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![a Map showing Seismic Zones of India (IS 1893-1, 2002). b Seismic Zone Map of the Bihar region situated in zone V [Bihar State Disaster Management Authority (BSDMA)]](profile/A-Burman/publication/313271787/figure/fig1/AS:941778727342120@1601548954939/a-Map-showing-Seismic-Zones-of-India-IS-1893-1-2002-b-Seismic-Zone-Map-of-the-Bihar.gif)
a Map showing Seismic Zones of India (IS 1893-1, 2002). b Seismic Zone Map of the Bihar region situated in zone V [Bihar State Disaster Management Authority (BSDMA)]
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Deterministic seismic hazard assessment based study using various attenuation relationships has been taken up to find out the peak ground acceleration (PGA) for Sitamarhi region situated near the Bihar Nepal border. Seismicity data were collected from Indian Meteorological Department, New Delhi and Seismotectonic Atlas of India (GSI 2000) and 38 se...
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Citations
... concern because of their deep sediments and proximity to the Himalayan collision zone, India's seismically most active zone [12]. Central thrust and the West Patna subsurface fault are the reasons for the contribution of maximum PGA [13,14]. Shams et al. [15], in their study, found that the Kishanganj district of Bihar is vulnerable to seismic hazards due to its high PGA value. ...
... The Kosi graben runs along the border of West Bengal (Purnea-Kasganj graben (Burnwal et al. 2017). The Munger-Saharsa Ridge fault, which passes from Morang in eastern Nepal to Biharsharif, is another fault that runs parallel to the previous two (ASC 2000). ...
The present study aims to estimate seismicity parameters, to develop seismotectonic and isoseismal maps for the Bihar state, India. The earthquake catalog is prepared with historical and instrumental seismic events for the last 190 years (from 1833 to 2022). The completeness period for different classes of magnitude (Mw), such as 3.5 < Mw ≤ 4.5, 4.5 < Mw ≤ 5.5, 5.5 < Mw ≤ 6.5, and 6.5 < Mw ≤ 8.0, is 80 (1940–2001), 170 (1851–2022), 140 (1881–2022), and 180 (1831–2011) years, respectively. The study area's seismicity parameters a and b range from 5.13 to 5.79 and 0.64 to 0.76, respectively. The return period of major seismic events (3.5 ≤ Mw ≤ 8.5) in the Himalayan region are estimated using Gumbel’s statistical analysis along with time- and magnitude-predictable model. It is obtained that return period (Tr) of Mw ≥ 7.0 is 44 years. A seismotectonic map is developed for the 350 km radius of the influence zone from the centre of Bihar (latitude 25.8560° N and longitude 85.7868° E) by taking accounts of faults, shear zones and lineaments. Intensity-based isoseismal maps have been developed for five past major earthquakes to determine how significantly they affected the study area. It is found that a maximum Medvedev–Sponheuer–Karnik (MSK) scale intensity of X could be felt in Bihar if similar seismic events occur. The outcome of this study may be further used for the seismic hazard assessment and assessment of seismic scenario-based planning purposes of the study area.
... Past evidence of the liquefaction phenomenon in the Indian subcontinent dates back to the nineteenth century. Earthquake events, such as the 1803 Garhwal earthquake having moment magnitude (Mw) of 7.7, the 1905 Kangra Earthquake having Mw of 7.8, the 1934 Bihar Earthquake having Mw of 8.2, the 2001 Bhuj Earthquake having Mw of 7.7, and the very recent 2015 Nepal Earthquake having Mw of 7.6 have caused several instances of liquefaction-induced damage in shallow and deep foundations, embankments, slopes, and marine structures, leading to huge loss of life and property (Burnwal, 2017). Fig. 1. presents a suumary of the failure of reinforced concrete (RC) and steel buildings on shallow foundations subjected to liquefaction, settlement, and earthquake shaking due to the mentioned earthquakes in the region. ...
... Ground shaking during an earthquake causes acceleration and the absolute maximum acceleration at any given station is the PGA. PGA is caused by both two-way ground movements where the length of faults, magnitude of earthquakes, the geology of subsurface and the distance between study area and the fault determine its amplitude (Burnwal et al. 2017). PGA is defined as the largest (absolute) value of acceleration obtained from a specific accelerogram (either horizontal or vertical) component. ...
The state of Uttarakhand has several prime population centers, and it is considered to be among the most seismically active regions of India. The article presents Artificial Neural Network-based prediction models using Multilayer Perceptron technique for the Himalayan earthquakes specifically for the region of Uttarakhand. Feed Forward Back Propagation Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm-based prediction models are developed for assessing the Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) and Significant Duration (SD) with the availability of independent parameters such as moment magnitude (Mw), focal depth (F), epicentral distance (E), hypocentral distance (H), and site class (SC) considering either rock or soil site. Two PGA models were developed having high correlation (R) of 0.896 and 0.916 respectively whereas the developed SD model showed correlation value of 0.873. The higher accuracy of the models was ensured by objectivity function (OBJ) values of 0.011 and 0.006 for the two PGA models respectively and 3.6 for the SD model. The developed models are compared with available prediction equations, and it is inferred that the models yield higher accuracy in predicting the earthquake parameters for Uttarakhand state of India. However, it should be noted that the models are suitable for magnitudes (Mw) between 3.0 and 7.0 and for hypocentral distance between 9 and 254 km.
