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(a) Geographical map of SE Turkey and the location of the studied area. (b) Geological map of the study area including the position of the I ̇ niş dere section (modified from Sungurlu 1974; Aksu & Mulayim 2015). (c) I ̇ niş dere cross-section.
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The Cenomanian-Turonian carbonate ramp in the Adıyaman Region of SE Turkey (Northern Arabian Platform) records an abrupt shift from benthic carbonate deposits to pelagic deposits near the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary event (CTBE) in the İnişdere stratigraphic section and surrounding borehole sections. A positive δ 13C excursion of up 2.15% is recor...
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... Plate. This study focuses on part of the Upper Cretaceous succession of the Arabian carbonate platform, a major petroleum reservoir unit (Cater & Gillcrist 1994). Data and observations focus on the CTBE based on investigations of the Karababa and the Derdere formations from oil industry boreholes and the I ̇ niş dere measured outcrop section (Fig. ...
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... Karaboğ az Formation overlies (see Fig. 1) the Karababa Formation (Turonian-early Campanian age) with an erosional unconformity and consists of heavily chertified limestone rich in phosphatic vertebrate fragments with clast-supported chert-pebble beds in the basal part of the formation. The Karaboğ az Formation probably developed during an interval of transgressive flooding, ...
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... clast-supported chert-pebble beds in the basal part of the formation. The Karaboğ az Formation probably developed during an interval of transgressive flooding, perhaps during a period of oceanic upwelling (Cater & Gillcrist 1994). Karaboğ az and Derdere formations provide unconformable contacts related to the Karababa Formation at base and top (Fig. 1). The Karababa Formation has been subdivided into members A, B and C by Turkish Petroleum Corporation geologists ( Fig. 2) The Karababa Formation contains shallowing upward carbonate facies cycles that indicate deposition in an outer ramp environment (Özkan & Altıner 2019). The Derdere Formation (middle-late Cenomanian) is unconformably ...
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... Karababa Formation has been subdivided into members A, B and C by Turkish Petroleum Corporation geologists ( Fig. 2) The Karababa Formation contains shallowing upward carbonate facies cycles that indicate deposition in an outer ramp environment (Özkan & Altıner 2019). The Derdere Formation (middle-late Cenomanian) is unconformably overlain by the Karababa Formation (Figs 1 & 2). It is composed of fining-upward mud-dominated partly dolomitized carbonates that were deposited in inner to outer ramp environments ( Mülayim et al. 2018;Özkan & Altıner 2019). ...
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... However, it seems unlikely that oxygen-deficient waters ever flooded the outer ramp. The Derdere Formation and Karababa-A Member sediments of southeastern Turkey are very similar to those previously described from Syria and Iraq areas ( Jaff et al. 2015) but show noticeable discrete differences, among which is the presence of a drowning boundary (Fig. ...
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... (Erlich et al. 1990(Erlich et al. , 1993Föllmi et al. 1994), and they are commonly represented by abrupt changes in sediment type. The recognition of this event fills a gap in current knowledge on Late Cretaceous stratigraphy; it seems to correlate well with other similar and coeval drowning unconformities described around the Arabian Platform (Fig. ...
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... section indicate progressive drowning of the platform close to the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary. The rate of accumulation after the drowning unconformity is very low, and this may produce a short condensed section. The drowning of the platform coincided approximately with the widely documented Cenomanian-Turonian OAE and sea-level rise. Fig. 10. Cenomanian-Turonian, stratigraphic correlation of the Derdere Formation and the Karababa-A Member (SE Turkey) with the northern margin of the Arabian platform for Syria and Iraq areas (modified from Jaff et al. ...
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... The results indicate that the depositional-diagenetic evolution of the Cenomanian-Santonian successions was significantly controlled by the combined effects of tectonic activities and eustatic sea-level changes in SW Iran (Bagherpour et al., 2021;Mehrabi et al., 2022b), and throughout the Middle East (Vincent et al., 2015;Mulayim et al., 2020). In the Zagros Basin, basement fault activity combined with halokinetic movements of the Pre-Cambrian Hormoz Salt Formation formed a variable basin physiography (paleo-topography) consisting of the formation of several Fig. 17. ...
