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![(a) HR−TEM image and rate performance of layered VS2 [45]; (b) SEM image of VS2 grown on SS mesh and rate performance of VS2@SS electrode [46]; (c) HRTEM image and rate performance of the rGO−VS2 composites [47]; (d) SEM image and rate performance of the VS2@VOOH−18h [48]; (e) HRTEM image and rate performance of VS2•NH3 electrode [49]; (f) TEM image and rate capability of in−situ electrochemical oxidation formed VS2/VOx [50].](publication/359725378/figure/fig1/AS:1143955261521924@1649751596015/a-HR-TEM-image-and-rate-performance-of-layered-VS2-45-b-SEM-image-of-VS2-grown-on.png)
(a) HR−TEM image and rate performance of layered VS2 [45]; (b) SEM image of VS2 grown on SS mesh and rate performance of VS2@SS electrode [46]; (c) HRTEM image and rate performance of the rGO−VS2 composites [47]; (d) SEM image and rate performance of the VS2@VOOH−18h [48]; (e) HRTEM image and rate performance of VS2•NH3 electrode [49]; (f) TEM image and rate capability of in−situ electrochemical oxidation formed VS2/VOx [50].
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![Figure 7. (a) HR−TEM image and rate performance of layered VS2 [45];...](publication/359725378/figure/fig1/AS:1143955261521924@1649751596015/a-HR-TEM-image-and-rate-performance-of-layered-VS2-45-b-SEM-image-of-VS2-grown-on_Q320.jpg)
In recent years, aqueous zinc ion batteries (ZIBs) have attracted much attention due to their high safety, low cost, and environmental friendliness. Owing to the unique layered structure and more desirable layer spacing, transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) materials are considered as the comparatively ideal cathode material of ZIBs which facilita...
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... far, there are only a few reports on VS 2 as the cathode of ZIB. For example, He et al. [45] firstly synthesized rose-like VS 2 nanoflowers assembled by nanosheets with diameter of 5-8 µm and thickness of 50-100 nm, whose interlayer spacing is 0.576 nm, as shown in Figure 7a. These nanosheets can realize the intercalation/deintercalation of Zn 2+ in VS 2 nanosheets. ...
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... et al. [46] synthesized hierarchical 1T-VS 2 directly on stainless steel mesh (VS 2 @SS) by the hydrothermal method. The prepared VS 2 was composed of bending nanosheets with a transverse size of 5-8 µm, forming a highly layered network flower structure from Figure 7b. There is a large number of interlayer channels for electrolyte penetration in VS 2 nanoflowers, which enhances the contact area between electrolyte and VS 2 and promotes the transmission of electrons and ions. ...
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... et al. [48] prepared a rose-like VS2@VOOH material with hydrophilic VOOH coating for the first time. The size of VS2@VOOH is about 10 μm and a large number of nanosheets are assembled into uniform rose-like morphology, as shown in Figure Figure 7. (a) HR−TEM image and rate performance of layered VS 2 [45]; (b) SEM image of VS 2 grown on SS mesh and rate performance of VS 2 @SS electrode [46]; (c) HRTEM image and rate performance of the rGO−VS 2 composites [47]; (d) SEM image and rate performance of the VS 2 @VOOH−18h [48]; (e) HRTEM image and rate performance of VS 2 ·NH 3 electrode [49]; (f) TEM image and rate capability of in−situ electrochemical oxidation formed VS 2 /VO x [50]. ...
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... example, Chen et al. [65] synthesized vertically grown ultra-thin VS 2 nanosheets (rGO-VS 2 ) on graphene sheets by the solvothermal method. The interlayer distance of these ultrathin VS 2 nanosheets is about 0.97 nm, as shown in Figure 7c, which is much larger than that of commercial VS 2 crystals (0.575 nm). They also calculated that the surface area of rGO-VS 2 was 34.2 m 2 ·g −1 , which was larger than that of commercial VS 2 (26.5 m 2 ·g −1 ), indicating that the introduction of graphene increased the specific surface area of the composites. ...
