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(a) Plan view of the HTFR and (b) rose diagram of fissures in the ridge based on the fissure strikes (28 measurements).
Source publication
The Eastern Anatolian Fault System (EAFS) is a left lateral strike-slip fault zone, 30 km wide and 700 km long, that is
the second most important neotectonic structure of Turkey. In this study, relationship between travertine precipitation
and tectonic activity of some segments along this major strike-slip fault zone has been investigated by a mult...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... 28 orientation measurements that have been per- formed along its crest axis indicate a NE-SW-trending for the HTFR (Figure 6). The ridge is 510 m long, 7 m high and 80 m wide at the base in the central area. ...
Context 2
... the ridge axis, a single fissure (Figure 7(a)), multi- ple fissures arragned in en-echelon (Figure 7(b)) and bifurcated fissures occur. Total fissure width is up to 70 cm (Figure 6), whereas individual fissure apertures vary from 3 to 12 cm. Fissure walls are covered by the vertically banded travertines, with thickness of a few cm that are light coloured and compact (Figure 7(c)) and contain non-porous calcite crystals. ...
Citations
... At many travertines worldwide, the documented association of travertine bodies and major fault networks is interpreted as an indication of the tectonic causation of the episodic travertine formation (Altunel and Hancock 1993;Boch et al. 2005;Brogi and Capezzuoli 2009;Brogi et al. 2010;De Filippis et al. 2013;Ascione et al. 2014;Mohajjel and Taghipour 2014;Priewisch et al. 2014;Erol et al. 2015;Sinisi et al. 2016). A spatial association with active faults has previously been established for six Quaternary travertines in southeastern Gorny Altai. ...
The Kurai Fault Zone (KFZ) is one of the most hazardous seismogenic structures in the Gorny Altai (Russia), which bounds the largest Kurai and Chuya intermontane basins from the north. Trenching studies, radiocarbon dating of colluvial wedge deposits, and ²³⁰Th-U dating of seismogenic travertine of the Meshtuyaryk field showed that the fault scarp in the northwestern part of the Chuya Depression was formed by earthquakes that occurred ca. 9.5, 7.7, 5.8, and 4.8–3.4 ka BP. The last two palaeoearthquakes are younger than 3.2 ka BP. The parameters of seismogenic ruptures, as well as the distances between coeval seismogenic travertines along the KFZ, yielded estimates of the Mw of the four oldest palaeoearthquakes as 6.8–7.6 and ESI 2007 shaking intensities of VIII–XI. The results of ²³⁰Th-U dating suggest that deposition of the Meshtuyaryk travertines was triggered by three strong palaeoearthquakes at ca. 9.5, 7.7, and 4.8–3.4 ka BP, which activated faults and caused a rapid rise along them of ambient-temperature bicarbonate groundwaters previously sealed in deep-seated limestone aquifers.
... DAFS'nin üzerinde çalışma alanına yakın yapılan traverten konulu çalışmalar sınırlı sayıdadır. Bunlardan [50], DAFS'ne ait Karlıova-Bingöl Segmenti ve Adıyaman Fay Zonu üzerinde gelişen traverten depolanmalarının özelliklerini ve tektonik aktivite ile ilişkilerini multi-disipliner yöntemlerle incelemişlerdir. Yine [51], Sivrice Fay Zonu üzerinde yamaç topoğrafyasına uyumlu olarak fay önü traverteni olarak çökelen oluşumun depolanma, yapısal, jeokimya ve jeokronolojik özelliklerini incelemiştir. ...
Çalışmaya konu olan tufa yüzleği, Türkiye’nin ikinci büyüklükteki neotektonik yapısı olan sol yanal doğrultu atımlı Doğu Anadolu Fay Sistemi’nin önemli zonlarından biri olan Elazığ Fay Zonu üstünde, Elazığ şehir merkezinin yaklaşık 20 km güneybatısında bulunur. Tufaların yanal-düşey ilişkili olduğu Kuvaterner yaşlı Palu Formasyonu, karasal kökenli kırıntılı çökellerle karakterize edilir. Tufa oluşumunda kaynak kaya rolü oynayan Devoniyen-Jura yaşlı Keban Metamorfitleri’nin Elazığ çevresindeki yüzlekleri, çoğunlukla mermerlerle karakterize edilir. Keban Metamorfitleri’nin litolojisi ve sol yanal doğrultu atımlı Elazığ Fay Zonu’nun meydana getirdiği kırıklı yapı, akışkan dolaşımında ve bundan dolayı tufanın oluşmasında önemli bir görev almıştır. Tufa örneklerinde belirlenen element miktarları, Ca: 384719-390151 ppm, Mg: 3498-4764 ppm, Sr: 112-338 ppm düzeyindedir. δ13C değerleri, 0.4 ila 2.6 (‰ PDP), δ18O değerleri ise -9.9 ila -11.4 (‰PDB) arasındadır. Çalışmadan elde edilen veriler birlikte değerlendirildiğinde, Bağdere tufasının, sığ göl ortamında oluştuğu düşünülmektedir. Örneklerden elde edilen U-Th yaş verileri, tufa çökeliminin günümüzden en azından 524,597 yıl önce başlamış olduğuna işaret etmektedir.
