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![(a) SEM cross-section image of textured c-Si. (b) Conformal growth of perovskite on textured silicon by solution processing. (c) Sem image with EDS mapping indicating distribution of lead (aqua), Bromide (green), Silicon (purple) and Nickel (yellow) [130]. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [130]. Copyright 2020 AAAS). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)](profile/Akhil-Sreevalsan/publication/355252293/figure/fig7/AS:11431281081357296@1661755443120/a-SEM-cross-section-image-of-textured-c-Si-b-Conformal-growth-of-perovskite-on.png)
(a) SEM cross-section image of textured c-Si. (b) Conformal growth of perovskite on textured silicon by solution processing. (c) Sem image with EDS mapping indicating distribution of lead (aqua), Bromide (green), Silicon (purple) and Nickel (yellow) [130]. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [130]. Copyright 2020 AAAS). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)
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Successful integration of perovskite cell with silicon cell to form a tandem solar device has shown tremendous potential for outperforming the state-of-the-art single junction silicon devices. This tandem approach has enabled high efficiencies up to 29% within a short period of time and one can find sufficient work and various strategies being appl...
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... self-limiting passivant in solution processed method enhances the carrier diffusion length and suppresses the phase segregation. A high-quality micrometre-thick perovskite was able to cover the pyramids uniformly, simultaneously improving drift and diffusion of photogenerated carriers in these thick films by using solution processed method ( Fig. 7a and (b) unlike the physical vapour deposition. A threefold enhanced depletion at the valleys of Si pyramids was ...
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Double-junction solar devices featuring wide-bandgap and narrow-bandgap sub-cells are capable of boosting performance and efficiency compared to single-junction photovoltaic (PV) technologies. To achieve the best performance of a double-junction device, careful selection and optimization of each sub-cell is crucial. This work presents the investiga...
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... The simulation results demonstrate that as the temperature rises, electrons gain energy and undergo recombination before reaching the depletion region. Increased temperature impacts many factors, including bandgap, carrier concentration, and mobility [40]. The increase in Jsc contributes to the rise in PCE. ...
This paper discusses the results of a simulation-based study on lead-free perovskite tandem devices. Wide bandgap (1.8 eV) perovskite materials Cs2AgBi0.75Sb0.25Br6 as the top cell and narrow bandgap (1.3 eV) perovskite materials CsSnI3 as the bottom cell make up the simulated tandem cell device, respectively. The optimisation process involves individually fine-tuning both cells under standard solar radiation conditions of 100 W/m2. The tandem cells necessitate precise current matching between the two sub-cells. The current matching condition manifests at Jsc of 16 mA cm⁻² when the top and bottom cells reach an optimised thickness of 700 nm and 65 nm, respectively. The optimised tandem cell achieves a 24.47% power conversion efficiency (PCE), a high Voc of 1.7278 V, and a high fill factor of 83.72%. Furthermore, tandem solar cells’ temperature dependence is examined in the 300 K to 400 K range, revealing that efficiency decreases with temperature due to a reduction in Jsc (short-circuit current). Notably, the current matching condition is primarily influenced by the top cell, which exhibits less variation than the bottom cell. This study paves the way for developing tandem solar cells made entirely of lead-free perovskites and presents a new approach for the experimental realisation of high-power conversion efficiency.
... Clean sources of energy such as solar resources are gaining prominence as they have the potential to replace fossil fuels for generating electricity and address the pressing issue of global warming (Green 2016). Ongoing developments in materials have led to the advancement of efficient and economical photovoltaic (PV) cell technologies (Warren et al. 2018;Zekry et al. 2018;Abdelaziz et al. 2020;Akhil et al. 2021;Salem et al. 2022;Okil et al. 2023). As society strives to transition towards renewable energy sources to reduce carbon emissions from electric power generation, PV technologies are anticipated to have a significant impact. ...
This study investigates the potential of Cesium−formamidinium-based (CsyFA1−yPb(IxBr1−x)3) perovskite materials as promising candidates for efficient and stable perovskite solar cells (PSCs), that can be tailored for indoor applications. These materials offer the unique advantage of simultaneously stabilizing photoactive compositional phase transitions and enhancing thermal stability, making them well-suited for indoor environments. The optical band gaps of Cesium−formamidinium, ranging from 1.5 to 1.8 eV, can be engineered to align with the spectrum of light sources commonly used indoors. Therefore, this study directs into the design and simulation of Cesium-Formamidinium-Based PSCs, with a specific emphasis on optimizing their performance under indoor LED illumination. Parameter manipulation related to the Hole Transport Layer (HTL) and Electron Transport Layer (ETL) is utilized to establish optimal band alignment in order to reduce recombination losses and boost power conversion efficiency. A co-design approach between the ETL and HTL is introduced, enabling precise engineering of interfaces, and optimizing charge transport and collection efficiency. This research presents an optimal design with a conduction band minimum (VBM) energy level of 4.05 eV for the ETL and a valence band maximum (VBM) energy level of 5.15 eV for the HTL, resulting in a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 25.00%, and an open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.939 V.