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... et al. [48] prepared a rose-like VS2@VOOH material with hydrophilic VOOH coating for the first time. The size of VS 2 @VOOH is about 10 µm and a large number of nanosheets are assembled into uniform rose-like morphology, as shown in Figure 7d. Hydrophilic VOOH coating is conducive to the penetration of electrolyte in ZIB, and the structure is still intact even after O-H is exchanged with water in VOOH. ...
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... et al. [49] prepared a hollow spherical VS 2 ·NH 3 material with layer spacing expansion as the cathode of ZIB. The VS 2 ·NH 3 hollow flower ball assembled by nanosheets has a porous structure, and the expanded layer spacing is 0.98 nm, as shown in Figure 7e. They found that during the first charge process, the expanded VS 2 ·NH 3 transformed into V 2 O 5 ·nH 2 O with a layer spacing of 1.21 nm after electrochemical oxidation. ...
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... et al. [49] prepared a hollow spherical VS2•NH3 material with layer spacing expansion as the cathode of ZIB. The VS2•NH3 hollow flower ball assembled by nanosheets has a porous structure, and the expanded layer spacing is 0.98 nm, as shown in Figure 7e. They found that during the first charge process, the expanded VS2•NH3 transformed into V2O5•nH2O with a layer spacing of 1.21 nm after electrochemical oxidation. ...
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... step-by-step insertion of Zn 2+ changed the buffer volume, making the reaction kinetics faster and more reversible. As shown in Figure 7f, the VS2/VOx electrode maintains 75% high capacity in 3000 cycles at a current density of 1 A•g −1 . After 1000 cycles, VS2/VOx still Yu et al. [50] first used the in situ electrochemical pretreatment of VS 2 in aqueous medium and obtained VS 2 /VO x heterostructures as cathode materials for ZIB. ...
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... step-by-step insertion of Zn 2+ changed the buffer volume, making the reaction kinetics faster and more reversible. As shown in Figure 7f, the VS 2 /VO x electrode maintains 75% high capacity in 3000 cycles at a current density of 1 A·g −1 . After 1000 cycles, VS 2 /VO x still maintained the original crystal structure and nanosheet morphology, which again proved that the VS 2 /VO x heterostructure had high reversibility. ...
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Phase engineering of nanomaterials (PEN) has demonstrated great potentials in the fields of catalysis, electronics, energy storage and conversion, and condensed matter physics. Recently, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) with unconventional metastable phases (e.g., 1T and 1T′) has attracted increasing research interest due to their unique and...
Citations
... Having a 2D morphology and low thickness, TMDs with tunable band gaps offer some unique physical, chemical, and electronic features [20]. Therefore, they are used in various applications including batteries [21,22], electrochemical energy generation and storage [23], non-linear optics [24], electromagnetic wave adsorption [25], biomedical technology [26], energy [27], photonics and optoelectronics [28], water splitting [29], flexible electronics [30], and gas sensors. ...
Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) with a two-dimensional (2D) structure and semiconducting features are highly favorable for the production of NH3 gas sensors. Among the TMD family, WS2, WSe2, MoS2, and MoSe2 exhibit high conductivity and a high surface area, along with high availability, reasons for which they are favored in gas-sensing studies. In this review, we have discussed the structure, synthesis, and NH3 sensing characteristics of pristine, decorated, doped, and composite-based WS2, WSe2, MoS2, and MoSe2 gas sensors. Both experimental and theoretical studies are considered. Furthermore, both room temperature and higher temperature gas sensors are discussed. We also emphasized the gas-sensing mechanism. Thus, this review provides a reference for researchers working in the field of 2D TMD gas sensors.
