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![Fig. 1e: Mari-mari [foul-hook long line] (Reed et al., 1969)](profile/Joseph-Eyo/publication/233817982/figure/fig4/AS:300060706394127@1448551455863/e-Mari-mari-foul-hook-long-line-Reed-et-al-1969_Q320.jpg)
![Fig. 2: fish traps from tropical rivers. [a] cylindrical drum trap -...](profile/Joseph-Eyo/publication/233817982/figure/fig5/AS:300060710588416@1448551456085/fish-traps-from-tropical-rivers-a-cylindrical-drum-trap-worldwide-b-vertical-slit_Q320.jpg)
Critical issues on fishing gear and fishing method of the world are re-appraised with particular
reference to the Nigerian fishing industry. The adaptability, selectivity and seasonality of both
passive and active fishing gears to aquatic environment, fish species and time of the year are reexamined.
Furthermore, new innovations (mechanization) to...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... gears are stationary gears. It does not have to be dragged, pulled or towed to capture fish. Hook and lines, traps, wires, gill nets among others affectively fish by themselves. The catch is recovered by simply removing the gear from the water after a time period. No energy is expended on towing, pulling or dragging of gear. Hooks and lines: This is the simplest gear employed for fishing. The requirements are line and baited hook. Hooks vary enormously in shape, size, type of point, thickness of wire and type of end of the shank (Fig. 1a). The line is cast into the water where the fish supposedly are; the fish swallows the bait and is hauled in. In Nigeria, the line is wound around a stone and thrown from the bank/shore into the water (Read et al., 1967). The stone acts as a sinker. Hooks and lines fishing is inexpensive and easy. The catch is often alive and of high quality. The type of fish capture depends on the size of hook and the type of bait. A wide variety of sizes and type of hooks and lures (bait) can be used, allowing vary selective fishing. In spite of these merits, line fishing is labour intensive. A vary Eyo, J. E. and Akpati, C. I. (1995). Fishing gears and Methods. Pages 143 – 159. In: Ezenwaji, H.M.G., Inyang, N.M. and Orji, E. C. (Eds.). Proceedings of the UNDP-Sponsored Training Workshop on Artisanal Fisheries Development . Held at University of Nigeria, Nsukka, October 29 – November 12, 1995. -143- limited number of fish can be captured per line. Furthermore, the fish may select against the lure/bait ...
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This study reports on the movements of swordfish tagged within the Pacific Leatherback Conservation Area (PLCA), an expansive region (>500,000 km2) off the U.S. West Coast that has been seasonally restricted to drift-gillnet fishing since 2001 to reduce leatherback sea turtle (Dermochelys coricea) interactions. Thirteen swordfish were outfitted wit...
Citations
... Fishing with hooks and lines is an inexpensive and uncomplicated method, and the catch is often of high quality and lively. The size of the hook and type of bait used will determine the species of fish that can be caught (Eyo and Akpati 1995). ...
... In Cross River, these barriers are usually built across the main channel, leaving a few meters of space in the centre for canoes and river boats to pass through. Fish fences have the potential to catch almost all fish that migrate upstream since the catching chambers are always oriented downstream (Eyo and Akpati 1995). Additionally, large conical traps with non-returning valves are often attached to these catching chambers, which can be detached when needed. ...
... As the net falls into the water, it spreads out in a circular shape and sinks quickly due to the weights attached to the edges. The net is then pulled back to the surface, and any fish caught in the mesh are retrieved (Eyo and Akpati 1995). Cast nets can be very effective for catching baitfish, mullet, and other small to medium-sized fish. ...
Fishing gears and nets are a crucial part of the fishing industry and play a significant role in the livelihood of coastal communities. These gears and nets are now a significant source of microplastics in the oceans made of synthetic materials including nylon, polypropylene, and polyester due to the tremendous rise in plastic production. Microplastics are minute plastic flecks that are detrimental to the environment and marine life and have a diameter of less than 5 mm. Fishing gears and nets contribute significantly to the accumulation of microplastics in the oceans through their constant use, shedding of microfibers, and accidental loss or abandonment. The primary sources of microplastics from fishing gears and nets are from synthetic materials such as nylon, polypropylene, and polyester, which are widely used in fishing nets, ropes, and lines. The impact of microplastics on marine organisms and ecosystems is a significant concern for marine conservationists and researchers. Microplastics have been found in the stomachs of marine organisms, including fish, birds, and sea turtles, which can lead to physical damage, blockage of digestive tracts, and reduced nutrient absorption. Microplastics can enter the food chain through the ingestion of contaminated seafood, which puts human health at risk. Therefore, reducing the amount of microplastics in our oceans is crucial for protecting the health of marine life and the safety of our food supply. In the present chapter, an attempt was made to overview the collective actions to address the issue of microplastic pollution from fishing gears and nets and to work towards a more sustainable and plastic-free future.
