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(a) Panoramic view of the Bentenaki area at the centre of Heraklion city. The hatched polygon on the coastline shows the position of the excavated palaeochristian church. (b) Recent view of Saint Petros church, which is located along the Sof. Venizelou Avenue.
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Ongoing and extensive urbanisation, which is frequently accompanied with careless construction works, may threaten important archaeological structures that are still buried in the urban areas. Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) and Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) methods are most promising alternatives for resolving buried archaeological struct...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... study 1: Bentenaki, Heraklion Figure 3a shows the Bentenaki area, which is located along the north coast seaside in the central part of Heraklion city. Figure 3b is a view of Saint Petros church from the north-east. ...
Context 2
... study 1: Bentenaki, Heraklion Figure 3a shows the Bentenaki area, which is located along the north coast seaside in the central part of Heraklion city. Figure 3b is a view of Saint Petros church from the north-east. This church is located in an area that extends to the west between Sof. ...
Context 3
... has frescos and inscription fragments, and seems to comprise part of a more extensive construction complex. The polygon in Figure 3a exhibits the location of this palaeochristian church. In Bentenaki, the geophysical investigations were conducted along Sof. ...
Context 4
... Avenue from the 18th English Square at the east to the intersection of Sof. Venizelou and Mitsotaki Avenues at the west, as illustrated in Figures 3a and 4a, respectively. Due to the urgent construction works that were being carried out in the region to restore the seaside avenue, the area was initially covered using the GPR technique, but ERT measurements were taken only within a section of the site to provide further verification of the GPR results. ...
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... With new inversion procedures and robustness in performing field tests, geophysical investigations have been extensively used in geotechnical prospecting (Durdag, Drahor, and Yaglıderec 2023;Perrone, Lapenna, and Piscitelli 2014). For geotechnical work, commonly used geophysical methods are Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) (Hasan et al. 2020;Srivastava, Pal, and Kumar 2020), Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR) Papadopoulos et al. 2009), Seismic Refraction (Imani et al. 2021), and Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW) (Cardarelli, Cercato, and Di Filippo 2007). ...
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... Among these, Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is one of the most flexible and diffuse methods due to its effectiveness (provided adequate environmental conditions) in identifying shallow archaeological features with a high spatial resolution [37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56]. GPR methods comprise numerous techniques of measure which mainly differ in the use of reflected or transmitted electromagnetic signals to study inaccessible domains of the medium. ...
Stratigraphy is a fundamental classification tool for archaeology on which modern excavation techniques are based, and essentially consists of a sedimentological, pedological and archaeological interpretation of the multiple cultural layers found while digging; this concept can be adopted when studying monumental buildings and, in particular, their hidden parts or elements. The precious and delicate surfaces of monuments need non-invasive techniques such as geophysical methods and in the present article, the use of GPR technique has been exploited through a dataset collected over the nave of the church of San Leonardo de Siete Fuentes in Sardinia. First, the georadar results have been jointly analyzed by means of the B- and C-scans, in which some most significant patterns were detected and analyzed by looking at their signal features over the investigated volume. Following the analysis, elements from the signal attribute analysis and horizon detection and visualization, with a 3D approach, were used. To strengthen the reliability of the GPR results, a thermal infrared survey was simultaneously carried out. Thanks to the integrated geophysical and historical analysis of the monument, the ancient layout of the church has been reconstructed and other targets of potential archaeological interest identified
... Aswan governorate is one of Egypt's richest towns in terms of ancient relics like as temples and tombs; some of these relics have been excavated, but too many are yet to be discovered. In the current study, two geophysical techniques have been applied; the Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) which is a common technique in archaeological prospection (El-Qady et al. 2005a;Papadopoulos et al. 2009). Traditionally, Shallow seismic methods have demonstrated capabilities in in-situ geotechnical evaluation and site effects estimation (Othman 2005;Fat-Helbary et al. 2019a, b), consequently, the Multi-Channel Analysis of Surface Wave (MASW), represents one of these valuable seismic techniques which not only applied in the geotechnical engineering field (Hamed, 2019), but also, in the archaeological prospection trend, for detecting any hidden low velocity objects beneath the earth surface (El-Qady et al. 2005b;Kamai 2015;Anbazhagan et al. 2018 andMohamed et al. 2019). ...