... It received its name in honor of Lev Perovski, a Russian mineralogist [1]. This material is characterized by the chemical formula ABX 3 . In this formula "A" and "B" represent cations, and "X" represents an anion. ...
... Their distinct characteristics make them suitable for various advanced usability and applications as presented in Fig. 1. Perovskite solar cells have demonstrated the potential to achieve higher efficiency compared to their silicon counterparts, owing to their distinct crystalline structure that enhances sunlight absorption across a wider spectrum [3,4]. Perovskite cells also offer the advantage of cost-effective and rapid production due to the abundance of their raw materials [5,6]. ...
... However, challenges related to long-term stability under environmental conditions persist. Formamidinium Lead Iodide (FAPbI 3 [3,4,5,6,7,8]). ...
Extensive literature on Perovskite solar cell technology (PSCT) has become widespread as technology enables more innovations in the field. Despite efficient platforms like Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, and others, challenges persist for new researchers in search of synchronized key information in the PSCT field. Inefficiencies arise from scattered data, hindering the research cycle for the new researchers. Moreover, policy-making and planning by the stakeholders (Government, Academia, and Industry) in research and innovation rely on data-driven approaches, emphasizing the need for identifying key information to mitigate technological risks in the field of PSCT. This research gap is addressed by the effective extraction of key knowledge from the fragmented literature of PSCT. To achieve this, a comprehensive scientific mapping is conducted via bibliometric analysis, encompassing a collection of 11,092 scientific publications. All relevant data that can bridge the mentioned research gap has been meticulously extracted and analyzed from the mentioned literature which involves the trend from inception, main contributors (countries, researchers, and production sources) to PSCT, detailed keywords, and thematic analysis. The key results reveal that People’s republic of China, the USA, and India significantly contribute to PSCT research, leading in publications and citations. “ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces” followed by “Journal of Materials A,” “Solar RRL,” and “Advanced Energy Materials.” Keyword analysis identifies four clusters: “stability,” “efficiency,” “optical properties,” and environmental concerns. The trends show the perspective of the PSCT sub-areas, like stability for commercialization, innovative methods for performance improvement, and considerations for lead-free options.
... [4] The current flowing through 2T tandems are determined by the sub-cell with the lowest current; [5,6] however, current mismatch between sub-cells lower the efficiency; meanwhile, the transparent conductive oxide (TCO) as intermediate recombination layer between the top and bottom sub-cells significantly impacts the performance of 2T tandems, [7] which could introduce additional resistive losses and hinder charge extraction; therefore 2T tandems have only efficiency of 28.5%. [8] On the other hand, 3T tandems provides advantages over four-terminal (4T) tandems by reducing optical losses; [9,10] 4T tandems have two TCO electrodes at in-light surfaces, [5] which enhance parasitic absorption, light reflection and sheet resistance, resulting in low power conversion efficiency (PCE). [11,12] Inspired by back-contact silicon solar cells, [13] a non-coplanar back-contact perovskite solar cell design based on quasiinterdigitated electrodes (QIDE) was introduced in 3T tandems, photomask technology is used in preparation, in order to prevent the defects formation that can lead to localized short circuits. ...
The development of efficient all perovskite tandem solar cells has faced challenges related to current matching and optical losses. In this work, a design of a non‐coplanar three‐terminal (3T) all perovskite tandem solar cell is presented, which consists of a p‐i‐n inverted NiOX‐based CsPbI2Br perovskite top cell, and a FA0.6MA0.4Sn0.5Pb0.5I3 perovskite bottom cell with back‐contact (BC) device structure. It effectively mitigated the optical losses introduced in non‐absorbing layers and resulted in a 2.9% absolute efficiency improvement compared to that of planar sandwich‐type 3T tandems. Both optical and electrical characteristics of the multi‐terminal tandem cells are investigated. Then, it is focused on understanding the impact of top cell thickness on overall non‐coplanar BC 3T‐tandem performance, considering low‐energy photon optical reflection and carrier transport distance. Following optimizations of energy level and device structure, an efficiency of 32.16% is achieved, with non‐coplanar BC 3T device architecture: top cell consisting of hole extraction layer (ITO/NiOx), CsPbI2Br absorber layer, and electron extraction layer (ZnO/FA0.6MA0.4Sn0.5Pb0.5I3/SnO2/Ag); and bottom cell (Ni/NiOx/FA0.6MA0.4Sn0.5Pb0.5I3/SnO2/Ag); bottom perovskite layer has two functions, one is electron transport layer for top cell, and the other is low‐energy photon absorption layer in bottom cell. It provides insight and a promising pathway for manufacturing high‐efficient all perovskite tandem solar cells.