... Damage zones related to faults activities are the most ubiquitous and efficient conduits for fluid migration in the Earth's crust (Sibson, 2000;Nelson et al., 2009;Person et al., 2012;Çolak Erol et al., 2014;Van Noten et al., 2019). If faulting affects zones with geothermal anomalies promoting hydrothermal systems, bedrock damage will give rise to a network of connected fractures enhancing permeability in the rock masses, which promotes circulation and upwelling of hydrothermal fluids (Rowland and Sibson, 2004). ...
Located at the Tunisian Atlas area, the Quaternary basin of Borj Edouane-El Gara could serve as a good example for close relation between the continental infill and the neotectonic morphostructural pattern. This Quaternary basin is superimposed on pre-Quaternary basement rocks in the form of an active negative flower structure in a divergent wrench fault zone. The neotectonic evolution of the region has been guided by the plate convergence system. During the Middle-Late Pleistocene, subsidence took locally place in a transtensional deformation zone essentially controlled by strike-slip faults. Closely linked to N–S synthetic and NW-SE antithetic faults, the internal structure of this basin is controlled by a rotational scissor-like kinematics. These faults sets represent inherited structures with normal and lateral components producing a downward rotation of the northern part and an upward rotation of the southern one of the basin. Paleostress analysis shows a progressive change from transtensional in the North to transpressional and compressional deformation toward the Southern corner of the basin where the main synthetic and antithetic faults overlap. During the Holocene, the reactivation of the inherited faulting system has caused the landscape rejuvenation, the basin chopping and the present drainage network architecture. The rates of active tectonics in the Borj Edouane-El Gara Basin has been interpreted through a detailed morphotectonic study of the fault-generated mountain fronts and fluvial systems.
Keywords
Neotectonic deformationQuaternaryNegative flower structureTunisia
... The majority of studies carried out on travertines have used the U/Th method for dating the deposition (Sturchio, 1994;Eikenberg et al., 2001;Semghouli et al., 2001;Mallick and Frank, 2002;Soligo et al., 2002;Altunel, 1994;Çakır, 1998, Altunel and Hancock 1993a, b, 1996Altunel, 1996;Hancock et al., 1999;Mesci et al., 2008;Brogi et al., 2009;Temiz et al., 2011;Mesci, 2012;Çolak et al., 2015;Brogi et al., 2014;Brogi et al., 2016;Mesci et al., 2018). However, the electron spin resonance (ESR) method has also been applied (Grün, 1989;Rink et al., 1997;Engin et al., 1999a), and a few studies have used the thermoluminescence (TL) method for dating (Engin et al., 1999b). ...
Abstract: The Reşadiye (Tokat) geothermal field is located in the northern part of the right-lateral North Anatolian Fault Zone. Geothermal waters at temperatures between 48-52°C from this geothermal field are currently used mostly in hotels, pools and bathrooms and provide significant tourism potential for the region. The area where the
geothermal sites are located includes a ~NW-SE trending fissure-ridge type travertine with a length of about 600
meters. Approximately 500 meters south of the geothermal field and parallel to the Kelkit River, the active segment of the North Anatolian Fault Zone comprises the Kelkit Valley fault segment extending N72°W. The average strike direction of Reşadiye fissure-ridge type travertine is around N33°W. There is an angle of 39° between the master trend of NAFZ and the direction of the Reşadiye fissure-ridge travertine. This 39° angle between the extensional cracks in the fissure-ridge travertine and the NAFZ is compatible with extensional fractures developing in wellformed strike-slip faults at an angle of ~45° with the master fault. U/Th determination of two samples from
banded travertines from the travertine deposits yielded ages of 7,563 and 12,529years. Combined with other evidence, the samples
indicate an opening rate of 0.093 mm/year for the Reşadiye geothermal travertine field.