The Cenomanian–Santonian (C–S) carbonate successions include valuable petroleum reservoirs in the Zagros Basin. They also provide important information on the paleogeographic setting, paleoclimatic conditions, and tectonic evolution of the southern Neo-Tethys margin. This study focuses on the paleoclimatic changes across the C–S transition using the petrographical, petrophysical, paleontological, major and trace element and isotope geochemical data from three subsurface sections selected from the southern Dezful Embayment and northwestern part of the Persian Gulf. Remarkable differences in allochemical (skeletal and non-skeletal) elements indicate dissimilar paleoclimatic conditions during the Cenomanian–Turonian and Santonian. Paleoexposure events are related to diagenetic processes such as extensive meteoric dissolution (karstification) and the development of bauxitic–lateritic paleosols with high Fe, Al, and kaolinite concentrations indicating warm and humid (tropical) conditions. Increased values of Fe, Al, Rb, and 87Sr/86Sr isotopic ratios and depletion of Ca, Sr, δ18O, and δ13C considered together indicate meteoric diagenetic effects under this paleoclimatic condition. Spectral gamma measurements are used to investigate paleoclimatic conditions. Low content of Uranium (U) throughout the transgressive systems tract (TST) and high concentration in the regressive systems tract (RST) along with low contents of kaolinite within the Santonian sequence denote the predominance of arid conditions. The major fall in U concentrations at the Cenomanian–Turonian interface (CT-Exposure Surface) could be regarded as an outcome of the fall in the relative sea-level and a proxy of oxidizing conditions (Th/U > 7) that could be the consequence of a change in paleoclimate from humid/semi-humid to humid. Evidence for a 3–4 °C decrease in paleo-temperature and increase in aridity are recorded during the Cenomanian–Santonian transition in the Zagros Basin, which is in close agreement with global trends. This cooling pattern is attributed to a decline in atmospheric CO2 levels and alterations in oceanic circulation, specifically an increase in meridional circulation.
... Crucial processes controlling hydrocarbon accumulations occurred during the oceanic anoxic event (OAE2) from the upper Cenomanian to the lower Turonian (in details, see Mülayim et al. 2019;Fig. 5). ...
... Outcrops in the İnişdere stratigraphic section provide an understanding of the geological characteristics. From another point of view, the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary (CTB), preserved well in this outcrop, allows an explanation for the first time of the drowning mechanism at the CTB (Mülayim et al. 2019) and the relationship with the OAE2 in the Arabian Carbonate Platform (SE Anatolia/Türkiye). This outcrop is a novelty in SE Türkiye as well as in the Arabian Plate, as the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary is present in the shallow marine environment of such a sequence in very few places worldwide (in details see Mülayim et al. 2019). ...
... From another point of view, the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary (CTB), preserved well in this outcrop, allows an explanation for the first time of the drowning mechanism at the CTB (Mülayim et al. 2019) and the relationship with the OAE2 in the Arabian Carbonate Platform (SE Anatolia/Türkiye). This outcrop is a novelty in SE Türkiye as well as in the Arabian Plate, as the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary is present in the shallow marine environment of such a sequence in very few places worldwide (in details see Mülayim et al. 2019). For the first time, the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary in SE Anatolia/ Türkiye was revealed by detailed palaeontological (planktic, benthic, rudist and nannofossil) and stable isotope (δ 13 C and δ 18 O) geochemical data, and correlations on local and global scales were presented (Mülayim et al. 2019). ...
Adıyaman (SE Türkiye) has a spectacular geological record and high-quality outcrops of petroleum systems. Türkiye is an important resource area for the petroleum industry. The petroleum sector impacts development and provides opportunities for geotourism and geoeducation. Most of these sedimentary and tectonically related geological records form sites relevant to petroleum geology that provide favourable conditions for geoeducational activities with special emphasis on the framework of hydrocarbon exploration models in fieldwork. These georoutes should be popularised for those who work in the petroleum industry, colleagues who are not yet familiar with them and are interested in these concepts, and even for students who are leaning in this direction. This study is about geotourism at sites that are related to the petroleum industry, which could serve as pioneering examples in SE Türkiye and their potential as industrial geotourism resources. In addition, all of these sites are ideal for conducting various geoeducational and geotourism activities for the purposes of geoconservation. Due to the uniqueness of this study, the industrial geoheritage of Adıyaman will become more accessible for scientific research and play an important role in geoeducation and as a potential geotourism resource.
