infiltration force that penetrates into the nanochannels of the template. By varying the rotational speed of centrifuge, different types of PCPDTBT nanostructures are procured. Infiltration force created during the centrifugal process has been found a dominant factor in tuning the morphological, optical, and structural properties of PCPDTBT nanostructures. The field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images proved the formation of nanotubes and nanowires. The energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscope (EDX) analysis showed that the nanostructures were composed of PCPDTBT with complete dissolution of the template.
... Recently, rigorous efforts have been focused on the facile synthesis routes to fabricate various conjugated polymer nanostructures through different methodologies [1-8] for investigation and application purposes [9][10][11]. A simple, common and cost effective technique, extensively used for the fabrication of polymer nanostructures, is the template-assisted method [12]. In this method, ...
In the present study, p-type conducting polymer of poly [N-9′-heptadecanyl-2,7-carbazole-alt-5,5-(4′,7′-di-2-thienyl-2′,1′,3′-benzothiadiazole)] (PCDTBT) has been explored for nanostructures. A novel approach has been adopted to transform nanorods into nanotubes by altering template-wetting methods. PCDTBT nanorods are fabricated by infiltrating porous alumina template with various solution concentrations of 5, 10 and 15mg/ml. Upon thermal annealing PCDTBT beyond its melting point, the nanorods are transformed into nanotubes. The morphological and optical investigations reveal that the nanorods prepared with a concentration of 10mg/ml are longer, denser, well-arranged and red shifted as compared to other nanorods. The PCDTBT nanotubes of the same concentration prepared at 300°C are found the best among all other nanotubes with improved length, density and alignment as compared to their nanorod counterparts. Furthermore, the optical spectra of the nanotubes demonstrate broad spectral region, augmented absorption intensity and significant red-shift. The changes observed in Raman shift indicate improvement in molecular arrangement of the nanotubes. Optimization of the solution concentration and annealing temperature leads to improvement of PCDTBT nanostructures. PCDTBT nanotubes, with better molecular arrangement and broad optical spectrum, can be exploited in the state-of-the-art photovoltaic devices.
