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Antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation level after administration of aqueous extract of G. latifolium leaf. Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) of eight replicates. Bar with the same * are not significantly different at p > 0.05. Bar with different * are significantly different at p < 0.05. Normal control: non-diabetic control; met: metformin; diab: diabetic; GL: Gongronema latifolium leaf; GPx: gluthathione peroxidase; SOD: superoxidase dismutase; MDA: malondialdehyde; CAT: catalase.
Source publication
Context: Gongronema latifolium Benth (Asclepiadaceae) has been highly utilized in controlling diabetes mellitus traditionally in the eastern part of Nigeria.
Objectives: Antihyperglycaemic and related gene expressions of aqueous extract of Gongronema latifolium leaf in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.
Materials and methods: Forty-eight female Wistar...
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Citations
... The plant is common in Nigeria, where it is called "utasi" in Ibibio, "utazi" in Ibo, and "arokeke" in Yoruba. Reports abound in the literature on the very significant plasma glucose reduction potentials of G. latifolium leaves either when consumed whole or its ethanolic extract administered on experimental animals [16,17]. However, little is known about the phytochemicals in this plant responsible for the observed activity. ...
The International Diabetes Federation reported that in 2021, 6.7 million deaths globally were linked to diabetes. Ethnomedici-nal and scientific reports abound on using the extract from the leaf of Gongronema latifolium in managing diabetic patients. This study used a wide range of computational methods to identify and validate hit compounds from G. latifolium crude leaf extract with the potential to activate the GLP-1 receptor. Molecular docking results showed that the binding affinity of the hit molecules campesterol (-7.5 kcal mol −1) and stigmasterol (-7.4 kcal mol −1) was very close to the control drug Glyburide (-7.9 kcal mol −1) at this target. ADMET analysis predicted that the properties of these compounds were within acceptable limits. Molecular dynamics simulation integrated with essential dynamics techniques, i.e., principal component analysis (PCA), dynamics cross-correlation maps (DCCM), and free energy landscape (FEL), as well as density functional theory (DFT) analysis at B3LYP/6-311 + + G(2p,2d) level of theory, were further added to give depth to the computational analysis. The simulations offer a glimpse into how specific residues in the binding site of the GLP-1 receptor engage with stigmasterol, validating the stability and robust nature of the complex. The potent computational prognostications reinforce the confidence in the therapeutic potential of stigmasterol as a GLP-1 receptor agonist, fueling enthusiasm for their exploration in both in vitro and in vivo contexts.
... "Such a system would be able to effectively manage oxidative stress and diabetes mellitus without causing any additional adverse effects. Taking into account these findings, it is essential to consider the potential benefits of antioxidants as a promising pharmacological approach in diabetes management" [10]. ...
... "Diabetes mellitus is associated with hyperglycaemia, the persistence of which can affect different organelles in the body system, including the brain, leading to neuropathy" [10]. ...
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of Pimpinella tirupatiensis on oxidative stress markers in different regions of the brain (cerebral cortex, cerebellum, hippocampus, and Pons medulla) in rats with diabetes. Diabetes was induced in wistar rats by injecting them with STZ (40 mg/kg). The rats were then administered Pimpinella tirupatiensis aqueous extract (750 mg/kg / b.w. /day) and glibenclamide (Glb) (20 mg/ kg / b.w. /day) orally for 30 days. After 4 weeks of high blood sugar, the activity of antioxidant enzymes was measured in both the diabetic and control groups. Diabetes can worsen nerve damage and cause oxidative damage due to high blood sugar levels. The diabetic rats displayed a significant decrease in levels of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase) and reduced glutathione. However, when ginger was administered orally, it enhanced the activity of antioxidant enzymes in the diabetic rats. This suggests that Pimpinella tirupatiensis has a protective effect on the brain by enhancing antioxidant defense mechanisms in diabetic rats. Furthermore, it has a neuroprotective effect by enhancing the brain's antioxidant defense mechanisms and thereby attenuating the progression of hyperglycemia and some complications caused by diabetes in the rat brain.
... The plant has hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and antioxidant properties (Ajiboye et al., 2019;Balogun et al., 2016), and it has been shown to reduce some cardiovascular risk factors (Okon et al., 2019). ...
