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a) Osso de Ishango; b) Osso de Lebombo; c ) Border Cave, estrato 1WA; d) Border Cave, estrato 2WA; e) Apolo 11 Cave ; f) Segundo Osso de Ishango. Fontes: a) Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Bruxelles; b,c,d : Beaumont, 2013; e) Vogelsang, 2010; f) http://ishango.naturalsciences.be/Flash/flash_local/Ishango-02- EN.html f
Source publication
How, where, when and by whom the Mathematics originated? Archaeological discoveries made in two techno-complexes in southern Africa, known as Still Bay (SB) and Howiesons Poort (HP), have recently been the subjects of intense attention from the academic world because they have characteristics that signal what is called "modern behavior" of our spec...
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Citations
... The Weltanschauung of a mathematician would be the contemplation of mathematics from inside the cage; the Uranschauung would be understanding how the cage and its contents were erected, which requires an external posture. We do not know whether the hominid predecessors of Hss knew and employed, consciously and intentionally, objects, concepts and mathematical processes because we are not provided with undoubted evidentiary artefacts that they were mathematising -that is, practicing what is now known as mathematics (Almeida, 2015a(Almeida, , 2015b(Almeida, , 2015c. ...
... The mode of implementation of these patterns has been described by Texier and colleagues (2010), and it seems that they have been standardised, since they are the same in all the fragments. Based on these studies, we can reconstruct (Almeida, 2015a(Almeida, , 2105b(Almeida, , 2015c the mathematical concepts which were then known and were consciously and intentionally employed: parallelism, (equi) distance, angle (straight) and the geometric shape of the rectangle. ...
... Taking the above findings together, the techno-complexes Still Bay and Howiesons Poort are strong candidates to be the Urheimat of mathematics, at least at the present stage of our knowledge (Almeida, 2015a(Almeida, , 2015b(Almeida, , 2015c. At the end of the fourth millennium, tokens were assuming a prodigious complexity, occurring an unprecedented symbolic explosion. ...
This Chapter emphasizes the importance of Ethnomathematics, as a program that integrates a Weltanschauung with a Uranschauung, to study the emergence of Mathematics. This science emerges as one of the many strategies developed by the Homo Sapiens in response to pulsions of survival and transcendence that experienced during their existence.
