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(a). Palaeoecological diagram from Lake Turangmoroke core 2 (LTC2) showing changes in representation of major dryland pollen groups, aquatic pollen, algae and aquatic invertebrates. Exaggeration of selected curves is 6 5. Shaded band indicates section of core containing samples with fewer than 50 dryland grains. (b) Palaeoecological diagram from Lake Turangmoroke core 2 (LTC2) showing changes in fungi, other palynomorph Types and charcoal representation. Shaded band indicates
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Records of the past climate and vegetation of Australia are frequently constructed using data generated from the analysis of pollen and pteridophyte spores alone, or in association with sedimentology. We demonstrate that theorganic residue prepared for pollen analysis yields other organic-walled microfossils that can be used to provide additional a...
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... glyptosperma occurred in the LTC1 record in low numbers at the end of MIS 5.1 (base of zone 7, Figure 2) and together with Anthoceros type indicated regular incoming freshwater. Debarya glyptosperma also oc- curred throughout the Holocene in all lake records (zones 2 and 1 in Figure 2; zone 2 in Figure 3 and zone 4-2 in Figure 4) and, together with increased Glomus, consistent values for Cyperaceae and the presence of Typha, indicated lowered lake levels and increased sediment infill at the lakes' edges. This interpretation is consistent with the formation of Fiery Creek swamp at Lake Turangmoroke at *4300 calyr BP (*3900 14 C yr BP) identified by Crowley and Kershaw (1994) and a regional decline in precipitation recorded at many sites in southeastern Australia between *2000 and *5000 14 C BP (Bowler 1976;Jones et al. 1998). ...
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... reproduce, the cells of Spirogyra conjugate in a manner similar to that of many fungi; one cell empties content into another and the fusion produces a thick walled zygote, a resting stage for the organism. The occurrence of Spirogyra was most prevalent throughout the later parts of LTC2 and LB records (zones 2 and 1, Figures 3 and 4) and, although present sporadically and/or in low numbers throughout LTC1 record, it was mostly observed in LTC1 in MIS 2 and the European phase (zones 4 and 1). It often co- occurred with Zygnema type indicating freshwater inundations into lakes that were becoming more saline as they became more stagnant and shallow (e.g. ...
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... structure around ephippium of Bosmina meridionalis (LB 121-122 cm). Figure 2. Brachionus resting egg (LTC1 1-2 cm). Figure 3. Filinia resting egg (LB 41-42 cm). Figure 4. Keratella resting egg (LB 41-42 cm). Figure 5. Trichocerca, fragment of resting egg (LTC1 1-2 cm). Figure 6. ...
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... Australia, early estimates identified more than 10 genera and 24 species (Williams 1980); however, they are rarely seen in salt lakes (De Deckker 1988). Sponge spicules were most prevalent at the late glacial- Holocene transition in LTC1 (zone 4, Figure 2), mid- late Holocene in LTC2 (zones 3 and 2, Figure 3) and very late Holocene and the European phase in LB (zones 2 and 1, Figure 4). ...
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... the alga and cyst can be used in palaeoenvironmental reconstruction ( Mudie et al. 2004). In this study zygotic cysts occurred in the late Holocene and the European phase in the LTC1 record (zones 2 and 1, Figure 2) and in the late Holocene in the LTC2 record (zone 2, Figure 3). They are likely derived from material eroded from a local outcrop of marls, laterite and limestone deposited during a major Tertiary marine transgression ( Jackson et al. 1972; Jenkin 1988). ...
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... palynomorph Types (A1-A12) re- main unidentified. Type A1 (Plate 3, figure 3) is a globose spore, 22-42 mm in diameter, exclusive of the 1.5-4 mm long and closely spaced protuberances from the wall. In this study it is most strongly represented in the European phase and the earlier part of the Holocene of all records presented here (Figures 2-4) during saline conditions and/or swamp development. ...
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... this study it is most strongly represented in the European phase and the earlier part of the Holocene of all records presented here (Figures 2-4) during saline conditions and/or swamp development. Type A2 (Plate 3, figure 4) is a pyramid shaped palynomorph, 22 6 32 mm. It is four lobate and must not be confused with Type 501 (Zopfiella lundqvistii;van Geel et al. 1986;van Geel and Aptroot 2006) which is a three lobate flattened fungal spore. ...
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Citations
... They are formed below the soil surface and are not normally transported [54]. They are indicative of soil erosion in the catchment area and provide a useful line of evidence in palaeoecology [55]. ...
