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(a) Return loss, (b) VSWR, and (c) Gain curve over operating frequency range of the proposed antenna.
Source publication
Nowadays, 5G driven wireless technology is getting more attention due to its capability of ensuring high bandwidth, faster data transfer, low latency and system-on-chip (SoC) compactness. New and more effective antenna designs are necessary for these radio communication systems. This research paper presents a novel omnidirectional broadband microst...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... mathematically as RL(dB) = −20log|Γ r | where, Γ r or S11 is the reflection coefficient which determines the mismatch between the antenna and the feeding system. The maximum voltage to minimum voltage ratio in a standing wave pattern along a transmission line is known as VSWR. The formula of VSWR is, V SW R = 1+|Γr| 1−|Γr| . As depicted in Fig. 2(a) , the designed antenna is characterized by its reflection coefficient. The position trade-off among the radiating patch, the parasitic elements and the partial ground plane helps to optimize the desired result much. The result shows that the antenna is well-matched and has a -37.76 dB reflection coefficient at the centre resonant ...
Context 2
... range of operating frequency is 3 -4.3 GHz. Therefore, the proposed radiating structure may readily span 5G in the Sub-6 GHz range and IIoT application bands. The previously published related results given in [7], [8] justify the simulated S 11 frequency behaviour. It has a VSWR in the 1 < V SW R < 2 range and it is 1.0124 at 3.70 GHz as seen in Fig. 2(b). Based on past research works, the proposed antenna's VSWR is also suitable for 5G and a variety of IoT applications. The gain and directivity of the antenna is portrait in Figs. 2(c) and 3 over entire operating frequency range. The range of gain and directivity are 2.10 -3.70 dB and 2.7 -3.90 dBi, respectively. Comparing with the ...
Citations
... From our homes to our workplaces, from transportation to healthcare, we find ourselves relying on an interconnected web of devices and systems that enhance our efficiency, convenience, and overall quality of life [10][11][12][13][14]. The proliferation of smart home technologies [15,16], wearable devices [17,18], and the Internet of Things (IoT) has accelerated this transformation, creating a landscape where wireless connectivity has become an indispensable part of our existence [19][20][21][22][23]. Undoubtedly, the emergence of wireless communications is closely linked to recent advancements in antenna design and manufacturing, which have been revolutionized by innovative design procedures involving artificial intelligence and deep learning methods [24][25][26][27][28][29]. ...
Background
The rapid expansion of modern smart applications, demanding faster data transfer and extensive bandwidth, has prompted the development of new-generation networks like 5G and 6G. These networks encompass additional frequency bands such as sub-6 GHz, millimeter waves, and terahertz bands to meet the growing bandwidth requirements. However, despite the substantial bandwidth available in these bands, several challenges must be addressed to overcome unfavorable propagation characteristics. Moreover, numerous applications necessitate wireless devices with antennas that exhibit high flexibility and exceptional radiation responses, particularly when subjected to bending effects. This requirement highlights the importance of polymers-based antennas that can adapt to changing conditions while maintaining optimal performance. The present comprehensive study delves into the performance evaluation of rectangular and circular microstrip antennas utilizing PMMA (polymethyl methacrylate) polymer substrate with varying thicknesses.
Results
Notably, CNTs (Carbon Nanotubes) are employed as an alternative to traditional copper for the conductive part and ground plane. Both PMMA-based antennas, integrated with CNTs, exhibit a compact footprint of 27.8 × 47.8 × 1.5 mm ³ for the circular antenna and 22.8 × 39.5 × 1.5 mm ³ for the rectangular antenna. Impressively, the realized gain of both antennas surpasses 5 dBi, demonstrating robust performance in both flat and bending scenarios across different substrate thicknesses.
Conclusions
The rectangular antenna achieves a bandwidth of approximately 200 MHz, while the circular microstrip antenna showcase annotable bandwidth of 500 MHz. These exceptional outcomes position the two microstrip antennas as highly suitable for a diverse range of emerging applications within the sub-6 GHz band (the frequency range below 6 GHz in the radio spectrum). Thus, the combination of PMMA substrate, CNTs and the compact form factor of the antennas presents a compelling solution for meeting the demands of modern applications requiring efficient wireless communication with enhanced performance and bandwidth.
... band (5.9 GHz), as depicted in Fig. 1. Vehicles can use the 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz (ISM bands), the 2.5 GHz and 5.5 GHz (WLAN bands), the 2.4 GHz Bluetooth band, and the satellite downlink band (7.5 GHz) [39][40][41]. Moreover, the antenna can cover the satellite uplink band (14-14.5 GHz) [42] and 17.3-18.4 ...
This study introduces a MIMO antenna system incorporating an epsilon negative Meta Surface (MS). The system's architects intended for it to have a large usable frequency range, high gain, narrow inter-component spacing, and superior isolation properties with four elements of MIMO antenna that are strategically organized in an orthogonal arrangement and a compact form factor measuring 41 × 41 × 1.6 mm 3 , utilizing a low-loss Rogers RT5880 substrate. The architecture of the antenna is characterized by integrating a multi-slotted radiating patch, a partial ground plane, and an epsilon-negative Meta Surface. This integration is done by a 7 × 7 Metamaterial array at the back of the MIMO antenna with a dimension of 41 × 41 × 1.6 mm 3 , resulting in a collective enhancement of the antenna's overall performance by affecting the phase, amplitude, electromagnetic field and reducing the backward radiation. The separation between the Meta-surface and the MIMO antenna is established at a distance of 6 mm. The antenna's exceptional super wideband performance is increased from 2-19 GHz to 1.9-20 GHz after using the MS. Moreover, isolation increases from 20 dB to 25.5 dB, Realized gain from 4.5 dBi to 8 dBi, and radiation efficiency from 77% to 89% across the operational bandwidth. The MIMO antenna exhibits remarkable diversity characteristics, as indicated by an envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) of <0.004, a diversity gain (DG) surpassing 9.98 dB, a channel capacity loss (CCL) below 0.3, and a total active reflection coefficient (TARC) measuring 12 dB. Furthermore, a circuit analogous to a resistor-inductor-capacitor (RLC) system is constructed, and four regression methods from the field of machine learning are employed to validate the gain and efficiency achieved. Notably, the linear regression model exhibits exceptional performance, achieving an accuracy of 99%. The MIMO antenna design demonstrates significant potential for many applications in the Internet of Things (IoT), specifically focusing on Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communications. These highlight its appropriateness for emerging IoT sectors.