... Indeed, travertines represent unique records of hydrological systems. Despite these deposits being common worldwide in a variety of hydrological settings, emphasis is on the study of those linked to tectonic activity and extensional fault systems (Faccenna et al., 2008;Zentmyer et al., 2008;De Filippis et al., 2013;Erol et al., 2015;Brogi et al., 2016). The deposition of travertines considerably impacts the landscape evolution (De Filippis et al., 2013). ...
The Apennines chain is an active Neogene fold-and-thrust belt resulting from the westward subduction of the Adriatic microplate. Starting from the end of the Early Pleistocene, the chain was affected by an increase in regional uplift. Recent GPS data resolved uplift rates of 1–2 mm/yr for the whole Apennines, whereas, in the Adriatic flank, several studies estimated rates between 0.3 and 0.5 mm/yr over the last 1 Myr. A number of works investigated the evolution of the drainage systems along the Periadriaticmargin of the Apennines providing long-term incision rates. Studies fromthe northern part of this sector reported uplift rates varying from0.2 to 1.1 mm/yr, whereas only few studies concentrated on the central sector of the Adriatic flank of the Apennines, focusing mainly on the evolution of the lower reach of major rivers. This work aims to quantify the long-term rock uplift and incision rates of the eastern portion of the central Apennines through the analysis of the Tronto River basin. Because of its geologic and geomorphological configurations, this basin is an ideal test site to investigate the influence of tectonics and climate on the recent topographic evolution of the central Apennines. The
basin extends,with a roughlyWSW-ENE direction, from the inner sector of the chain to the Adriatic coast, crossing several tectonic structures such as the Amatrice extensional basin and the Acquasanta and Montagna dei Fiori anticlines. In particular, in the Acquasanta Termearea, the right flank of the Tronto River valley is characterized by
fluvial and travertine deposits organized and exposed in several levels. In thiswork, we investigated the hydrography (river longitudinal profiles) and topography (swath profile, slope, and local relief) of the Tronto River basin coupling these data with field observations and geochronological analysis on the continental sediments (fluvial
deposits and travertines) outcropping in the Acquasanta Terme area. To better characterize the nature of travertines, we performed geochemical characterization of three travertine-forming thermal springs obtaining their physico-chemical parameters, the percentage of dissolved gases, and the isotopes content. Finally, we applied
a knickpoint celerity model to chronologically constrain the geomorphological evolution of the whole drainage system. The results show the occurrence of a continuous tectonic uplift (~0.5 mm/yr) across the study area since Middle Pleistocene. The uplift, together with climate fluctuations, drove the incision (~0.6 mm/yr) of the
landscape and the delineation of the present drainage network. These data are consistentwith previous estimates of uplift and incision rates in adjacent areas and provide newconstraints on the Quaternary evolution of the central Apennines. This study highlights how the coupling of field surveys with morphometric and topographic analyses
of a drainage system is crucial to understand and quantify the influence of tectonic and climate changes in shaping the landscape.
... Faults opening can be triggered by earthquakes, fluid overpressures, or localized dissolution (Gratier & Gueydan, 2007). Due to the fluids circulation and carbonate dissolution, the deposition of travertines may occur along faults and fissures that are seismically controlled rather than the near surface hydrologic regime (Faccenna et al., 2008;Özkul et al., 2013;Erol et al., 2015 and references therein; Smeraglia et al., 2018) or in hydrothermal conditions linked to primary sulfide ores (Slowakiewicz, 2003). Thus, travertine deposits have the potential to directly record information regarding fluid composition and the permeability of fracture networks during or after the seismic activity (Verhaert et al., 2003(Verhaert et al., , 2004. ...
The understanding of the relationship between the geochemistry of fluids circulating during travertine deposition and the presence of active faults are crucial for evaluating the seismogenetic potential of an area. Here, we investigate travertines from Pamukkale and Reşadiye (Turkey), sited in seismic regions and next to thermal springs. These travertines formed ~24,500‐50,000 (Pamukkale) and ~240‐14,600 years (Reşadiye) BP. We characterize fluid inclusions (FI) and studied concentration of H2O, CO2, O2+N2, and 3He, 4He, 20Ne, and 40Ar, and bulk composition (trace elements and δ13C‐δ18O).
