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(a) Location of the Estancia basin in the southwestern United States. (b) Estancia drainage basin, principal stream channels (note centripetal pattern), and maximum area of the Lake Estancia highstand (1890 m, shaded). (c) Relief map of the Estancia drainage basin showing location of weather stations. Highest elevations are above 3000 m in the southern Manzano Mountains. The nearly flat valley floor is bounded by the 1890-m highstand, (solid line) and is underlain by late Pleistocene lake sediment. Discharge of groundwater is through numerous deflation basins cut by wind into the valley floor, at ~1855 m. Wet playas in deflation basins (see (b)) are outlined by dunes of pelletized clay that rise up to 30 m above the valley floor.
Source publication
The 5000 km2 topographically closed Estancia basin in central New Mexico has been the focus of several palaeoclimatic studies based on changes in the level of late Pleistocene Lake Estancia. A large, unknown volume of surface runoff and groundwater from adjacent mountains contributed to the hydrological balance during highstands and lowstands. The...
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... study reports on estimates of modern runoff for the hydrologically closed, 5000 km 2 Estancia basin in central New Mexico that were derived using the SWAT model. A large pluvial lake occupied the basin and experienced extreme fluctuations in size throughout the late Pleistocene ( Fig. 1; ). The climatic conditions leading to Lake Estancia highstands have been a matter of considerable debate, resulting in a wide range of estimates for Pleistocene precipitation and temperature in southwestern North America (Leopold, 1951;Antevs, 1954;Galloway, 1970;Brakenridge, 1978). Like other mountainous drainage basins in the ...
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... 1978). Like other mountainous drainage basins in the American Southwest, the Estancia basin has been the site of few streamflow measurements. However, some early interest in the basin, related to homesteading, resulted in the establishment of a temporary weather station (Rea Ranch) near the crest of the adjacent Manzano Mountains (Fig. 1(c)) and measurements of total monthly streamflow nearby. The daily weather records were used along with topographic, soil, and land cover information to simulate streamflow under historical conditions with the SWAT model, and the results were compared to the measured streamflow data obtained from the archives of the New Mexico State ...
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... Estancia basin lies approximately 100 km southeast of Albuquerque, New Mexico in the southwestern USA (Fig. 1). The drainage divide on the west follows the crest of the Manzano Mountains, with two elevations exceeding 3000 m and much of the ridge crest above 2800 m, lowering to ~2500 m toward the north. The northern and eastern divides rise to ~2100 and 2200 m, and the southern part of the basin is bounded by an escarpment with an elevation of ...
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... drainage within the Estancia basin is toward the centre from all sides ( Fig. 1(b)). Today, only sub-basins that drain the highest peaks in the Manzano Mountains produce perennial streams, and nearly all surface flow infiltrates into the subsurface before reaching the valley floor. Only during precipitation events associated with summer convective thunderstorms of unusual intensity, or during exceptionally large ...
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... falling on the Estancia basin shows strong orographic dependence ( Fig. 2(a)). On average, the valley floor receives about 350 mm of annual precipitation (measurements from the Estancia weather station- Fig. 1 produced by the Arizona monsoon contribute an additional 31% of total annual precipitation. Five months during the autumn and spring account for only ~20% of annual moisture, and large storms in October, with moisture originating in the Pacific, may account for as much as 16% of total ...
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... over the entire drainage basin using a "Weather Generator" capability, or the user can specify these values for each sub-basin from instrumental measurements. The Weather Generator uses long-term climate statistics to generate climatic time series. In this study, the Weather Generators for Mountainair, Clines Corners, and Sandia Park, New Mexico (Fig. 1(c)) were used to generate wind speed, relative humidity, and solar radiation. Daily precipitation and daily maximum and minimum temperature values were read from instrumental observations available from the Western Regional Climate Center, Reno, Nevada, and the National Climate Data Center, Asheville, North Carolina, for eight weather ...
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... speed, relative humidity, and solar radiation. Daily precipitation and daily maximum and minimum temperature values were read from instrumental observations available from the Western Regional Climate Center, Reno, Nevada, and the National Climate Data Center, Asheville, North Carolina, for eight weather stations in and around the Estancia basin (Fig. ...