... Kolathayar (2012) estimated 0.2-0.35 g around NCH and 0.3 g around Delhi, Burnwal et al. (2017) found that the maximum PGA around central Himalayas was 0.262 g using the GMPE by Singh et al. (1996). The current study showcases a higher PGA in the regions with 0.2-0.4 ...
A comprehensive Deterministic Seismic Hazard Assessment (DSHA) of the North and Central Himalayas (NCH) is attempted in the current study using recently developed strong-motion data based region-specific Ground Motion Prediction Equations (GMPEs). Two source models, linear and point sources are used for hazard assessment. An updated seismotectonic map of the NCH is developed by identifying and merging the seismic sources from the Seismotectonic Atlas (SEISAT, 2000) developed by the Geological Survey of India and recent literature, and a homogenized, declustered up to date earthquake catalogue with events since 250BC. The NCH is divided into grids of size approximately 5km×5km, and the bedrock level Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) at the center of each grid point is estimated using a region-specific GMPE considering both source models. The PGA values estimated at these points are exported to a GIS platform to develop a seismic hazard map of the region, separately for different sources, average and maximum of both the sources. It is observed from the current study that the PGA estimated is apparently greater than what is recommended in the codal provisions for seismic zonation and estimation of design horizontal acceleration for the NCH.
... In contrast, Joshi et al. [41] reported evidence of deep soil liquefaction around Agra. During the recent 2005 Kashmir and 2015 Gorkha earthquakes, sand boils were observed in the Kashmir and Bihar Plain areas [42][43][44]. Due to these earthquake scenarios, several experimental and numerical studies have been conducted for Indo-Gangetic Plain soils [1,[45][46][47][48]. These studies suggested that soils from Indo-Gangetic Plain have low cyclic resistance and are prone to liquefaction at shallow to moderate depth. ...
Recently, biochar has been widely used in geotechnical and environmental
engineering to solve various engineering problems. However, very few studies have
been carried out to understand the cyclic behavior of the biochar treated soil. This
study explores the possibility of using environment-friendly and stable carbon material
(i.e., biochar) for enhancing the cyclic strength of Ganga sand. In this study, Ganga
sand (located in Northern India) samples are dry mixed with 3%, 6%, and 10% biochar
by weight and tested under low strain-controlled cyclic triaxial tests. The test results
demonstrated a 30%-50% increase in the number of loading cycles for biochar mixed
sand than clean Ganga sand. Based on the cyclic test results, it may be inferred that
biochar can be used as soil amendments to increase the liquefaction resistance of
sandy soil. Future studies need to be conducted to understand the influence of the type
of biochar (i.e., pyrolysis temperature and feedstock type such as plant/animal waste)
on the liquefaction potential of soils. However, such studies will promote commercial
production of biochar as it is considered as an essential material owing to it carbon
sequestration effects
... Horizontal PGA is typically greater, compared to its vertical component in most of the cases and is considered more critical. The PGA values are used to produce shake maps, calculate liquefaction potential and develop response spectra for the region (Burnwal et al. 2017). ...
... As the occurrence of an earthquake is an uncertain phenomenon, Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA) is nowadays being preferred as this method takes into account of the related uncertainties associated with the determination of various seismic parameters (Iyengar and Ghosh 2004;Kumar et al. 2017). However, Deterministic Seismic Hazard Analysis (DSHA) based investigations are still being carried out as it is suitable for a place where reasonably active and well-defined tectonic features are present in determining the maximum credible Thakur et al. 2014) earthquake (MCE) motion at the site and determine the earthquake ground motions, which will be used in the design of the structure (Burnwal et al. 2017). ...
... This study shows that several tests are required to be completed in choosing an attenuation relationship for any hazard study for a given area. Burnwal et al. (2017) recognized 38 seismotectonic sources within 350 km radius around Sitamarhi region situated near the Bihar Nepal border and estimated the value of peak ground acceleration (PGA) using various attenuation relationships. Seismicity data had been collected from Indian Meteorological Department, New Delhi and from Seismotectonic Atlas of India (GSI 2000) and 38 seismotectonic sources were recognized in the region. ...
The districts of Madhubani and Supaul lie near Bihar–Nepal border along foothills of Himalaya. Different attenuation relationships applicable for the Himalayan region have been used to estimate the site-specific Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) for the Madhubani and Supaul region on the basis of Deterministic Seismic Hazard Assessment (DSHA) study. Seismicity data have been collected from IMD, New Delhi and forty seismotectonic sources were recognized in the region from Seismotectonic Atlas of India (GSI in Seismotectonic atlas of India and its environs, Geological Survey of India, Kolkata, 2000). Hypocentral distances have been measured using ArcGIS software. Maximum Peak ground acceleration value is found to occur for Main Central Thrust fault for both these districts.