... These hooks can be baited with either natural bait or an artificial lure. The entire setup is then pulled or towed behind a moving boat (Umali, 1950;Eyo and Akpati 1995 ). In the Philippines, troll line is one of the popular line fishing gears operated in the municipal waters across the entire Philippine waters Padios et al. 2017;Balisco et al. 2019;Macale et al. 2020;Mohammad et al. 2022). ...
Improving the efficiency of fishing gears to catch species and sizes selectively and to catch more fish with less fishing efforts are essential objectives in fisheries research. This study utilized a small-scale multiple troll line, using two different artificial lures, i.e., green and blue, to determine the color lure preference of fish catch, catch composition, relative abundance, and catch per unit effort. In addition, the length-weight relationships of the caught species were also investigated. The study was conducted in the Bongao waters, Tawi-Tawi, Philippines, through fishing samplings using two separate motorized boats with two gears. A total of 1,032 fishes were caught by multiple troll line, which identified nine species with relative abundance: frigate tuna juvenile Auxis thazard (37.11%), bullet tuna Auxis rochei (24.90%), eastern little tuna Euthynnus affinis (15.99%), bigeye scad Selar crumenopthalmus (15.21%), yellowfin tuna Thunnus albacares (3.01%), common dolphin fish Coryphaena hippurus (1.75%), double-lined mackerel Grammatorcynus bilineatus (1.16%), shortfin scad Decapterus macrosoma (0.58%), and skipjack tuna Katsuwonus pelamis (0.29%). There were 677 fishes (65.89%) and 355 fishes (34.41%) lured by green and blue artificial lures, respectively. Most of the caught species had a size distribution ranging from 21.5 cm to 30.5 cm for both lure colors. The slopes (b) of the length-weight relationships of the caught fishes ranged between 1.5473 (skipjack tuna) and 3.305 (bullet tuna). In terms of catch per unit effort (CPUE) for all the species caught, the multiple troll line with the green lure had the highest mean CPUE with 0.63±0.12 kg/hr, while the blue lure had a mean CPUE of 0.35±0.7 kg/hr, although there was no significant difference (p > 0.05). This study suggests that multiple troll lines with either green or blue lures are effective small-scale fishing gear to catch small tunas and tuna-like, especially frigate tuna, bullet tuna, and eastern little tuna.
... Samples were collected by the help of fishermen using a standard fishing gear. Random sampling method was used for the collection of the fish samples as described by Eyo and Akpati [22]. ...
The major environmental crisis is the loss of biodiversity and the decline is predominant in the fish population. Although taxonomic history began 250 years ago, there are still undiscovered members of species and new species are waiting to be uncovered. The failure of the traditional taxonomic method to address this issue has resulted to the adoption of a molecular approach-DNA barcoding. It was proposed that DNA barcoding using the mitochondrion cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene has the capability to serve as a barcode for fish. The aim of this study was to use DNA barcoding in the identification of fish species in the New Calabar River, Rivers State. BLAST result showed the correlation between the sequence queried and the biological sequences with the NCBI database. The names of the samples, percentage ID, predicted organisms, and GenBank Accession numbers were clearly identified. A total of 18 sequences (all > 600bp) belonging to 8 species, 7 genera, 7 families, and 5 orders were validated and submitted to the NCBI database. Each nucleotide peak was represented by a single colour with various percentage occurrences. Two (22%) out of the 9 original samples analyzed corresponded with the predicted organisms from the BLAST result.) There were a total of 712 positions in the final dataset. Evolutionary analyses were conducted in MEGA11. Pairwise sequence alignment showed different consensus positions and a total of 30 mutations. There was one insertion from Polynemus dubius and 29 substitutions (transition-15 and transversion-14) mutations. No deletion and nonsense codons were detected in all the amplified sequences. This work will facilitate more research in other keys areas such as the identification of mislabeled fish products, illegal trading of endangered species, and effective tracking of fish biodiversity.