Palynomorph assemblages and mineral microfossils from five southern Red Sea coastal environments were studied to demonstrate their distribution pattern and suggest their source. The environments studied were 1. mangrove swamp 2. middle Holocene paleochannel 3. algal mat, 4. Sabia Island coral reef, and intertidal zone. The samples studied were from the top 3 cm semi-consolidated sediments from various environments. Standard palynological maceration technique was used to isolate palynomorphs. These sediment samples are mainly clay and fine sand and yielded low numbers but high diversity of palynomorph assemblages. They are grouped into pollen and spores, dinoflagellate cysts, and algal remains, fungal spores, hyphae and fruit bodies, protists, and invertebrates. A few Ascidian and sponge spicules, and phytoliths (mineral microfossils) occur in the Sabia Island coral reef environment. The protists and invertebrate remain include microforaminifera, thecamoebians, tintinnomorphs, crustacean and annelid palynomorphs. The assemblage also includes six form taxa belonging to the form genera Katora and Mangrovia. These palynomorphs belong to both marine and terrestrial environments and are of autochthonous and allochthonous origins. The source and genetic relationship of each palynomorphs is discussed.
... To reconstruct local hydrological evolution through time in different areas of the Taihu coastal plain we present selected non-pollen palynomorph (NPP) records (Cook et al., 2011;Shumilovskikh and van Geel, 2020) for those algal and fungal spores that are likely to have been produced and deposited close to in situ (Ingold, 1971), unless introduced with sediment via flooding events (Dai and Lu, 2010;Liu et al., 2020aLiu et al., , 2020b. These will therefore allow the reconstruction of sitespecific hydrological conditions, including factors such as water depth and quality, which can be interpreted in terms of wetland environments and plant communities. ...
... Similar to the northern side, LGEH Pyrenean records from the Iberian side usually lack charcoal records as fire proxies, except for the Portalet sequence, where Late Glacial wildfire incidence was lower than in the Early to Mid-Holocene, probably owing to the combination of higher temperatures and increased biomass fuel due to the expansion of deciduous forests since 10 cal kyr BP [20]. Other palynological parameters and proxies unusual on both northern and southern Pyrenean slopes are pollen accumulation rates (PAR), as a proxy for plant cover [21], and non-pollen palynomorphs (NPP), which have been demonstrated to be very useful for environmental reconstruction [22,23]. ...
This paper presents the first continuous (gap-free) Late Glacial-Early Holocene (LGEH) pollen record for the Iberian Pyrenees resolved at centennial resolution. The main aims are (i) to provide a standard chronostratigraphic correlation framework, (ii) to unravel the relationships between vegetation shifts, climatic changes and fire, and (iii) to obtain a regional picture of LGEH vegetation for the Pyrenees and the surrounding lowlands. Seven pollen assemblage zones were obtained and correlated with the stadial/interstadial phases of the Greenland ice cores that serve as a global reference. Several well-dated datums were also derived for keystone individual taxa that are useful for correlation purposes. Four vegetation types were identified, two of them corresponding to conifer and deciduous forests (Cf, Df) and two representing open vegetation types (O1, O2) with no modern analogs, dominated by Artemisia-Poaceae and Saxifraga-Cichorioideae, respectively. Forests dominated during interstadial phases (Bølling/Allerød and Early Holocene), whereas O1 dominated during stadials (Oldest Dryas and Younger Dryas), with O2 being important only in the first half of the Younger Dryas. The use of pollen-independent proxies for temperature and moisture allowed the reconstruction of paleoclimatic trends and the responses of the four vegetation types defined. The most relevant observation in this sense was the finding of wet climates during the Younger Dryas, which challenges the traditional view of arid conditions for this phase on the basis of former pollen records. Fire incidence was low until the Early Holocene, when regional fires were exacerbated, probably due to the combination of higher temperatures and forest biomass accumulation. These results are compared with the pollen records available for the whole Pyrenean range and the surrounding lowlands within the framework of elevational, climatic and biogeographical gradients. Some potential future developments are suggested on the basis of the obtained results, with an emphasis on the reconsideration of the LGEH spatiotemporal moisture patterns and the comparison of the Pyrenees with other European ranges from different climatic and biogeographical regions.