Citations
... However, due to our approach of reducing the number of zones based on areal coverage (small zones are removed from the calibration), the calibration time has decreased. Small-scale applications of coupled models (Galbiati et al., 2006;Guzman et al., 2015;Kim et al., 2008;Luo and Sophocleous, 2011;Menking et al., 2003;Sophocleous et al., 1999) neglect basin-wide interactions, hence, the regional application as done on the Scheldt basin by accounting this interaction helps to simulate and understand the regional scale geohydrology. ...
... My own involvement with Roger began as a postdoc, when I worked primarily with him, Bruce, and hydrologists Nabil Shafike and Kamran Syed on a numerical modeling project aimed at determining what climate conditions were necessary to raise Lake Estancia to its late Pleistocene highstands. The work again reflected Roger's deep creativity and holistic approach to every scientific question, inasmuch as he had written the proposal to bring together modern meteorological and hydrogeological observations with models of groundwater flow, surface runoff, and lake energy balance for comparison to ostracode-dated shorelines and basin-center stratigraphy (Menking et al. 2000(Menking et al. , 2003(Menking et al. , 2004. Through the various papers we wrote together over the past two decades, he imparted that holistic view, and additionally, taught me how to use all of the tools in his machine shop for the construction of scientific equipment and how to identify pollen. ...
... Numerical modeling is an effective tool for simulating SW-GW interactions (Menking et al., 2003(Menking et al., , 2004Ridwansyah et al., 2020;Sophocleous and Perkins, 2000). Hydrologic numerical models are usually divided into single model and coupled models Qi et al., 2019;Triana et al., 2019;. ...
... The model codes were written by C++ and applied to the Rattlesnake creek basin in south-central Kansas, USA. In the following years (before 2008), the model was constantly developed and applied to France (Conan et al., 2003), Italy (Galbiati et al., 2006) and other regions in the United States (Sophocleous and Perkins, 2000;Menking et al., 2003) to clarify a number of different scientific hypotheses. ...
Interactions between surface water (SW) and groundwater (GW) have been a focus of watershed hydrology research for a long time. A holistic perspective on integrated SW–GW modeling approach is necessary to understand the hydrological and biogeochemical processes of these two interconnected systems within the watershed. This paper reviewed the progress and coupling strategy of one important SW model (Soil and Water Assessment Tool, SWAT) and GW model (Modular Finite Difference Groundwater Flow, MODFLOW) since 1999. Three main stages of development of coupled SWAT–MODFLOW model are reflected by the high citation of publications by three pioneer studies, which are Sophocleous et al., 1999, Kim et al., 2008, Bailey et al., 2016. Currently, the research scope of coupled SWAT–MODFLOW models is focused on hydrologic processes, solute transport and the effects of climate change and human activity on water resources. Major uncertainties of SWAT–MODFLOW from model structure, database and parameterization are discussed. In an era of big data, the coupled SWAT–MODFLOW model has great potential to improve understanding of hydro–biogeochemical processes and support sustainable water and ecological management in the watershed.
... The Groundscene Project left a blank in what concerns the detailed hydrological functioning needed for predictive modeling under scenarios of climate change and subsequent new land and water uses for human adaptation. This is a large task in progress that is being boarded through implementing and coupling well suited rainfall-runoff and groundwater modeling tools [12][13][14]. ...
This paper integrates multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) and time-lapse electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) to define aquifer geometry and identify transient groundwater features of the Cascalheira Stream Basin Holocene alluvial aquifer (aquifer H), which contributes to the Santo André Lagoon, part of a coastal groundwater-dependent ecosystem (GDE), located in southwest Portugal. MASW measures shear-wave velocity (VS), allowing one to obtain steady geological models of the subsurface, and ERT measures subsurface electrical resistivity (ER), being subjected to ambient changes. MASW enables disambiguation of geological structures in low ER environments, such as coastal areas. This research covered one natural year and involved one MASW campaign, four ERT campaigns, and additional geological field surveys and groundwater monitoring to assist interpretation of results. In the area, the conjugate NW-SE and NE-SW strike-slip fault systems determine compartmentalization of geological structures and subsequent accommodation space for Holocene sedimentation. MASW and ERT surveys show how the NW-SE system deepens these structures toward the coast, whereas the NE-SW system generates small horsts and grabens, being one of these occupied by aquifer H. From upstream to downstream, aquifer H thickness and width increase from 10 m to 12 m and from 140 m to 240 m, respectively. Performance of VS and ER models was satisfactory, with a normalized error of the VR and ER models in the 0.01-0.09 range, meaning that a quantitative quota of uncertainty can be segregated from the overall uncertainty of groundwater models without substantially affecting its simulations accuracy. This methodology seeks to improve the design of shallow groundwater research in GDE preservation policies.