... The present study on fishing craft and gears with their modes of operation in the Manas river reveals that only one type of fishing craft namely the plank boat and nine different types of gears are in commercial use which belongs to different categories. Traditional fishing crafts and gears have been developed to adapt to local body conditions, the species of fish desired and targeted size [20] . The topography of a water body and behaviour of fishes play a dominant role on the type of fishing gear used in the process for fishing [21] . ...
... Traps are unique of their own as they are designated and fabricated taking into consideration the area, location and behaviour of the fishes. They are found to have economic and energy related advantages over active search and capture method [20,24] . ...
... Diversification of the river channel and traditional fishing by hand picking are the common methods that are usually practised by the fishermen as well as the local people of the region. The most successful fishing methods of an area or a region are those that have stood the test of time [20] . ...
Fishing is a major occupation and the main source of income for the
residents along the Manas river in Assam, India. This study describes the various fishing crafts and gears operated by fishermen to capture fishes in the Manas river. Five different locations were selected for the study along the bank of the Manas river. Field surveys, interactions with the fishermen and repeated physical observations and visits were made to carry out this study. The study revealed that only a single craft (plank boat) and nine different kinds of gears were observed to be operational. They were Khewalijaal, Ber jaal, Langi jaal, Phansijaal, Khot-khotijaal, Dhekijaal, Nalbarshi, Sip barshi and Chepa. Traditional fishing through hand picking was also a common practice observed among the fishermen and local people. It was also evident from the
study that Ber jaal, Langi jaal and Phansijaal were the most employed gears in commercial fishing. The varied fishing techniques depended upon a variety of behavioural pattern and seasonal availability of fish species. The residents completely depend on fishing as a source of income and traditionally have developed these various types of gears and crafts and despite various developments, these are still in wide use today.
... In this regards, the fishing arts developed within a region may usually be the best suited for the species and sizes desired, given the prevailing aquatic conditions, community and economic structure." [23]. ...
Joe 'D' Cruz in his novel "Ocean Rimmed World" has focused much on the dynamics of the ocean and describes graphically the various other non-humans dwelling in the ocean-the chief protagonist and antagonist of the novel. The author's intricate description of the troubles and tribulations of the Parathavas-community of the fisherfolk of Tuticorin coast marginalised both on land and shore and the symbiotic relationship between the humans and the non-humans makes the novel bioregional. This paper attempts to read this novel as blue eco criticism as the novel is the author's anguish over human's insatiable greed to conquer and control ocean by displacing the indigenous way of life and redefining the native landscape/ seascape by promoting global capitalism to meet his commercial interests which have become a norm across the world.This paper is an attempt to explicate how the author by employing nativistic approach by using the discourse of his own community addresses his concerns towards environmental orientalism.
... In this regards, the fishing arts developed within a region may usually be the best suited for the species and sizes desired, given the prevailing aquatic conditions, community and economic structure." [23]. ...
... Light may likewise be utilized to draw in the objective species. Nonetheless, seines are expensive and require highly skilled operators (Eyo and Akpati, 1995). The purse seiners leaves the port with a crew of 15-25 fishermen on board (Baddyr and Guénette, 2001). ...
The port of Tangier, overlooking the Strait of Gibraltar and the North Atlantic, has an important geographical strategic position. The coastal fishing sector is a main source for a large group of the region’s population. This paper focuses on describing the fishing coastal gear and the available methods known for catching fishes in port Tangier and the components that characterize it (techniques, target species, boats, fishermen). This is done through the analysis of data collected from a survey on the site of the port, which was carried out between May 2018 and August 2018. Costal fishing at the Port of Tangiers is carried out by 206 boats, and is broken down by the type and method of fishing. This fleet mainly targets species of high commercial value. Tangier fishing port registered the landing of more than 55 families and more than 90 species of fishery resources. The most productive nets are the purse seines (surface fish), followed by the trawl net (benthic fish, crustaceans, and cephalopods) and finally longlines (benthic fish and surface fish). This activity ensures the provision of jobs for about 2950 fishermen in this area. The main gear used is longline gear, trawl net, and purse seines net.