... Maximum sea level at this time is particularly indicated by the expansion and consistent presence of marine dinoflagellate cyst Operculinidium in Buoy and Five Sisters Lagoon from 6800 BP ( Figure 4B, C), a timing that is consistent with macrofossil-based Holocene sea-level change reconstruction for the Furneaux Group (Adeleye 2022) and the most recent reconstruction for southeast Australia (Dougherty et al. 2019). The abundance of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria Gloeotrichia in Buoy Lagoon ( Figure 4B) from 6800 to 5500 BP probably indicates oligotrophic conditions at the site due to a major decline in nutrient input (Cook et al. 2011) that may be linked to the cessation/reduction of nutrient-rich runoff from the nearby rookery at this time. This shows a possible disappearance or reduced rookery size on Hunter Island's west coast due to sea-level high stand and may explain the absence of human occupation evidence at least from 6500 to 5500 BP, given that mutton bird availability was one of the major historical reasons Aboriginal people visited the islands (Bowdler 1979). ...
... A drier-variable precipitation regime has been inferred for the region in the Late Holocene (Romano and Fletcher 2018;Saunders et al. 2012); however, this may not be supported by wetland hydrological changes in the Fleurieu Group. A freshwater rushland prevailed at Wilson's site during the past 10,000 years as indicated by the abundance of Restionaceae and presence of temporary/shallow freshwater algal Zygnemataceae (Adeleye et al. 2021a;Cook et al. 2011). However, the decline in Zygnemataceae and small increase in aquatic macrophyte Myriophyllum after 2000 BP may indicate an increase in wetland water level or longer inundation periods. ...
... Non-pollen palynomorphs (NPPs) are non-pollen microfossils of various organic origins found on pollen slides (Van Geel, 2001) and are increasingly valuable tools in palaeoenvironmental and biostratigraphic studies . NPPs have proven useful in detecting past environmental/ecological changes especially at local scales, complementing pollen-based reconstructions (e.g., Montoya et al., 2012;Van Geel, 1978;Van Geel et al., 1981, 1983, 1989Cook et al., 2011;Adeleye et al., 2021;Limaye et al., 2007;Medeanic and Silva, 2010;Quamar, 2014;Bankole et al., 2016;Shumilovskikh et al., 2017). NPPs are non-pollen microfossil remains on pollen slides, consisting largely of fungal and algal (including dinoflagellates) remains. ...
Freshwater algae – Botryococcus and Pediastrum, marine indices – dinoflagellates and microforaminiferal linings, and charred Poaceae cuticles are accessory palynomorphs commonly recovered from Niger Delta sediments. The abundant recovery of these non-pollen palynomorphs necessitates a test of their usefulness for sequence stratigraphic purposes. Bio-sequence stratigraphic data and stratigraphic distribution trends of Botryoccocus, Pediastrum and marine indices as well as charred Poaceae cuticles from three oil wells from the offshore shallow Niger Delta were collated and evaluated against systems tracts as well as sequence stratigraphic surfaces - transgressive surface, marine flooding surface and sequence boundary. Results show that the ratio of Botryococus:Pediatsrum:Marine index, and charred Poaceae cuticles have reliable sequence stratigraphic value in the studied area. This value will help in sequence stratigraphic study of the area particularly in its sand-dominated sequences characterized by poor faunal contents typical of the offshore shallow Niger Delta.
... Similar to the northern side, LGEH Pyrenean records from the Iberian side usually lack charcoal records as fire proxies, except for the Portalet sequence, where Lateglacial wildfire incidence was lower than in the Early-Mid Holocene, probably owing to the combination of higher temperatures and increased biomass fuel due to the expansion of deciduous forests since 10 cal kyr BP [20]. Other palynological parameters and proxies unusual on both northern and southern Pyrenean slopes are pollen accumulation rates (PAR), as a proxy for plant cover [21], and non-pollen palynomorphs (NPP), which have demonstrated to be very useful for environmental reconstruction [22,23]. ...