The use of glucocorticoids in the treatment of inflammatory disorders can result in myocardial injury. This study was carried out to investigate the protective effects of ethanolic leaf extract of Gongronema latifolium (GL) in dexamethasone (DEX)‐induced myocardial injury. Wistar rats were assigned to 4 groups (n = 6) namely, control, GL, DEX, and DEX+GL groups. DEX (35 μg/kg body weight) was administered subcutaneously to induce myocardial injury, while GL leaf extract (200 mg/kg body weight) was administered orally. Both agents were administered to their respective groups for 14 days. DEX (p < .05) decreased nitric oxide and increased angiotensin‐converting enzyme activity compared with the control. Serum superoxide dismutase activity and bilirubin level were decreased (p < .05), while malondialdehyde level was increased (p < .05) in the DEX group. Serum liver enzymes, inflammatory biomarkers (C‐reactive protein and interleukin‐6), and cardiac injury biomarkers (creatinine kinase, cardiac troponin‐T, and lactate dehydrogenase) were significantly (p < .05) increased in the DEX group relative to the control. Administration of GL leaf extract attenuated these changes significantly. The study therefore suggests that GL is beneficial in the treatment of myocardial injury via the downregulation of high serum concentration of cardiac biomarkers, oxidative stress markers, and inflammatory biomarkers released as a result of the insult caused by glucocorticoid administration.
Practical applications
In this study, we demonstrated that prolonged use of dexamethasone resulted in myocardial cell injury via increased production of reactive oxygen species, inflammatory biomarkers, and inhibition of nitric oxide, a potent vasodilator.
The leaves extract of Gongronema latifolium elicits the anti‐inflammatory and cardioprotective potential as an efficient inhibitor of free radicals with good antioxidant properties.
The study provides scientific evidence of the therapeutic ability of the extract of G. latifolium in the treatment of DEX‐induced myocardial injury and could be a drug candidate for the treatment of myocardial injury and inflammation in humans.
... Ajiboye et al. [22] approach was used to isolate total RNA from liver tissues. Tissues were homogenized in a cold TRI reagent (4 °C) for a few minutes (Zymo Research, USA). ...
Background
This study assessed the hepatoprotective potential of flavonoid-rich extracts from Gongronema latifolium Benth on diabetes-induced type 2 rats via Fetuin-A and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TnF-α).
Methods
In a standard procedure, the flavonoid-rich extract was prepared. For experimental rats, streptozotocin was injected intraperitoneally (45 mg/kg body weight) to induce diabetes mellitus. Following this, rats were given 5% of glucose water for 24 h. Hence, the animals were randomly divided into five groups of ten rats each, consisting of non-diabetic rats, diabetic controls, diabetic rats treated with low and high doses of flavonoid rich-extracts from Gongronema latifolium leaf (FREGL) (13 and 26 mg/kg, respectively), and diabetic rats treated with 200 mg/kg of metformin glibenclamide orally for 3 weeks. Afterwards, the animals were sacrificed, blood and liver were harvested to evaluate different biochemical parameters, hepatic gene expressions and histological examinations.
Results
The results revealed that FREGL (especially at the low dose) significantly (p < 0.05) reduced alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphate (ALP) activities, lipid peroxidation level, as well as relative gene expressions of fetuin-A and TNF-α in diabetic rats. Furthermore, diabetic rats given various doses of FREGL showed an increase in antioxidant enzymes and hexokinase activity, as well as glucose transporters (GLUT 2 and GLUT 4), and glycogen levels. In addition, histoarchitecture of the liver of diabetic rats administered FREGL (especially at the low dose) was also ameliorated.
Conclusion
Hence, FREGL (particularly at a low dose) may play a substantial role in mitigating the hepatopathy complication associated with diabetes mellitus.
... Medicinal plants have provided valuable therapeutic agents for treating diseases and disorders, and they are widely employed in many regions of the world, particularly in rural areas where modern medical facilities are limited 3 . Recently, there has been an increase in plant-based therapeutic products in both developed and developing countries because they are mostly non-toxic, have fewer side effects, and are available at affordable prices 4,5 One such medicinal plant is S. latifolius. The plant African peach (S.latifolius) grows in many tropical and subtropical regions of Africa and Asia and is used for medicinal purposes in folk medicine. ...
Currently, there is a need for safe, effective, and less costly antidiabetic medications, and investigating medicinal plants for new antidiabetic medication is gaining increased attention. Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease associated with hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and hepatocellular damage. Sarcocephalus latifolius (family Rubiaceae) has been widely explored in ethnomedicine for the treatment and management of various disorders. The biochemical, hepatoprotective, and histological effects of aqueous-ethanolic leaf extract of S. latifolius in alloxan-induced diabetic rats were investigated. Thirty (30) juvenile male Wistar rats were placed into six groups, each with five rats: Normal rats made up Group 1, while diabetic rats in Groups 2–4 were given 200, 400, and 800 mg/Kg body weight of aqueous-ethanolic leaf extract, respectively; diabetic rats in Group 5 were given a standard anti-diabetic drug (0.2 mg/kg glibenclamide), and diabetic rats in Group 6 were left untreated. When compared to control rats, Alloxan induction led to a significant elevation in plasma glucose level, liver enzymes, low density lipoprotein (LDL), total cholesterol (TC), and triglycerides (TG), but a significant decrease in high density lipoprotein (HDL). The alterations in the following parameters were returned to normal levels when the diabetic rats were administered S. latifolius extract. The results indicate that S. latifolius showed hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic potentials, and may serve as a remedy for the management of diabetes. Keywords: Sarcocephalus latifolius, Diabetes, Albino rats, Alloxan, Liver
... Medicinal plants have provided valuable therapeutic agents for treating diseases and disorders, and they are widely employed in many regions of the world, particularly in rural areas where modern medical facilities are limited 3 . Recently, there has been an increase in plant-based therapeutic products in both developed and developing countries because they are mostly non-toxic, have fewer side effects, and are available at affordable prices 4,5 One such medicinal plant is S. latifolius. The plant African peach (S.latifolius) grows in many tropical and subtropical regions of Africa and Asia and is used for medicinal purposes in folk medicine. ...