FI from both localities are mainly primary with low salinity and homogenization temperature around 136‐140°C. H2O is the major component followed by CO2, with the highest gas content measured in Pamukkale travertines. Concentrations of Ne‐Ar together with O2+N2 indicate that travertines from both areas precipitated from atmosphere‐derived fluids. The 3He/4He is 0.5‐1.3 Ra in Pamukkale and 0.9‐4.4 Ra in Reşadiye. Samples with R/Ra>1 are modified by cosmogenic 3He addition during exposure to cosmic rays. Excluding these data, FI of Reşadiye are mostly atmosphere‐derived. This implies a shallow formation where the circulation was dominated by meteoric waters, which is consistent with their young age. Instead, FI of Pamukkale show mixing of mantle‐, crustal‐, and atmosphere‐derived He, indicating that these travertines formed in lithospheric fractures.
Based on the δ13CCO2 and δ18O of bulk rocks, we infer that travertines formed involving crustal‐ (mechanochemical rather than organic) and mantle‐derived CO2. Trace elements of Pamukkale and Reşadiye show comparable REE patterns. We conclude that travertines formed in response of seismogenetic activity.
... Fissure ridges are one of the most prominent depositional morphologies in geothermal fields where travertine deposition took place. Fissure-ridge morphology resulted most likely from hot-spring waters flowing to the surface along preexisting linear vertical planes of weakness (Altunel & Hancock, 1993;Çolak et al., 2015;Mesci, 2013). Vertically banded travertines, dense, nonporous and completely crystalline, was probably deposited from ascending hot waters along the fissure space (Altunel & Hancock, 1993). ...
The hot springs of the Hisaralan geothermal site, located 25 km NE of the Sındırgı town, Balıkesir, in NW Turkey, on a SW facing slope, have led to arise spectacular travertine landscapes that are characterized by the unusual spring towers and other depositional morphologies such as spring mound, slope, waterfall and fissure ridge. The oldest rock unit in the area is the Bornova Flysch. They are covered by the Miocene volcanic rocks such as dacite-rhyodacite. The hot springs oversaturated with respect to calcite and aragonite and their temperatures range from 55 to 99°C. About 60 spring towers were recognised in the study area, some of them reach up to 5 m in height. Presently, the towers are mostly inactive; however, several ones are still active along the Serin stream to the west of the study area. The active towers are formed by the artesian springs. Currently, the spring area and hot waters are being used inappropriately for mainly greenhouse and domestic heating by the local people. Consequently, the Hisaralan geothermal site needs urgently protection and a proper management. After this study, the Hisaralan geothermal field was proposed to the goverment as a potential geopark to be established in NW Turkey.
... Turkey, Hungary, off shore Brazil) in which inactive travertines are present at elevated topographic levels, because they were cut off from the main water table due to tectonic uplift, and where active spring travertine precipitation has shifted to lower areas (e.g. González-Martín et al., 1989;Capezzuoli et al., 2010;Özkul et al., 2010;Özkul et al., 2013;Çolak Erol et al., 2015;Claes et al., 2017a;Wang et al., 2017). This also occurred in the DGHS as the Killik dome is younger than the travertine developed along the northern margin flank. ...
... Turkey, Hungary, off shore Brazil) in which inactive travertines are present at elevated topographic levels, because they were cut off from the main water table due to tectonic uplift, and where active spring travertine precipitation has shifted to lower areas (e.g. González-Martín et al., 1989;Capezzuoli et al., 2010;Özkul et al., 2010;Özkul et al., 2013;Çolak Erol et al., 2015;Claes et al., 2017a;Wang et al., 2017). This also occurred in the DGHS as the Killik dome is younger than the travertine developed along the northern margin flank. ...