This paper presents the first continuous (gap-free) Lateglacial-Early Holocene (LGEH) pollen record for the Iberian Pyrenees resolved at centennial resolution. The main aims are (i) to provide a standard chronostratigraphic correlation framework, (ii) to unravel the relationships between vegetation shifts, climatic changes and fire, and (iii) to obtain a regional picture of LGEH vegetation for the Pyrenees and the surrounding lowlands. Seven pollen assemblage zones were obtained and correlated with the stadial/interstadial phases of the Greenland ice cores that serve as a global reference. Several well-dated datums were also derived for keystone individual taxa that are useful for correlation purposes. Four vegetation types were identified, two of them corresponding to conifer and deciduous forests (Cf, Df) and two representing open vegetation types with no modern analogs (periglacial herbs, or PH, and Saxifraga -Cichorioideae, or SC). The first two forests dominated during interstadial phases (Bølling/Allerød and Early Holocene), and PH dominated during stadials (Oldest Dryas and Younger Dryas), with SC being important only in the first half of the Younger Dryas. The use of pollen-independent proxies for temperature (oxygen isotopes) and moisture (titanium) allowed the reconstruction of paleoclimatic trends and the responses of the four vegetation types defined. The most relevant observation in this sense was the finding of wet climates during the Younger Dryas, which challenges the traditional view of arid Pyrenean conditions for this phase on the basis of former pollen records. Fire incidence was low until the early Holocene, when regional fires were exacerbated, probably due to the combination of higher temperatures and forest biomass accumulation. These results are compared with the pollen records available for the whole Pyrenean range and the surrounding lowlands within the framework of elevational, climatic and biogeographical gradients. Some potential future developments are suggested on the basis of the obtained results, with an emphasis on the reconsideration of the LGEH spatiotemporal moisture patterns and the comparison of the Pyrenees with other European ranges from different climatic and biogeographical regions.
... gracillimum), which strictly occur in freshwater ecosystems, as well the presence of fungal spores of Reduviasporonites suggests shallow aquatic habitats [40]. In addition, Filinia-type resting eggs ( Fig 7K) are common in fresh-brackish ponds and lakes [41,42]. Moreover, oribatid mites as Hydrozetes remains (Fig 7J) could also be restricted to freshwater habitats too (i.e., pools, ponds, raised bogs, lakes, slowly flowing waters, and submerse vegetation) [43]. ...
The southern Central Andes-or Puna-now contains specialized plant communities adapted to life in extreme environments. During the middle Eocene (~40 Ma), the Cordillera at these latitudes was barely uplifted and global climates were much warmer than today. No fossil plant remains have been discovered so far from this age in the Puna region to attest to past scenarios. Yet, we assume that the vegetation cover must have been very different from what it looks today. To test this hypothesis, we study a spore-pollen record from the mid Eocene Casa Grande Formation (Jujuy, northwestern Argentina). Although sampling is preliminary, we found ~70 morphotypes of spores, pollen grains and other palynomorphs, many of which were produced by taxa with tropical or subtropical modern distributions (e.g., Arecaceae, Ulmaceae Phyllostylon, Malvaceae Bombacoideae). Our reconstructed scenario implies the existence of a vegetated pond surrounded by trees, vines, and palms. We also report the northernmost records of a few unequivocal Gondwanan taxa (e.g., Nothofagus, Microcachrys), about 5,000 km north from their Patagonian-Antarctic hotspot. With few exceptions, the discovered taxa-both Neotropical and Gondwanan-became extinct from the region following the severe effects of the Andean uplift and the climate deterioration during the Neogene. We found no evidence for enhanced aridity nor cool conditions in the southern Central Andes at mid Eocene times. Instead, the overall assemblage represents a frost-free and humid to seasonally-dry ecosystem that prevailed near a lacustrine environment, in agreement with previous paleoenvironmental studies. Our reconstruction adds a further biotic component to the previously reported record of mammals.
... The fungi Diporotheca webbiae (HdV 143) and Brachysporium (HdV 360), common in mires dominated by alder [95,102,105,107] had only a scattered appearance at the study site. Coprophilous fungi Podospora-type [22,26,270] associated with grazing [107,154,271,272] appeared in only one sample, and the same was true of the Microthyrium fruitbody, indicative of palustrine plants [90]. The spermatophore of copepods, as an indicator of wetness [90,92,273,274], and the algae Spirogyra, as an indicator of similar moisture conditions [275][276][277] or even stagnant waters [95], were found in only one sample, and that was also the case with other NPPs. ...
The aim of this study was to reconstruct the vegetation changes, fire history and local landscape dynamics of central Croatia (the western part of southeastern Europe) from 9800 cal yr BP to the beginning of the Common Era. Pollen, non-pollen palynomorphs and charcoal were analyzed for the first time in the aforementioned area by modern palynological methods. Three different assemblage (sub)zones were identified: "Pinus-Fagus-Quercetum mixtum" (Preboreal), "Fagus-Corylus" (Boreal) and "Alnus-Fagus" (Atlantic, Subboreal and older Subatlantic). Additionally, the oldest observation (~9800 cal yr BP) of beech pollen for continental Croatia was confirmed by radi-ocarbon dating. Our results indicated a possibly milder climate with less extreme temperatures and higher precipitation during the Preboreal chronozone, alongside intensive flooding, a transition from a mosaic of wetland/wet grassland communities to alder carr during the Boreal, and an unusually long multi-thousand-year period, the annual presence of alder on the mire itself. An increase in the number of secondary anthropogenic indicators can be tracked from the 6th century BC to the beginning of the Common Era. Although regional vegetation changes are insufficiently clear, our results fill a gap in the interpretation of vegetation/palaeoenvironmental changes before the Common Era in in this part of Europe.