... Compared with lithiumion batteries (LIBs) [1], aqueous zinc ion batteries (AZIBs) have high theoretical capacity, low redox potential, low cost [2,3], and offer better battery safety. Cathode materials for AZIBs generally include Prussian blue analogues [4], transition metal oxide/sulfide/dichalcogenides (TMO/TMS/ TMD) [5][6][7][8], metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) [9], and vanadium-based materials [10]. Among these candidates, vanadium-based materials have received significant attention due to their high theoretical capacity. ...
In this study, VO2/V2O5 heterostructures were successfully prepared by a hydrothermal and in-situ sintering procedure and were studied as aqueous zinc ion batteries (AZIBs). The novel heterostructure plays a critical role in controlling electrochemical performance. X‒ray diffraction analysis showed that the heterostructures were composed mainly of the orthorhombic VO2 and monoclinic V2O5 phases. Compared with pristine VO2 and V2O5, the VO2/V2O5 heterostructure showed excellent electrochemical properties when applied as a cathode for AZIBs. The cathode materials showed a high specific capacity of 453.6 mA h g⁻¹ at 0.2 A g⁻¹, considerable rate performance and capacity retention of 85.6% after 800 cycles at a scan rate of 1 A g⁻¹. The X‒ray photoelectron spectra indicated the chemical components and elemental valence and the impedance analysis indicated the charge transfer kinetics. The method proposed herein provides a strategy for designing AZIBs with high capacity and fast ion diffusion rate.
... The arrival of graphene has catalyzed the exploration of various other 2D materials. Among 2D materials, there has been a resurgence of interest in transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) owing to their diverse physical properties and crystal structures [2][3][4][5][6][7]. The TMDs are represented by the formula MX 2 , where X is chalcogen atom (X = S, Se, Te) and M is the transition metal atom (M = Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Mo, W etc.). ...
In this work the first-principles calculations of the structural, electronic and thermoelectric properties of monolayer TiSe2 are presented. The optimized lattice parameter of monolayer TiSe2 shows excellent agreement with the experimental value. The computed band structure and density of states calculations predict metallic nature of monolayer TiSe2 with overlapping of 0.44 eV between the lowest conduction band and top valance band at high symmetry point M. The position of pseudogap formed by Ti-3d orbitals near the Fermi level confirms the mechanical stability of monolayer TiSe2. Due to the influence of positive strain (tensile strain), the Ti-Se bond length increases and the layer height decreases. The applied tensile strain changes the metallic nature of TiSe2 into a semiconductor with opening of bandgap. It has also been observed that the positions of conduction band minima and valance band maxima change with strain. The charge analysis shows that charge transfer from Ti to Se atom increases when tensile strain is applied, while an opposite trend is observed with compression. The computed thermoelectric coefficients i.e. Seeback coefficient, power factor and figure of merit are in good agreement with the experimental data. The temperature dependence of these coefficients is also reported.
The density functional theory based calculations are reported employing the PBE-GGA ansatz using the plane wave-pseudopotential method embodied in the Quantum ESPRESSO package. The self-consistent field calculations are performed over a dense Monkhorst–Pack net of 12 × 12 × 1 k-points. The energy convergence criteria for the self-consistent field calculation were set to 10–6 Ry/atom with a cutoff energy of 90 Ry. The thermoelectric properties are computed by combining the band structure calculations with the Boltzmann transport equation using Boltztrap2 peckage.
... In recent years, great efforts have been devoted to the investigation of cathode materials, encompassing manganese-based [9], vanadium-based [10], organic cathodes [11], as well as transition metal dichalcogenides [12]. Regrettably, manganese-based materials experience disproportionation reactions during charge/discharge cycling, Ionics and manganese dissolves into the electrolyte as Mn 2+ ions, leading to irreversible phase transitions and structural instability that result in unsatisfactory battery cycling performance, thereby constraining their further application [13]. ...
Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) has significant potential in aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) due to its unique layered structure and adjustable layer spacing. However, the electrochemical performance remains unsatisfactory primarily due to the limited interlayer spacing. Here, a composite material consisting of MoS2 nanosheets with expanded interlayer spacing and intercalated surfactant polyethylene glycol (PEG) is proposed as a cathode material for AZIBs. The results indicate that PEG is intercalated into the layered structure of MoS2, resulting in a significant expansion of the MoS2 layer spacing (from 0.62 to 0.95 nm). The PEG effectively mitigates the agglomeration during MoS2 growth, promotes the 2H to 1T phase conversion in MoS2 (about 60% of 1T phase content), provides more active sites for electrochemical reactions, reduces electron transfer resistance, and shortens diffusion distance of zinc ions. During the process of charging and discharging, the intercalated PEG molecules serve as “pillars” to provide structural support for MoS2 layers, thereby enhancing their stability. The pseudocapacitive behavior of the MoS2-PEG is promoted by the combination of these aforementioned advantages. Consequently, the MoS2-PEG composite electrode exhibited a discharge capacity of 123.4 mAh·g⁻¹ at a current density of 1.0 A g⁻¹ and maintained a capacity retention of 83.5% after 200 cycles, while pure MoS2 only displayed a reversible capacity of 71.5 mAh·g⁻¹ under identical conditions. This study provides a reference for the development of MoS2 as a cathode material for AZIBs.
... One of the various nanomaterials widely used to construct EC sensors is 2D layered materials such as graphene-based materials (GBMs) and TMDs [28][29][30][31]. While GBMs have displayed promising results in modifying EC sensors [32], unfortunately, some TMDs, like VS 2, have demonstrated weak electronic conductivity, restricting their use as EC sensors [33,34]. Thus, to enhance the EC performance of VS 2 , suitable electronic conductive materials can be incorporated. ...
... Inspired by the studies, this study aims to fabricate a non-enzymatic EC sensor based on rGO/VS 2 nanosheets for the detection of Glut. Previously reported Glut non-enzymatic EC sensors are based on metal [34] and metal oxide nanoparticles [38][39][40] (Table 1). Thus, as per our knowledge, this is the first study in which one of the TMDs family members is used to fabricate a sensor for Glut detection (see Scheme 1). ...
... MoS 2 , WS 2 , and VS 2 are well-known members of TMDs, owning similar morphological and chemical properties. These materials have a layered crystal structure, with weak Van-der Waals bonds between the layers, allowing them to exfoliate easily into single-layer or few-layer nanosheets [2,3]. Amongst, MoS 2 is a suitable candidate for electrochemical energy storage applications because of its large accessible surface area and tunable electrical structure [1,4]. ...
Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides are of great interest due to their extraordinary electrical and optical characteristics for possible optoelectronic applications like photodetectors. In the current work, MoS2 film has been deposited by a simple and economical hydrothermal route in an alkaline solution in one pot. Raman and X-ray diffraction analyses verified the growth of the dominant 1T-phase, which provides more active sites on the film. Electron microscope images exhibit the formation of long MoS2 nanowires on top of skein-like microspheres. Each microsphere is composed of curly nanosheets. A growth mechanism is suggested for the formation of the achieved morphology. The energy bandgap of the film was calculated to be around 1.72 eV, using the optical absorbance spectrum. The photosensitivity tests showed a 26% response of the fabricated photosensor toward incident light (450 nm) and confirmed that the as-grown MoS2 has high response stability. The recorded response time of 187 s and the recovery time of 210 s showed that the sample responds quickly to incident light. The obtained results showed the effect of the 1T-MoS2 phase and nanowire structure on improving the performance of photodetectors and presented a simple method for the synthesis of MoS2 films with nanowire morphology.
... Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) demonstrate a wealth of fascinating properties ranging from semiconductor and semimetal to metal and superconductor (Wang et al. 2019). MoS 2 , WS 2 , and VS 2 are well-known members of TMDs, possessing a layered crystal structure, with weak Van-der Waals bonds between the layers, which allows them to exfoliate easily into single-layer or few-layer nanosheets (Li, et al. 2022;Ghaleghafi et al. 2021). Amongst, MoS 2 is a suitable candidate for electrochemical energy storage applications because of its large accessible surface area and tunable electrical structure (Wang et al. 2019(Wang et al. , 2021. ...
Thin film technology is significant in technological progress and modern research because it allows for the production of optoelectronic devices with improved characteristics. Because of its superior chromatic efficiency, tungsten oxide (WO 3 ) is one of the best candidates for energy-saving applications. In this study, undoped and tin (Sn)-doped WO 3 films were grown on top of WO 3 seed layers directly by a facile hydrothermal route at a temperature as low as 110 ∘ C for 24[Formula: see text]h. The seed layers were also deposited on top of glass substrates using spray pyrolysis. The results of tin doping on the structural, optical, and morphological characteristics of the WO 3 :Sn films were studied. X-ray diffraction patterns show that peak intensities increase significantly by adding Sn and the films’ crystallinity was improved by rising Sn content. In the visible region, the average optical transmittance is around 13% and the optical bandgap changes from 2.61[Formula: see text]eV to 2.81[Formula: see text]eV, by increasing the dopant amount. Finally, the room temperature photoluminescence of samples shows intense green light emissions. The results of this research can be beneficial for the fabrication and performance optimization of electrical and optical devices such as gas sensors, electrochromic devices, and photosensors.
... Over the years, researchers have successfully synthesized stable TMDCs using a variety of methods like chemical vapor deposition (CVD), chemical exfoliation, and solvothermal synthesis. The utilization of these techniques permits the accurate manipulation of the size, morphology, and structure of the TMDs, ultimately influencing their characteristic traits [27]. TMDs like MoS 2 , WS 2 , MoSe 2 , and WSe 2 have been extensively studied because of their extraordinary electronic, optical, and mechanical characteristics that are prominently displayed when their thickness is decreased to just a few layers [28]. ...
Energy storage and conversion are critical components of modern energy systems, enabling the integration of renewable energy sources and the optimization of energy use. These technologies play a key role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and promoting sustainable development. Supercapacitors play a vital role in the development of energy storage systems due to their high power density, long life cycles, high stability, low manufacturing cost, fast charging discharging capability and eco-friendly. Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) has emerged as a promising material for supercapacitor electrodes due to its high surface area, excellent electrical conductivity, and good stability. Its unique layered structure also allows for efficient ion transport and storage, making it a potential candidate for high-performance energy storage devices. Additionally , research efforts have focused on improving synthesis methods and developing novel device architectures to enhance the performance of MoS2-based devices. This review article on MoS2 and MoS2-based nanocomposites provides a comprehensive overview of the recent advancements in the synthesis, properties, and applications of MoS2 and its nanocomposites in the field of supercapacitors. This article also highlights the challenges and future directions in this rapidly growing field.
... At present, aqueous zinc ion batteries (AZIBs) have been widely studied for energy storage due to various advantages such as low cost, environmental benignity, and high safety performance [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. So far, there have been various materials reported to be suitable as cathodes for AZIBs, including manganese-based materials [11][12][13][14][15], vanadium-based materials [16][17][18][19][20], and Prussian blue analogs [21][22][23][24]. ...
The dissolution of active material in aqueous batteries can lead to a rapid deterioration in capacity, and the presence of free water can also accelerate the dissolution and trigger some side reactions that affect the service life of aqueous batteries. In this study, a MnWO4 cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI) layer is constructed on a δ-MnO2 cathode by cyclic voltammetry, which is effective in inhibiting the dissolution of Mn and improving the reaction kinetics. As a result, the CEI layer enables the δ-MnO2 cathode to produce a better cycling performance, with the capacity maintained at 98.2% (vs. activated capacity at 500 cycles) after 2000 cycles at 10 A g−1. In comparison, the capacity retention rate is merely 33.4% for pristine samples in the same state, indicating that this MnWO4 CEI layer constructed by using a simple and general electrochemical method can promote the development of MnO2 cathodes for aqueous zinc ion batteries.