Aswan is one of Egypt’s most attractive cities, with numerous of historical monuments. The current work in the Aghakhan archaeological site, is primarily focused on the acquisition, processing, and interpretation of the obtained geophysical data, for delineating any possible buried archaeological relics or tombs. For achieving this goal, Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) and Multichannel Analysis of Surface Wave (MASW) have been applied with minimal time, effort, and expense. First of all, GPR measurements were conducted over the archaeological sites with 26 profiles running from south to north and 16 profiles extend from west to east direction with profiles interval 2 m. This study provides a broad overview of the subsurface archaeological features. In additions, GPR data in the form of time-slice maps reveal several notable anomalies buried in Aghakhan site. Sequentially, to validate the results, the Multichannel Analysis of Surface Wave (MASW) technique is applied; eight profiles were conducted in the same location of the GPR’s profiles. Indeed, the integration and comparison between the GPR’s and MASW’s profiles is commonly utilized to complete the image, and it revealed successfully a range of probable archaeological features and structures buried at a depth of around 2–3 m, which may be interpreted as tombs and ancient structure walls.
... Aswan governorate is one of Egypt's richest towns in terms of ancient relics like as temples and tombs; some of these relics have been excavated, but too many are yet to be discovered. In the current study, two geophysical techniques have been applied; the Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) which is a common technique in archaeological prospection (El-Qady et al. 2005a;Papadopoulos et al. 2009). Traditionally, Shallow seismic methods have demonstrated capabilities in in-situ geotechnical evaluation and site effects estimation (Othman 2005;Fat-Helbary et al. 2019a, b), consequently, the Multi-Channel Analysis of Surface Wave (MASW), represents one of these valuable seismic techniques which not only applied in the geotechnical engineering field (Hamed, 2019), but also, in the archaeological prospection trend, for detecting any hidden low velocity objects beneath the earth surface (El-Qady et al. 2005b;Kamai 2015;Anbazhagan et al. 2018 andMohamed et al. 2019). ...
Nowadays, the integration of Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) and magnetic methods has been widely used in archaeological prospections for producing high resolution images of multidimensional targets. This integration was applied for the first time in Tell Dibgou, Northeastern Nile Delta (Egypt) to image the Islamic architectures which has been proved by the findings of mud-bricks, pottery and glass in the highly landscapes. The ERT and magnetic surveys were conducted in three integrated steps. At first, a Wenner Beta (WB) resistivity profile was measured perpendicular to the axis of the hill. Then, the Total Magnetic Field (TMF) survey was carried out on a grid covered the highest part of the area. Finally, the expected targets in the form of walls and closed rooms were imaged by high resolution 2D and 3D ERT surveys. The correlation between ERT (2D/3D) and magnetic results was satisfactory for imaging the unseen archaeological structures as indicated from the excavations during and after the geophysical surveys. Therefore, the joint application of ERT and magnetic techniques for near surface prospecting represents a very useful tool for multidimensional archaeological investigations and can provide a quantitative contribution to describe the spatial distribution of unseen objects. The interpretation of the 2D and 3D resistivity imaging provided information on existence of linear resistivity anomalies corresponding to buried walls and some small archaeological remains detached from the main walls. Additionally, the Tilt Angle and Euler Deconvolution techniques have been used to the magnetic data in a comparative manner with ERT results to determine the positions and depths of buried structures. The results constitute an encouraging approach using joint application of ERT and magnetic methods for further archaeological prospection in other parts of Tell Dibgou or elsewhere.
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Dealing with cultural heritage is a sensitive process since each monument has its history, story, conditions, and scharacter. In this work, we assessed and evaluated the seismic vulnerability of a well-preserved cultural heritage structure that is the minaret of the Madrasa of the Princess Tatar al-Higaziya in Cairo. We selected the minaret site's input seismic source based on a physics-based ground motion simulation named multi-scenario seismic input (MCSI). This seismic source was used for the assessment of the dynamic behaviour of the minaret. A detailed numerical model of the minaret was developed in SAP2000. An initial bi-directional response spectrum analysis was performed on the minaret, considering the coefficient of subgrade reaction of soil. Both a record of the 1992 Cairo earthquake and synthetic seismograms were used. The calculations confirm no damage in the case of the 1992 earthquake while, in the worst-case scenario, the minaret could suffer significant tensile stresses that exceed the tensile strength of the limestone material. Results denote enormous cracking and even crushing in the minaret body, particularly at the base and at a geometry transition zone right above the base. Furthermore, the tensile stresses’ level predicts collapse or severe minaret damage under the C-MCSI-50% bidirectional response spectrum load. Results were confirmed by time-history analyses performed on the model. The results emphasize the importance of predicting the behaviour of heritage and historical structures against strong earthquakes, especially for those that share similar structural characteristics (e.g., height, construction time and materials) with our case study historical structure.