... When Br is replaced by the more electronegative Cl, the strength of the lead halide bond increases, thus moving apart the conduction band and valence band and increasing the bandgap. [43] In addition, compared to common perovskite compositions, 3Hal perovskites exhibit significant improvements in quasi-Fermi-level splitting (QFLS) and low ideality factors, which typically determine high V OC values and minimize phase segregation. ...
In recent years, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as a focal point for numerous researchers due to their excellent photoelectric performance. In comparison to their single‐junction devices, double‐junction cells have exhibited the potential for superior power conversion efficiency (PCE). Copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) solar cells, a well‐established photovoltaic technology, can be used as a viable bottom cell candidate for double‐junction tandem solar cells (TSCs). Recently, the PCE of the most advanced 4T perovskite/CIGS TSCs has reached 29.9% [1] , while the highest PCE of 2T perovskite/CIGS TSC is 24.2% [2] , which develops relatively slowly. In contrast to the leading perovskite/silicon (Si) TSCs in terms of PCE (PCE 2T =33.9% [3] , PCE 4T =30.35% [4] ), perovskite/CIGS TSCs exhibit distinctive advantages such as adjustable band gap, high absorption coefficient, radiation resistance, and can be prepared on flexible substrates. Building upon these advantages, we elucidate the optimization process in 4‐terminal (4T) and 2‐terminal (2T) perovskite/CIGS TSCs, summarize the key technologies and challenges in material, structure, and photoelectric performance of the tandem cells, and provide a prospective analysis of their future overall development in this review. Furthermore, we hope to give readers a comprehensive understanding of perovskite/CIGS TSCs.
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... Exceptional efficiency of 38.39% was achieved in a tandem solar cell combining perovskites and CIGS [10]. A review article on perovskite silicon tandem solar cells reached a record efficiency of 29.5%, surpassing single junction Si cells [11]. These endeavors underscore the promising trajectory of perovskite-CIGS tandem solar cells, emphasizing their rapid growth rate in the solar cell domain. ...
... The first studies of the photovoltaic properties of silicon were made in the Bell Laboratory in New Jersey in 1941 [1]. In 1954, they produced the first crystalline silicon c-Si solar cell with an efficiency of 6% by using a p-n Junction [2,3]. Currently, the photovoltaic market is dominated by crystalline silicon, accounting for approximately 90%, of the market share, primarily because of its durability. ...
The electrical properties derived from the experimental dark current density–voltage characteristics of the solar cells, which ranged from 110 to 400 K, provide crucial information for analyzing performance losses and device efficiency. The device parameters of the amorphous silicon solar cells were determined using the one-diode model. An analysis was conducted to examine how temperature affects various factors such as the ideality factor (n), potential barrier height (Φb)\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${(\Phi }_{\text{b}})$$\end{document}, series resistance (Rs)\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$({\text{R}}_{\text{s}})$$\end{document}, and shunt resistance (Rs)\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$({\text{R}}_{\text{s}})$$\end{document}. To compare results, the same experimental data were fitted using different methods, including Lambert's Analytical Method, the Two Region Method, the variational least squares method, the Cheung's method. Finally, we performed a simulation on our solar cell using the SCAPS 1D software. This simulation took into account the parasitic resistance values found experimentally in this work and evaluated the effect of doping density of the a-SiC:H and Graphene oxide core layer, as well as the effect of temperature on the photovoltaic parameters of our solar cell.
... Lead halide perovskites have become a promising class of material for solar cell applications [1][2][3]. One of the advantages of these perovskites is that their bandgap can be tuned by changing material composition [4,5]. This has enabled fabrication perovskite-based single junction cells with >25% efficiency and various perovskite/silicon tandem architectures with >30% efficiency, the latter being well beyond the limits of conventional single-junction silicon-based solar cells [4,5]. ...
... One of the advantages of these perovskites is that their bandgap can be tuned by changing material composition [4,5]. This has enabled fabrication perovskite-based single junction cells with >25% efficiency and various perovskite/silicon tandem architectures with >30% efficiency, the latter being well beyond the limits of conventional single-junction silicon-based solar cells [4,5]. To find the optimal perovskite bandgap for a given multi-junction architecture, in-depth opto-electrical modelling is needed [6,7]. ...