Travertine geobodies have been identified as potential reservoir analogues to carbonate build-ups in pre-salt hydrocarbon systems. To investigate travertine geobody deformation, faults were mapped in 35 travertine quarries that excavate the Ballık travertine, i.e. a c. 12.5 km2 large travertine geobody that precipitated at the intersection of the NE margin of the Denizli Basin and neighbouring Baklan Graben (SW Turkey). This travertine precipitated from cooling carbonate-saturated thermal spring waters that resurfaced along the margin fracture/fault network and through Neogene unconsolidated underlying sediments. From the Denizli basin floor to the uplifted graben shoulders, fault orientation is dominantly WNW-ESE oriented with major basin faults showing a left-stepping trend. Along the upper Denizli margin, travertine is only deformed by extensional normal faults. Along the lower margin, travertine starts with a subhorizontal facies but evolves to a travertine facies formed by a sloping topography with a domal architecture. Paleostress inversion of fault-slip data reveals that an Early Pleistocene NNE-SSW extensional-transtensional phase initiated the WNW-ESE oriented, graben-facing normal fault network. In the Middle Pleistocene, the Ballık fault network was left-lateral strike-slip reactivated because it acted as a transfer zone between the NW-SE extending neighbouring Baklan Basin and NW-SE extension along NE-SW oriented margin faults of the DGHS. In this stress configuration, travertine precipitated along the SW margin fault of the Baklan Graben. After strike-slip reactivation, a Late Pleistocene-to-current NNE-SSW extensional stress regime reinstalled during which margin faults widened and active travertine precipitation moved to more central parts of the DGHS. As different tectonic regimes affect graben intersections, reservoir analogues can have a complex deformation history driven by fault reactivation and recurrent stress permutations. This study concludes that large travertine geobodies can form at graben intersections because of their susceptibility to enhanced fluid flow through the complex fault-fracture network.
... From the end of the 1800's to the present, travertines and tufas have been investigated with different aims and methods including chemistry of waters forming travertines, mineralogy and petrography of travertines, and geochemical and sedimentalogical properties (Barnes, 1965;Barnes & O'Neil, 1971;Bencini, Duchi, & Martini, 1977;Buccino, D'argenio, & Ferri, 1978;Chafetz & Butler, 1980;Chafetz & Folk, 1984;Feth & Barnes, 1979;Folk, Chafetz, & Tiezzi, 1985;Ford & Pedley, 1992;Friedman, 1970;Gonfiantini, Panichi, & Tangiorgi, 1968;Hayden, 1872;Heımann & Sass, 1989;Jacabson & Usdowski, 1975;Julia, 1983;Jones, 1925;Leeman, Doe, & Whelan, 1977;Love & Chafetz, 1988;Pentecost, 2005;Russell, 1882;Weed, 1890). After the 1960's studies related to active tectonics and morphological properties of travertines are noteworthy (Altunel, 1994(Altunel, , 1996Altunel & Hancock 1993a, 1993b, 1996Barnes, Irwin, & White, 1978;Brogi & Capezzuoli, 2009;Brogi, Capezzuoli, Alçiçek, & Gandin, 2014;Brogi et al., 2016;Çakır, 1999;Çolak Erol, Özkul, Aksoy, Kele, & Ghaleb, 2015;De Filippis, Anzalone, et al., 2013;De Filippis & Billi, 2012;De Filippis, Faccenna, et al., 2013;Hancock, Chalmers, Altunel, & Çakir, 1999;Mesci, 2012;Mesci, Gürsoy, & Tatar, 2008;Pazzaglia et al., 2013;Scholl, 1960;Temiz & Eikenberg, 2011). ...
... Downloaded by [191.101.88.126] at 17:35 07 December 2017 (Altunel, 1994;Çakır, 1999;Altunel & Hancock, 1993a, 1993b, 1996Altunel, 1996;Hancock et al., 1999, Brogi et al., 2014Mesci et al., 2008;Brogi & Capezzuoli, 2009;Temiz et al., 2009;Mesci, 2012;Çolak Erol et al., 2015;Brogi et al., 2016). ...
Sıcak Çermik (Sivas) is an important geothermal and recent travertine formation area in Central Anatolia. The majority of travertines found in the region comprise fissure-ridge type travertines according to morphological classification. At the location called Tepe Çermik within the travertine area, fill containing fossil bone fragments of Equus sp., Bovidae and other abundant animals formed within the fracture axis of a N–S striking fissure-ridge travertine developed under control of tectonic forces. The finds of these fossils in fissure-ridge travertines linked to tectonic forces indicates formation of a unique fossil environment created under the control of these forces. The Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Radiocarbon Dating analyses of fossils from the study area determined the fills were older than 43,000 years. The U/Th age of a sample from the most recently-formed banded travertine in the axis of the fracture was identified as 278,540 ± 18,436 years. As a result, the ages of fossils found within this fill are thought to be between 43,000 and 278,540 ± 18,436 years old. The high amount of perissodactyla and artiodactyla fossils found within fill in the axis of the fissure-ridge travertine probably indicates the presence of hominids who chose the region for hunting or settlement. The Equus sp. and Bovidae fossil samples found in the axis of the fracture indicate that in the dry and cold glacial period the paleogeography in a large portion of Anatolia comprised desert-like steppe.