... The area around this part of the canal was then investigated by geophysical prospecting to verify the possible presence, depth, and extension of other structures related to the Roman theatre described at the end of the 18th century and to define its overall dimension. The use of geophysical prospecting for archaeological purposes in urban contexts is conventionally associated with the ground-penetrating radar (GPR) application [11][12][13][14][15][16][17] and rarely finds examples of other non-invasive techniques [18][19][20][21][22][23]. The possibility of applying different geophysical methods for archaeological investigations in rural sites (e.g., magnetic, electromagnetic (EM), resistivity) [18,[24][25][26][27][28][29] in modern urban areas is strictly limited by paving stones, cobblestones, asphalt, underground utility networks, and, more generally, EM or magnetic noise. ...
The Roman theatre of Padua stood in the area now occupied by Prato della Valle, a huge elliptical-shaped square with a central green part (Isola Memmia) surrounded by a canal, built in the second half of the 18th century and part of the modern urban city center of Padua. Some still-preserved remains of the Roman theatre stand at the bottom of this canal. Recently, in 2017, emptying and cleaning the canal and excavating these remains, which had been known in the past, new geometrical and archaeological information has been collected. To date, however, there are no specific indications about additional preserved buried parts of the Roman theatre and its overall extent between the central and the outer part of Prato della Valle. Therefore, several electrical resistivity tomographies (ERT) and ground penetrating radar (GPR) sections were collected in 2017 to gather new information. The results of geophysical prospecting with recent archaeological evidence and historical documents, even the complexity of the urban environment, provide further details on the possible extent and location of additional buried remains of the Roman theatre, opening new archaeological considerations and issues related to the use of ERT and GPR in urban contexts.
... Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) has been successfully used for many years in survey of different archaeological sites (see Goodman et al., 2008;Jol and Harry, 2008;Coyners, 2013Coyners, , 2016Goodman and Piro, 2013;Witten, 2017;Welc et al., 2017Welc et al., , 2019aWelc et al., , b, 2020Deiana et al., 2018, and many others). At present, this method is also more and more often used in studies of sites with remains of ancient architecture (see among others: Negri and Leucci, 2006;Nuzzo et al., 2009;Papadopoulos et al., 2009;Trinks et al., 2009;Leucci et al., 2013;Benedetto and Pajewski, 2015;Malfitana et al., 2015;Monteroso-Checa et al., 2019;Welc et al., 2022). ...
The ground-penetrating radar (GPR) method has been used for many years in archaeological research. However, this method is still not widely used in studies of past architecture. The biggest problem with the implementation of the GPR method at such sites is usually connected with extensive debris layers, plant cover and standing relics of walls and other features that restrict the available measurement area. Despite of these, properly performed GPR surveys, even on a small area, can yield significant information concerning underground architectural relicts. Moreover, the results of GPR profiling integrated with historical and archeological data allow for three-dimensional reconstruction of the examined architectural monuments and in the next step, they track architectural transformations. Relics of the Romanesque St. Peter monastery, located in the northern part of the Island of Rab, is a good example of the successful GPR survey. Results of the performed geophysical reconnaissance in conjunction with the query of archival materials made it possible to visualize a spatial (3D) appearance of three main phases of the site architectural development, despite a very limited area available for geophysical survey. According to the authors, such a comprehensive approach should be a standard in contemporary geophysical research focused on relics of the past architecture.
... GPR has the advantages of a fast and simple detection process and good detection performance, and it is widely used as a tool for underground soil foreign matter detection [1][2][3], road health detection [4,5], bridge quality inspection [6], and archaeological surveys [7,8], among other areas in detection experiments. ...