... However, the recent version of the SWAT model has low performance in a watershed where groundwater seepage is a significant constituent of streamflow, and MODFLOW is incomplete in conceptualizing surface water flow [25,26]. To bridge the fragmented cross-disciplinary details in the evaluation of system responses under different scenarios, SWAT and MODFLOW models may be coupled [4,18,24,[27][28][29][30][31][32][33]. All different versions of these integrated models are recapitulated by Bailey et al. [24] and Chunn et al. [34]. ...
Numerical models are employed widely to evaluate the hydrological components of a watershed but, traditionally, watershed models simplify either surface or subsurface flow module. In this setup, as a bridge between groundwater and surface water regimes, aquifer recharge is the most affected segment of the water balance. Since the watershed processes are increasingly changed, the need for a comprehensive model with detailed conceptualizing capacity of both groundwater and surface water flow systems is growing. This work focuses on the spatiotemporal groundwater recharge assessment in gauged and ungauged agro-urban watersheds in South Korea using the updated SWAT-MODFLOW model, which integrates the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT2012) and Newton–Raphson formulation for Modular Finite Difference Groundwater Flow (MODFLOW-NWT) in a single executable code. Before coupling, the setup, calibration, and verification of each model were performed separately. After integration, irrigation pumps and drain cells mapping to SWAT auto-irrigation and subbasins were initiated. Automatic calibration techniques were used for SWAT and MODFLOW-NWT models, but a manual calibration was used for the integrated model. A physical similarity approach was applied to transfer parameters to the ungauged watershed. Statistical model performance indicators revealed that the low streamflow estimation was improved in SWAT-MODFLOW. The spatiotemporal aquifer recharge distribution from both the stream seepage and precipitation showed a substantial change, and most of the aquifer recharge occurs in July–September. The areal annual average recharge reaches about 18% of the precipitation. Low-lying areas receive higher recharge consistently throughout a year. Overall, SWAT-MODFLOW exhibited reasonable versatility in evaluating watershed processes and produced valuable results with reasonable accuracy. The results can be an important input for policymakers in the development of sustainable groundwater protection and abstraction strategies for the region.
... In order to better account for the groundwater component, a further extension of SWAT resulted in multiple attempts to couple the SWAT and MODFLOW (McDonald and Harbaugh, 1984;Harbaugh, 2005) models for a more comprehensive watershed simulation (Galbiati et al., 2006;Kim et al., 2008;Menking et al., 2003;Perkins and Sophocleus, 1999). MODFLOW is a public domain code widely used for dealing with groundwater management issues at different scales (see, e.g., Davison and Lerner, 2000;Ebraheem et al., 2004). ...
The coordinated use of surface- and ground-water over time and space as two components of a single irrigation system is of outmost importance in many rural areas of the world, in order to assure crop production sustainability, to restore ongoing and to prevent future issues related to freshwater quality and quantity mismanagement/deterioration. New technological solutions, such as GIS-integrated simulation models, may provide reliable tools in order to evaluate impacts in space and time and to properly manage conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater and water-constrained agricultural production. After presenting the common open source simulation programs for dealing with conjunctive use, we discuss and present the integration of the Farm Process (FMP; embedded in the USGS’s MODFLOW One-Water Hydrologic Model) coupled to a Crop Growth Module (CGM) within the open source and public domain QGIS-integrated FREEWAT platform. Using FMP in FREEWAT gains the benefit of the spatial environment and data management tools of a GIS solution, and to perform proper analysis of dynamically integrated terms of the hydrological cycle, to effectively balance crop water demand and supply from different sources of water. A simple hypothetic, yet realistic, application of the proposed approach with FMP and CGM is presented, simulating the yield of irrigated sunflower at harvest in a Mediterranean area. Results provide an insight on the potential exploitation of the developed solution, including, but not limited, to: quantitative temporal analysis of irrigation water sources, detailed analysis of evaporation and transpiration terms (from irrigation, groundwater or rainfall). The coupling of FMP with CGM to estimate crop yield at harvest provides further management tools when dealing with crop productivity. In the simulated case study, the analysis of the water balance terms allowed identifying the relevance of the groundwater contribution to ETc-act, highlighting the role of natural root uptake. The proposed solution is thought to be deployed by water authorities, large farms and public/private companies managing irrigation areas. The use of these tools calls for dedicated capacity building to boost digitalization in the agricultural water sector in order to achieve data-based agricultural water management.