... The use of plants and plant extracts as medical relief has been in existence for ages. This practice has been encouraged in recent times due to the less frequent side effects when compared with orthodox medicine (Ajiboye et al., 2019). 1 There has been growing interest in the investigation of the alternative route for the substitution of synthetic chemicals side effects, which are always in question. Irrespective of the successes achieved using technology, the intuitive individuals across different geographical terrain especially developing countries still continue to use herbs for the treatment of certain ailments, either as a result of poverty or the efficacy of the herbal products (Etetim et al., 2008). 2 In Eastern States of Nigeria, the plant locally known as "Utazi" is a popular spice. ...
... This practice has been encouraged in recent times due to the less frequent side effects when compared with orthodox medicine (Ajiboye et al., 2019). 1 There has been growing interest in the investigation of the alternative route for the substitution of synthetic chemicals side effects, which are always in question. Irrespective of the successes achieved using technology, the intuitive individuals across different geographical terrain especially developing countries still continue to use herbs for the treatment of certain ailments, either as a result of poverty or the efficacy of the herbal products (Etetim et al., 2008). 2 In Eastern States of Nigeria, the plant locally known as "Utazi" is a popular spice. ...
This study is carried out to evaluate the general effect of Gongronema latifolium extract on the histological architecture of the kidneys. The histological effect of consumption of Gongronema latifolium leave extract on the kidney of wistar rats was carried out with 28 wistar rats. The wistar rats were divided into four groups. Each group consists of 7 wistar rats. Group A serves as control while group B, C and D received 25%, 50%, and 75% of LD50 of Gongronema latifolium leave extract respectively. The administration was twice daily by oral compulsion. Physical manifestation reactions to the Gongronema latifolium leave extract, through sluggish movement and weakness were revealed in group D. The wistar rats were given chloroform anaesthesia, dissected and their kidneys were harvested in the histology laboratory and put in 10% formal saline. The kidney was processed in the histopathology laboratory for microscopic examination of the tissue followed by photomicrographs of selected slides, which were recorded. The results from the histopathological examination, showed normal histology in tissue of group A. The group B revealed Bowman's capsule with attenuated glomeruli, while group C revealed normal and intact blood vessel with interstitum staining blue as well as having degenerating collecting tubules. The group D shows the collecting duct, tubules being normal but reduced in number, with increased degrees of degeneration. This probably indicates that increased doses of Gongronema latifolium leave extract should be avoided, but moderate dosages are beneficial.
... For example, glibenclamide has been shown to increase the gene expression of hepatic hexokinase in STZ-induced diabetic rats (Jana et al., 2015). Similarly, metformin has been found to induce hexokinase with a decrease in glucose-6-phosphatase gene expression in the liver of alloxan-induced diabetic rats (Ajiboye et al., 2019). In addition, hepatic tumor necrosis factor-alpha has been found to be downregulated by metformin and gliclazide in diabetic rats (Sekar et al., 2020). ...
Diabetes is the most common endocrine disorder contributing to high morbidity and mortality globally. Due to the side effects reported for anti‐diabetic drugs, there is a rising interest in herbal medicine for diabetes mitigation. However, rare studies were performed to analyze the molecular effects of natural agents on diabetes. Therefore, this study is the first to assess the possible ameliorating effects of avocado and cinnamon extracts on streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced disturbances in the gene expression of PDX1 and Ins1 in type‐2 diabetic rats, in comparison to metformin. A total number of 50 male Albino rats were randomly divided into five groups; normal control, STZ‐induced diabetic group (65 mg/kg b.w divided into three doses 5 days apart), three other STZ‐diabetic groups were treated orally for 6 weeks with metformin (500 mg/kg b.w/day), an avocado fruit ethanolic extract (300 mg/kg b.w/day), or a cinnamon aqueous extract (200 mg/kg b.w/day). All rats were fasted overnight then euthanized, blood was collected, and serum was separated for biochemical analyses. The pancreas was processed for the evaluation of PDX1 and Ins1 gene expression by qRT‐PCR. Oral administration of the avocado/cinnamon extract significantly improved the altered levels of blood glucose, insulin, lipid profile, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and upregulated the pancreatic expression of PDX1 and Ins1 genes. In conclusion, this study added another mechanism of anti‐diabetic action for the plant extracts via upregulating the gene expression of PDX1 and Ins1 in STZ‐diabetic rats. Metformin has a more profound effect than the plant extracts; however, cinnamon has a comparable effect.