Hard foreign objects such as bricks, wood, metal materials, and plastics in orchard soil can affect the operational safety of garden machinery. Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR) is widely used for the detection of hard foreign objects in soil due to its advantages of non-destructive detection (NDT), easy portability, and high efficiency. At present, the degree of automatic identification applied in soil-oriented foreign object detection based on GPR falls short of the industry’s expectations. To further enhance the accuracy and efficiency of soil-oriented foreign object detection, we combined GPR and intelligent technology to conduct research on three aspects: acquiring real-time GPR images, using the YOLOv5 algorithm for real-time target detection and the coordinate positioning of GPR images, and the construction of a detection system based on ground-penetrating radar and the YOLOv5 algorithm that automatically detects target characteristic curves in ground-penetrating radar images. In addition, taking five groups of test results of detecting different diameters of rebar inside the soil as an example, the obtained average error of detecting the depth of rebar using the detection system is within 0.02 m, and the error of detecting rebar along the measuring line direction from the location of the starting point of GPR detection is within 0.08 m. The experimental results show that the detection system is important for identifying and positioning foreign objects inside the soil.
... Because electromagnetic wave detection has the advantages of non-destructive detection, a fast detection process, and high detection accuracy, it is widely used for the detection of underground foreign objects [3,4], urban pavement [5][6][7], bridge safety [8,9], and tunnel cavities [10,11], as well as in archaeological exploration [12,13] and other survey experiments. Researchers can use the characteristic components of common GPR two-dimensional cross-sectional images, which specifically appear as images similar to hyperbolic features, allowing researchers to quickly identify whether there is foreign matter in the underground medium [14]. ...
Ground penetrating radar (GPR) detection is a popular technology in civil engineering. Because of its advantages of non-destructive testing (NDT) and high work efficiency, GPR is widely used to detect hard foreign objects in soil. However, the interpretation of GPR images relies heavily on the work experience of researchers, which may lead to problems of low detection efficiency and a high false recognition rate. Therefore, this paper proposes a real-time detection technology of GPR based on deep learning for the application of soil foreign object detection. In this study, the GPR image signal is obtained in real time by the GPR instrument and software, and the image signals are preprocessed to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the GPR image signals and improve the image quality. Then, in view of the problem that YOLOv5 poorly detects small targets, this study improves the problems of false detection and missed detection in real-time GPR detection by improving the network structure of YOLOv5, adding an attention mechanism, data enhancement, and other means. Finally, by establishing a regression equation for the position information of the ground penetrating radar, the precise localization of the foreign matter in the underground soil is realized.
... The GPR method is particularly efficient in low electrical conductivity soils. The GPR method can be used both in urban and rural contexts, and it is ideal for the detection and mapping of voids, build tombs, structural remains and the shallow bedrock (Benson, 1995;Davis & Annan, 1989;Papadopoulos et al., 2009;Tohge et al., 1998;Vaughan, 1986). ...
Cyprus, the third largest Mediterranean island, is located at an exceptional crossroad in the eastern Mediterranean, where cultures from the Middle East, Africa and Europe have interacted for more than 10 000 years. The aim of this paper is to present an exhaustive review of the past archaeological geophysical surveys on the island. The result of our research indicates that to date, more than 30 archaeological sites spanning from the Pre-Pottery Neolithic (ca. 10 000 BC) to the Venetian period (up to 1571 AD) have been investigated through noninvasive ground-based techniques. The investigations concern the mapping of the extent of ancient occupation (settlements and cemeteries), the study of the internal organization of settlements (domestic architecture, palaces and fortifications), the investigation of funerary structures (tombs) and the use of space within buildings. The methods implemented are multiple and often used in combination. Emphasis has been given to ground penetrating radar (GPR), electromagnetic induction (EMI) and magnetic and electrical resistance techniques. Most surveys have been targeted towards the production of maps representing the spatial distribution of the subsurface architectural residues, and sometimes these have been accompanied by soundings, tomographies, as well as 3D reconstructions of the ancient structures. Very few sites have been subjected to the measurements of the chemical or magnetic properties of the soils in relation to the results of geophysical prospection. Further discussion concerns (i) the targets of the archaeo-geophysical surveys in Cyprus, (ii) the limitations of the application of the specific techniques in relation to the Cypriot archaeological and geological context, (iii) the geophysical signatures of archaeological remains and (iv) the metadata accompanying the geophysical results.