... We input streamflow, along with the same climate forcing datasets, into lake energy and water balance models that calculate lake evaporation and lake level. Previous research in paleohydrology has incorporated parts, although not all, of this framework, including the use of CSM data (e.g., Coe and Harrison 2002;Li and Morrill 2010), process-based basin hydrologic models (e.g., Barth et al. 2016;Hatchett et al. 2015;Menking et al. 2003), and full lake energy and water balance models (e.g., Hostetler 1991;Li and Morrill 2010;Vassiljev et al. 1998). ...
Recently-developed Holocene lake-level reconstructions from the Rocky Mountains offer a quantitative target for testing the skill of state-of-the-art climate system models in simulating hydroclimate change. Here, we use a combination of hydrologic models of catchment streamflow, lake energy balance, and lake water balance to simulate lake level at Little Windy Hill Pond (LWH) in the Medicine Bow Range of Wyoming for a period of severe drought during the mid-Holocene (MH; approximately 6000 years ago). Using Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) output to drive our hydrologic models, we find that none of our simulations reproduce the significantly lowered lake levels at LWH during the MH. Rather, simulated hydroclimate changes for the MH are modest (< 10% reductions in precipitation and streamflow and generally 10–30% increases in lake evaporation), and LWH lake-level changes are buffered by the large volume of snowmelt runoff that the lake receives. Only when winter precipitation is approximately halved in sensitivity experiments do water inputs to the lake become small enough that lake level can be significantly drawn down by year-over-year negative water balances. Possible explanations for the model-data mismatch could lie in the realism of our hydrological modeling framework or in the accuracy of the CMIP5 output, the latter having important implications for projections of future drying in western North America.
... In that regard, the newest versions of SWAT and MOD-FLOW-NWT, a Newton-Raphson formulation of MOD-FLOW-2005, which is particularly suitable for the solution of unconfined groundwater-flow problems where drying and rewetting of upper aquifer layers play a role (Niswonger et al. 2011), as coupled with the SWAT hydrological model by Bailey et al. (2016) have been considered. This new integrated model developed by Bailey et al. (2016) is superior over other previously developed coupled SWAT-MODFLOW model versions of Perkins and Sophocleous (1999); Sophocleous and Perkins (2000); Conan et al. (2003); Menking et al. (2003); Galbiati et al. (2006); Bejranonda et al. (2007); Kim et al. (2008); Chung et al. (2010); Luo and Sophocleous (2011);and Guzman et al. (2015) because (1) it benefits from 'Disaggregated Hydrologic Response Units' (DHRUs) instead of HRUs; (2) it has a well-structured HRUgrid mapping; (3) it is applicable to watersheds and groundwater aquifers that have different spatial sizes; and (4) it uses MODFLOW-NWT for solving problems involving drying and rewetting nonlinearities of the unconfined groundwater-flow equation, instead of the conventional groundwater flow model, MODFLOW-2005, which is known to perform poorly in such cases. ...