Practical applications
Diabetes is a worldwide chronic serious problem; therefore, different efficacious drug treatments are currently available. However, several side effects of these drugs also negatively affect patient welfare. Therefore, the present study provides an additive/adjunct biochemical rationale for further natural intervention strategy for type‐2 diabetes through the introduction of plant‐derived products that revealed a wide range of therapeutic effects without causing untoward actions. This study revealed that cinnamon and avocado extracts exhibited marked anti‐diabetic and antioxidant effects in rats, as compared to the standard drug, metformin. These results augmented the previous ones and added a new molecular mechanism of action through upregulation of Ins1 and PDX1 in type‐2 diabetic rats.
... Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been known with hyperglycaemia, which can lead to series of health complications like nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy, and cardiovascular disease [6]. Alqahtani et al. [7] documented that T2DM is one of the health diseases and accounting for more than 90% incidence of diabetes mellitus globally. ...
Background
Diabetes mellitus is one of the silent killer diseases affecting millions of people globally and some of the key enzymes in managing this disease are α-amylase and α-glucosidase This study was designed to investigate the possible molecular interactions between various bioactive compounds of Senecio biafrae leaf on α-amylase and α-glucosidase (enzymes) receptors an important target protein in Type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Methods
This study involved the investigation of the of gallic acid, chlorogenic, caffeic acid, rutin, quercetin, and kaempferol (ligands) for Lipinski’s rule of five using Molinspiration, ADMET profiles using admetSAR server and molecular docking of 3D structures of the six bioactive compounds and metformin against α-amylase and α-glucosidase were carried out using AutoDockVina.
Results
The results revealed that caffeic acid, quercetin, and kaempferol obey Lipinski’s rule of five. All the ligands demonstrated high gastrointestinal tract absorption except rutin and chlorogenic acid, only one can serve as a P-glycoprotein substrate and three of the ligands used can act as cytochrome P450 inhibitors isoforms. All the ligands had a high binding affinity than metformin (the standard drug used).
Conclusion
In can be concluded that some of the bioactive compounds (especially caffeic acid) in Senecio biafrae leaf have antidiabetic activity, which they may serve as a potential antidiabetic drug in the management of diabetes mellitus than metformin.
... Glide) to find the best ligand that fits into the binding pocket of a receptor at the atomic and sub-atomic levels, thereby simulating intermolecular interaction between them [21,22]. Recent studies have shown the antidiabetic properties of Gongronema latifolium in rat model [23][24][25]. In order to investigate the binding capacity of the bioactive compound in Gongronema latifolium leaf on proteins related to diabetes in humans, the fractions of Gongronema latifolium leaf consisting of different phytochemicals were docked with fifteen protein targets associated with type 2 DM to discover the possible hit compounds. ...
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the most predominant group of metabolic disorders wreaking havoc on the wellbeing of man, with type 2 diabetes mellitus (type 2 DM) accounting for most DM related cases. This study, hence, investigated the antidiabetic potential of Gongronema latifolium leaf fractionated compounds against proteins implicated in different molecular pathways related to the onset and progression of type 2 DM. A total of fifteen proteins that can act as type 2 DM therapeutic targets were identified from the literature and downloaded/modelled using respective repositories. After docking the compounds with the fifteen proteins, glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK 3β), glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) and human aldose reductase were chosen as the ideal targets due to their high binding affinities with the compounds. Subsequent in silico analysis like binding free energy, ADMET predictions using different servers, and machine-learning predictive models (QSAR) using kernel partial least square regression were employed to identify promising compounds against the three targets. The eleven identified compounds (Luteonin, Kampferol, Robinetin, Gallocatechin, Baicalin, Apigenin, Genistein, Rosmaric acid, Chicoric acid and Naringenin) formed stable complexes with the proteins, showed moderation for toxicity, drugability, GI absorptions and drug-drug interactions, though structure modifications may be needed for lead optimization. The predictive QSAR models with reliable correlation coefficient (R ² ) showed the potency of the compounds to act as inhibitors (pIC50) of aldose reductase and GSK 3β, and act as agonists (pEC50) of GLP-1R. Thus, this study experimental framework can be used to design compounds that can modulate proteins related to type 2 DM without inducing off-target effects.