... Therefore, developing cathode materials with stable crystal structures and excellent cycling stability is essential to promoting the development of aqueous Zn-ion batteries [28][29][30][31][32]. Based on the variable valence (standard valence states of +2, +3, +4, and +5) and the active nature of the vanadium element, it can carry out multiple electronic transfer redox reactions and thus exhibits a high capacity [25,28,33,34]. Vanadium-based sulfide nanomaterials, due to their unique structure, abundant redox activity, fast ion diffusion kinetics, and low ion diffusion potential, determine them to be a good choice as materials for zinc-ion batteries with aqueous cathodes [35][36][37][38][39]. Figure 1 shows typical types of vanadium-based sulfides and describes the advantages and disadvantages of vanadiumbased sulfides for use in aqueous zinc-ion batteries. As the chemical composition and valence of vanadium changes, it allows vanadium atoms to combine with sulfur atoms to exhibit a diverse range of material species, as well as exhibit diverse structures such as layered structure (VS 2 ), chain-like structure (VS 4 ), and tunnel structure (V 5 S 8 ), which also determine the various properties of vanadium-based sulfides. ...
... Based on the variable valence (standard valence states of +2, +3, +4, and +5) and the active nature of the vanadium element, it can carry out multiple electronic transfer redox reactions and thus exhibits a high capacity [25,28,33,34]. Vanadium-based sulfide nanomaterials, due to their unique structure, abundant redox activity, fast ion diffusion kinetics, and low ion diffusion potential, determine them to be a good choice as materials for zinc-ion batteries with aqueous cathodes [35][36][37][38][39]. Figure 1 shows typical types of vanadium-based sulfides and describes the advantages and disadvantages of vanadium-based sulfides for use in aqueous zinc-ion batteries. As the chemical composition and valence of vanadium changes, it allows vanadium atoms to combine with sulfur atoms to exhibit a diverse range of material species, as well as exhibit diverse structures such as layered structure (VS2), chain-like structure (VS4), and tunnel structure (V5S8), which also determine the various properties of vanadium-based sulfides. ...
... Two-dimensional layered transition metal disulfides (TMDs) have the structural formula MX 2 , where M represents transition metal elements, including titanium, vanadium, molybdenum, tungsten, and tantalum, and X represents sulfur group elements, including sulfur, selenium, etc. Based on their unique two-dimensional layered crystal structure and diverse chemical composition, they are not only beneficial as ion transport carriers to accommodate the volume changes during ion insertion but also make these materials have wonderful optoelectronic properties that can be widely used for energy conversion and harvesting [37,[40][41][42][43]. ...
Aqueous zinc-ion batteries are considered one of the promising large-scale energy storage devices of the future because of their high energy density, simple preparation process, efficient and safe discharge process, abundant zinc reserves, and low cost. However, the development of cathode materials with high capacity and stable structure has become one of the key elements to further development of aqueous zinc-ion batteries. Vanadium-based compounds, as one of the cathode materials for aqueous zinc-ion batteries, have various structures and high reversible capacities. Among them, vanadium-based sulfides have higher academic ability, better electrochemical activity, lower ion diffusion potential barrier, and a faster ion diffusion rate. As a result, vanadium-based sulfides have received extensive attention and research. In this review, we summarize the recent progress of vanadium-based sulfides applied in aqueous zinc-ion batteries, highlighting their effective strategies for designing optimized electrochemical performance and the underlying electrochemical mechanisms. Finally, an overview is provided of current vanadium-based sulfides and their prospects, and other perspectives on vanadium-based sulfide cathode materials for aqueous zinc-ion batteries are also discussed.