Lead halide perovskites are a promising class of materials for solar cell applications. The perovskite bandgap depends on the material composition and is highly tunable. Opto-electrical device modelling is commonly used to find the optimum perovskite bandgap that maximizes device efficiency or energy yield, either in single junction or multi-junction configuration. The first step in this calculation is the optical modelling of the spectral absorptance. This requires as input the perovskite’s complex refractive index N as a function of wavelength λ. The complex refractive index consists of real part n(λ) and imaginary part k(λ). For the most commonly used perovskites, n and k curves are available from spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements, but usually only for a few discrete bandgap energies. For solar cell optimization, these curves are required for a continuous range of bandgap energies. We introduce new methods for generating the n and k curves for an arbitrary bandgap, based on interpolating measured complex refractive index data. First, different dispersion models (Cody-Lorentz, Ullrich-Lorentz and Forouhi-Bloomer) are used to fit the measured data. Then, a linear regression is applied to the fit parameters with respect to the bandgap energy. From the interpolated parameters, the refractive index curve of perovskite with any desired bandgap energy is finally reconstructed. To validate our method, we compare our results with methods from literature and then use it to simulate the absorptance of a single junction perovskite and a perovskite/silicon tandem cell. This shows that our method based on the Forouhi-Bloomer model is more accurate than existing methods in predicting the complex refractive index of perovskite for arbitrary bandgaps.
... Several structures consisting of four-and two-terminal optical structures with beam-splitters have been attempted. Among several types of methods to assemble multijunction solar cells, i.e., monolithic cascade, mechanical stack, beam splitting, and smartstack using a bonding process with different bandgap energies, a PCE of 28-33.2% has been established for monolithic 2T and 3T tandems structures by optimizing various components, namely the electron and hole transport layer and absorber layer, functional layers in bottom cells, transparent contact, deposition techniques, and the innovative light management tactics used [4]. ...
A metal oxide-based interconnecting and window layer consisting of a molybdenum oxide (MoO3)/Zn-doped In2O3 (IZO) bilayer was investigated in efficient solution-processed perovskite/n-Si monolithic tandem solar cells using formamidinium cesium lead triiodide, FA0.9Cs0.1PbI3, and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(polystyrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS). The MoO3/IZO bilayer with and without Au nanoparticle play a significant role in the charge extraction and recombination within the interconnecting layer and the window layer of the top cell, respectively. A power conversion efficiency of 18–19% was achieved with a short-circuit current, Jsc, of 17.8 mA/cm2; an open-circuit voltage, Voc, of 1.48 V; and an FF of 0.74 by adjusting the layer thicknesses of MoO3 (5 nm), Au nanoparticle layer (5 nm), and sputtered IZO (42 nm for ICL and 80 nm for window layer).
... In the widely employed 4 T tandem structure, two single solar cells are fabricated independently without any additional processing requirements. Afterward, they are arranged in a stacked configuration and linked together via an external circuit [9]. The theoretical PCE limit for the 4 T tandem structure can reach up to 45 % when the bandgaps of the top and bottom cells are 1.73 eV and 0.93 eV, respectively [10]. ...
... On the other hand, the 2 T monolithic structure involves connecting single solar cells in series using an interconnection layer, treating the entire device as a single entity [9]. This structure offers advantages such as lower manufacturing costs owing to the use of a single transparent conducting electrode for the entire device and the stacking of cells at relatively mild temperatures. ...
To advance the photovoltaic industry, highly efficient solar modules with reduced manufacturing and installation costs are needed amidst rapid market growth. To surpass the performance limitations of single-junction solar cells, multijunction configurations have been the focus of rigorous study. The current work showcases a comprehensive investigation into the development and optimization of four terminal tandem solar cell archi-tectures, with a focus on exploring the most technologically viable impactful, and promising combinations of top cell materials (CdTe, GaAs, MAPbI 3 , and MASnI 3) and bottom cell options (c-Si and CIGS). Through numerical simulations using the Solar Cell Capacitance Simulator SCAPS and meticulous analysis, considering crucial parameters such as bandgap, charge carrier mobility, and defect densities, this study aims to identify the most promising material combinations for achieving high-efficiency tandem devices. The findings reveal that when c-Si is used as the bottom cell absorber, the tandem device as a whole produces a higher power conversion efficiency than when CIGS is used. The top cell options, namely CdTe, GaAs, MAPbI 3 , and MASnI 3 in conjunction with c-Si as the bottom cell, achieve maximum efficiencies of 27.23%, 29.31%, 31.66%, and 15.64% respectively. In contrast, when paired with CIGS as the bottom cell, the efficiencies slightly decrease to 23.76%, 26.43%, 28.45%, and 12.83%. Notably, the investigation involving 25%, 50%, and 75% Br-doped MASnI 3 alongside c-Si reveals efficiencies of 16.59%, 14.94%, and 14.28% respectively. In the case of CIGS, the corresponding efficiencies for 25%, 50%, and 75% Br doping are slightly lowered to 13.78%, 12.17%, and 11.43%. The obtained results offer valuable insights that can guide future research endeavors and foster the development of more efficient and commercially viable solar energy conversion technologies in the field of tandem photovoltaics.