... No energy is expended in towing, pulling or dragging the gear out of the water. While active gears have to be moved, dragged, or towed to capture fish, and require engine-propelled boats to operate and thus, usually involve additional investments (Eyo and Akpati 1995). ...
Numerous bodies of inland waters are widely spread in Southeast Asia where fisheries production is important sources of people's animal protein. The capture fisheries sector, utilizing the inland waters, provides employment opportunities and revenues to millions of peoples in the rural areas. Inland fisheries activities are varied considerably and adequately, related to the specific fishing areas, aquatic species targeted, fishing gear used, and social culture. The inland fisheries sub-sector, however, is facing various challenges that should be addressed to implement the appropriate management measures. Inland water systems, including rivers, lakes, swamps, floodplains, small streams, ponds, and reservoirs, have a variety of biological, physical, and chemical characteristics. Inland waters are an ecosystem that easily becomes to be endangered and highly vulnerable to degradation. The aquatic organisms of inland waters are dependent on each other. Nowadays, the consumption of fish increases with the increasing population of the world; the supply of wild-caught fish could be put under pressure. As renewable natural resources, fisheries resources should be utilized continuously through rational and responsible exploitation. Enforcement of regulations published by governments to control fisheries activities is necessary implemented to ensure the continued fi sh productivity in particular, and accomplish the sustainable fisheries objectives in general. Promoting the sustainable management of the fishery resources should be taken into consideration for the availability and affordability of the fish products obtained from the fishery activities, and should also be aimed for the enhancing the socioeconomic well-being of the fisheries households in Southeast Asia Regions.
... This evolution and timely refinement of the techniques of fishing in inland water has been resulted from modernization factors viz., fabrication materials, easy road-transport and communication and its distribution by demographic changes. The adaptation of new fishing technologies could help small scale fisheries increase their catch, but the introduction of any new fishing technology always demands good rational management and regulation (Eyo & Akpati, 1995). Clap nets in the region were artisanal and operated from nonmechanized boats, both indicating towards a pollution free environment and serving as a responsible harvesting method for long term sustainability of the hilsa fisheries. ...
Tenualosa ilisha (Hamilton, 1822) is an anadromous fish existing in estuaries and seas and migrates to freshwaters of river Brahmaputra for breeding. Clap nets, locally known in Assam as shangla jal, kholar jal and kami jal are specially designed fishing gear to catch hilsa. This gear has a purse shaped outline and comprises of a bag net supported on an elliptical bamboo frame opening. The net is operated in the month of May-July, when the flood level is high and the water velocity is strong. The maximum catch coincides with the peak migratory season of the fish, encountered in the lower reaches of the river Brahmaputra. Clap nets were observed to have an important contribution in terms of gear preference and selectivity by fishermen associated with hilsa fishing compared to seine nets and gill nets, mostly due to its ease of operation, low cost of fabrication and maintenance, low labour intensity and higher effectiveness.
... Each fisherman fix 2-3 traps at one habitat likewise in a cycle of week from 3-4 habitats in the river a fishermen get 40-50 kg of fish/week. The cast nets catch composition includes mainly Notopterus kapirat belongs to family Notopteridae, Tilapia mosambica belong to family Cichlidae, Etroplus sp. and Cyprinus carpio belong to family Cyprinidae in the body weight range 400-600 gm [9] . The fish catch remain live in the fishing process hence catch remain fresh till reach to the market place. ...
Traditional fishing by using trap of Acacia nilotica branches and Ipomoea carnea branches as periphytic substrate used as attractant in river Godavari near Nanded, Maharashtra Shivaji P Chavan and Yasmeen A Shaikh Abstract Acacia nilotica and Ipomoea carnea plant branches are used as substrates to develop the periphyton in river ecosystem. The fish species like Tilapia mosambica, Notopterus kapirat, Cyprinus carpio, Etroplus sp. get attracted towards the substrates heap in water for easily available plenty of food as periphytes. After 6-8 days the substrate site is encircled by using floating gill net and the substrate branches are removed out from encircled area to river coast. Two fisherman enters into the gill net encircled area and operate the cast net for 3-4 times till ensures total fish catch. One fisherman operates 3-4 times such traps in same or different habitats to catch 8-12 kg of fish on each day from one trap earning 10,000-12,000 Rs/week. The fishing continues from late winter to onset of monsoon. It is first report on simple, cost effective, low fishing effort and highly successful fish trap made from local materials by the local fisherman.