Ground Motion Prediction Equation (GMPE) is one of the significantly important tools to perform the seismic hazards analysis of any region. Therefore, the development of GMPEs at the bedrock level is utmost important especially when the region does not have any earthquake recording stations. The present study discussed the development of a GMPE at bedrock level for the Bihar region based on the stochastic model. The different seismic parameters such as magnitudes (Mw) 4.0‐8.5, spectral periods of 0‐10 s and distances up to 300 km have been considered for the stochastic model. Based on the results, it was found that the stochastic model is capable to predict the ground motion synthetically and the proposed GMPE, for Bihar region, predicts the spectral acceleration in most precise way. Further, the ground motion amplification analysis was carried out using synthetically generated bedrock motion to analyze the effect of soil deposits on the amplification or de‐amplification of the bedrock peak ground acceleration. It was found that that the seismic wave gets amplified at ground level by 10% to 70% from the input motion PGA ranging from 0.175g‐0.435g, indicating amplification and de‐amplification of seismic wave. The maximum spectral acceleration at surface level was also found to be increased by approximately 60%, 56% and 27%, when bedrock input motion of PGA = 0.175g, 0.256g and 0.435g, respectively. Thus, based on the results, it can be stated that the developed GMPE can be used to assess the seismic hazards analysis in Bihar region. Further, it can be suggested that there is a need of the development of a predictive attenuation relationship at the surface level PGA, for Bihar region or any earthquake prone area, incorporating different site classes and regional seismicity since, the seismic wave amplified due to the presence of soil deposits.
This study presents a detailed analysis of the seismic ground responses for Bihar region, India. The research focuses on the development of synthetic acceleration time histories for ground response studies, which are essential for assessing the seismic vulnerability of structures in earthquake-prone region. This study utilizes EXSIM computer program to develop region-specific acceleration time histories due to the lack of recorded motion. The synthetic acceleration time histories were further used for region-specific ground response studies (GRS). Further, two different methods, equivalent linear (EL) method and nonlinear (NL) method, have been utilized to estimate the structural design parameters. The results from both methods can be utilized for ground response studies depending on the local soil site condition and the requirement of structural design parameters. It was also noticed that the amplification factor (AF) obtained from NL method is nearly 20–45% less than EL method. A high value of shear strain obtained from NL method, in comparison with EL method, hints that NL method can be adopted to understand the variations of shear strain within the soil deposits. The results of the study help to understand the seismic ground response in the Bihar region and can also be used to develop a seismic microzonation map of the region, which is crucial for mitigating the impact of earthquakes on structures and infrastructure.
According to the NEHRP (2003), the soil site classes C, D and E are more responsible for the seismic wave amplification; however, among these three site classes, the site class E is more responsible for soil liquefaction. Based on the borehole profiles and SPT-N values, collected from all 48 sites within Bihar region, it was observed that the entire Bihar region comes under the range of site classes D and E with the variations of Vs30 ranging from 180 to 360 m/s. Therefore, an attempt has been made to perform nonlinear seismic ground response analysis (GRA) of site classes D and E of Bihar region using DEEPSOIL software, since the entire Bihar region comes under the seismic zone of III, IV and V. Three acceleration time histories of different peak ground acceleration (PGA) of 0.1 g, 0.26 g and 0.45 g indicating low, moderately high and very high seismic hazard scenarios, respectively, have been chosen for this analysis. The results obtained from seismic GRA have been presented in terms of the variations of acceleration, amplification/deamplification of seismic waves, shear strain, shear stress ratio and pore water pressure along with the depth. The high shear strains (greater than 0.5%) observed within the soil deposit may cause permanent deformation in the ground resulting catastrophic damage to the existing structures. The amplification factor (i.e., ratio of output acceleration to the input acceleration) of seismic wave was found to be in the range 0.35–3.0. Further, the results obtained from nonlinear GRA also indicated that the seismic wave is amplified by 180%, but the deamplification by 50%. The increase of pore water pressure ratio up to 0.93, with increasing seismic energy or higher PGA input motion, indicates the initiation of soil liquefaction at most of the soil site. The results indicated that the seismic GRA is significantly affected by input motion and the soil variability. It can be stated that this study can be useful for the geotechnical engineers to design the earthquake-resistant structures; however, more experimental investigations are required to understand the mechanism of soil liquefaction in the entire Bihar region. Further, this study can also be utilized for the development of surface level ground motion attenuation relationship for the Bihar region. Overall, this study is one of the preliminary investigations toward seismic microzonation study of Bihar region, which can be useful for the development of disaster management plan by providing seismic microzonation map.