Although groundwater and surface water are often treated as individual water compartments in hydrological cycle studies, they essentially originate from one source. Such a split approach restricts the optimal usages of these water resources in several water management applications. The present study aims to shed light on the complex interaction of surface–groundwater interactions in terms of groundwater recharge from drainage network towards the adjacent aquafer and conversely, groundwater discharge from the aquifer towards the drainage network in the Gharehsoo River Basin (GRB), with the enclosed Ardabil aquifer, located in northwest Iran. To that end, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), as the surface hydrological model was fully coupled with the latest version of the Modular Three-Dimensional Finite-Difference Groundwater Flow (MODFLOW-NWT) (Newton–Raphson Technique to improve the solutions of unconfined groundwater-flow problems). The total study period, i.e. 1978–2012 was split into two intervals for calibration (1988–2012) and validation (1978–1987). To facilitate and expedite the calibration of the coupled model, first we calibrated SWAT and MODFLOW-NWT independently against the observed streamflow and groundwater head time series, respectively. Afterwards, we recalibrated the coupled model SWAT-MODFLOW. To link these two models, the surface and sub-surface water flow components are exchanged between the Disaggregated Hydrological Response Units (DHRUs) of SWAT with the MODFLOW-NWT’ grid cells. In addition, three more flow components are sequentially exchanged: the deep percolation from SWAT to MODFLOW-NWT, baseflow/groundwater discharge from MODFLOW-NWT to SWAT, and the river heads from SWAT to MODFLOW-NWT. The results of the application show that the coupled model satisfactorily, quantified by R² ≥ 0.5, simulates streamflow and particularly, groundwater heads. In fact, both observations and simulations indicate that, owing to an ongoing overexploitation of the aquifer, heads have been decreased steadily over the studied period which has led to a parallel decline of the groundwater storage. Moreover, the analysis of the stream–aquifer exchange flows indicates that groundwater discharge towards the stream-network (effluent conditions) is orders of magnitude higher than the opposite process (influent conditions). In addition, findings reveal that many of the tributaries across the GRB have shifted from a perennial regime to ephemeral/intermittent system over the past decades. The provided and well-tested coupled model would be a viable asset to assess a wide range of plausible scenarios to identify most effective and practical water resource management schemes to recover the severely depleted surface water and groundwater resources of the GRB.
... All previous versions and applications of SWAT-MODFLOW (e.g. Sophocleous et al., 1999;Sophocleous and Perkins, 2000;Menking et al., 2003;Galbiati et al., 2006;Kim et al., 2008;Luo and Sophocleous et al., 2011;Guzman et al., 2015;Bailey et al., 2016) have been applied to small watersheds or been used to estimate specific water balance components (runoff, recharge, groundwater-surface water exchange rates). None have been applied to large river basins of mixed agro-urban land use types with the accompanying water transfer complexity (e.g. ...
... All previous versions and applications of SWAT-MODFLOW (e.g. Sophocleous et al., 1999;Sophocleous and Perkins, 2000;Menking et al., 2003;Galbiati et al., 2006;Kim et al., 2008;Luo and Sophocleous et al., 2011;Guzman et al., 2015;Bailey et al., 2016) have been applied to small watersheds or been used to estimate specific water balance components (runoff, recharge, groundwater-surface water exchange rates). None have been applied to large river basins of mixed agro-urban land use types with the accompanying water transfer complexity (e.g. ...
The South Platte River Basin (SPRB) in northeastern Colorado is experiencing acute water resources competition between sectors of agricultural, municipalities and industry, with this competition increasing annually due to changes in population, land use, and climate patterns. In the semi-arid river basin, which encompasses an area of 72,000 km2 area, conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater is required, which often leads to groundwater depletion. Competition between urban and agricultural areas intensifies this exploitation as surface water rights are sold to growing municipalities. In this study, the recently developed SWAT-MODFLOW coupled hydrologic model is modified for application to large managed river basins, with a specific application to the entire area of the SPRB. Specific modifications include the linkage of groundwater pumping to irrigation practices, and a change in the code to handle the large number of SWAT hydrologic response units (HRU) required for a large river basin with numerous land uses and soil types. SWAT handles land surface and soil zone processes, whereas MODFLOW handles groundwater flow and all sources and sinks (pumping, injection, bedrock inflow, canal seepage, recharge areas, groundwater/surface water interaction), with recharge and stream stage provided by SWAT. The model is tested against groundwater levels and stream discharge and is used to quantify available groundwater and surface water throughout SPRB for water resource management projects. Trends in groundwater depletion also will be explored.