... Glomus species are found in nearly all terrestrial habitats, including arboreal land, deserts, grassland, tropical forest, and tundras. The endomycorrhizal fungus Glomus occurs on a variety of host plants, and chlamydospores are of a regular occurrence on pollen slides (Cook et al. 2011). ...
A total 31 sediment samples from a 150 cm deep sedimentary core was examined for the Non-Pollen Palynomorphs (NPPs) analysis from the Sakali wetland in order to provide an overview of palaeoenvironment in Majuli Island (world largest river island), Assam for the late Holocene. About 25 varieties of non-pollen palynomorphs were reported, out of which fungal spores were at high abundance along with scanty occurrence of zoological remains reflecting the past climate vegetation and faunal interactions in the region. The dominance of coprophilous fungi like Sordaria, Podospora, Ascodesmis, Coniochaeta (almost 40%) indicates the past occurrence of vast open-land areas with grazing activities of herbivorous animals. Some non-coprophilous fungi like Tetraploa, Dictyosporium, Cookeina indicates the rich floral diversity around the study site. Other fungal remains like Valsaria, Alternaria, Geastrum and Diploidia along with the presence of zoological remains like Neorhabdocoela are indicative of the freshwater ecosystem with diversified rich flora indicating warm and humid climate conditions in the region. The presence of Entophlyctis lobata at the bottom of the sedimentary core indicates the relatively dry climatic conditions in the island because this fungal spore is specific of the temperate region. The frequent soil erosional activities could be evident through the dominance of branched and solitary Glomus, attributable to the high flood-prone region resulting in the mixing of local vegetation with the outlandish vegetation. The scanty occurrence of Botryococcus, supports the high energy levels in wetland water, attributed to frequent flood activities. All these NPP varieties of fungal, algal and zoological affinities collectively display the past forest cover, palaeo-depositional environment, past climatic conditions, anthropogenic response and grazing activities in Majuli Island of Assam.KeywordsLate-HoloceneNon-pollen palynomorphsPalaeoenvironmentEcology, fungal sporesMajuli IslandAssam
... Glomus species are found in nearly all terrestrial habitats, including arboreal land, deserts, grassland, tropical forest, and tundras. The endomycorrhizal fungus Glomus occurs on a variety of host plants, and chlamydospores are of a regular occurrence on pollen slides (Cook et al. 2011). ...
A total 31 sediment samples from a 150 cm deep sedimentary core was examined for the Non-Pollen Palynomorphs (NPPs) analysis from the Sakali wetland in order to provide an overview of palaeoenvironment in Majuli Island (world largest river island), Assam for the late Holocene. About 25 varieties of non-pollen palynomorphs were reported, out of which fungal spores were at high abundance along with scanty occurrence of zoological remains reflecting the past climate vegetation and faunal interactions in the region. The dominance of coprophilous fungi like Sordaria, Podospora, Ascodesmis, Coniochaeta (almost 40%) indicates the past occurrence of vast open-land areas with grazing activities of herbivorous animals. Some non-coprophilous fungi like Tetraploa, Dictyosporium, Cookeina indicates the rich floral diversity around the study site. Other fungal remains like Valsaria, Alternaria, Geastrum and Diploidia along with the presence of zoological remains like Neorhabdocoela are indicative of the freshwater ecosystem with diversified rich flora indicating warm and humid climate conditions in the region. The presence of Entophlyctis lobata at the bottom of the sedimentary core indicates the relatively dry climatic conditions in the island because this fungal spore is specific of the temperate region. The frequent soil erosional activities could be evident through the dominance of branched and solitary Glomus, attributable to the high flood-prone region resulting in the mixing of local vegetation with the outlandish vegetation. The scanty occurrence of Botryococcus, supports the high energy levels in wetland water, attributed to frequent flood activities. All these NPP varieties of fungal, algal and zoological affinities collectively display the past forest cover, palaeo-depositional environment, past climatic conditions, anthropogenic response and grazing activities in Majuli Island of Assam.