... Each sequence comprises open marine (middle ramp, outer ramp, and basin) facies in the TST (transgressive systems tract) and inner ramp (lagoon, shoal, and reef-talus) facies in the RST (regressive systems tract). A general ramp-like carbonate platform model was proposed for these sequences in the Dezful Embayment 33 . The diagenetic history of these sequences encompasses alterations in marine (micritization, bioturbation, isopachous marine cementation; Fig. 3), two stages of meteoric (dissolution/karstification, collapse brecciation, silicification, paleosol formation, meteoric drusy and bladed calcite cementation; Fig. 3), and shallow to deep burial (mechanical to chemical compaction, blocky calcite cementation, stylolite-related dolomitization, recrystallization, pyritization, and fracturing; Fig. 3) realms 22 . ...
The mutual interplays between plate tectonic processes, orogenesis and continental uplift, high-flux magmatism, and high sedimentation rates can affect the geochemical signatures and composition of marine sediments. Here, we examine two major disconformities, the Cenomanian–Turonian boundary (CT-ES) and the middle Turonian (mT-ES) exposure surfaces, from the Upper Cretaceous sedimentary successions of the southeastern Neo-Tethys Ocean in the Zagros Basin (Iran). The disconformities are expressed as distinct positive peaks in rubidium (Rb) contents and 87Sr/86Sr isotopic ratios of carbonates. The 87Sr/86Sr values of samples bracketing the disconformities in seven well cores give average age ranges of 94.4–93.6 Ma for the CT-ES and 91–86 Ma for the mT-ES. These ages fall in the timespan of forearc/ophiolite formation through subduction initiation in the Neo-Tethys realm (southern margin of Eurasia), high convergence velocities between Arabia and Eurasia, and blueschist exhumation. All these processes involved buckling of the Neo-Tethyan lithosphere, initiating the Neo-Tethys closure and a high erosion rate on the Eurasian margin. The first two mechanisms exerted considerable compressional forces on the adjacent carbonate platforms, reactivated basement faults, and led to the uplift and erosion of the Arabian Plate, which provided the high contents of Rb and the high 87Sr/86Sr ratios in the carbonates.
... A low-energy, deep offshore environment is indicated also by the presence of keeled and globular planktic foraminifera, dwarf ammonites, tiny and broken filaments, radiolaria, and thinly laminated mudstone interbedded with thinly bedded limestone. The peak transgression of the Gulneri succession is thus recorded at this time, with depositional activity continuing during the maximum relative sea level (e.g., Hardenbol et al., 1998;Li and Schieber, 2018;Mulayim et al., 2020). These offshore facies demonstrate the maximum submergence of the karstified limestone found in the Dokan Formation and a quick rise in sea level. ...
... The heterolithic facies comprise glauconitite, carbonaceous calcareous mudstone and highly bioturbated, glauconitite heterolithic facies that fines upward and forms two to three cycles. The abundance of bioturbation suggests that the oxygen content at the sediment/water interface fluctuated between high and low levels, potentially falling below storm wave base depth within relative proximity to the offshore zone (Wilson, 1975;Mulayim et al., 2020). Finally, the uppermost facies of the Gulneri Formaiton display sudden shallowing and develop erosional and small karst features within the undulating upper surface through forced regression. ...
... A low-energy, deep offshore environment is indicated also by the presence of keeled and globular planktic foraminifera, dwarf ammonites, tiny and broken filaments, radiolaria, and thinly laminated mudstone interbedded with thinly bedded limestone. The peak transgression of the Gulneri succession is thus recorded at this time, with depositional activity continuing during the maximum relative sea level (e.g., Hardenbol et al., 1998;Li and Schieber, 2018;Mulayim et al., 2020). These offshore facies demonstrate the maximum submergence of the karstified limestone found in the Dokan Formation and a quick rise in sea level. ...
... The heterolithic facies comprise glauconitite, carbonaceous calcareous mudstone and highly bioturbated, glauconitite heterolithic facies that fines upward and forms two to three cycles. The abundance of bioturbation suggests that the oxygen content at the sediment/water interface fluctuated between high and low levels, potentially falling below storm wave base depth within relative proximity to the offshore zone (Wilson, 1975;Mulayim et al., 2020). Finally, the uppermost facies of the Gulneri Formaiton display sudden shallowing and develop erosional and small karst features within the undulating upper surface through forced regression. ...
This study provides a detailed examination of a condensed Cenomanian-Turonian (C-T) succession of two sections
(Dokan Dam and Khalakan) in the Kurdistan Region, Northeastern Iraq, based on biostratigraphy
(calcareous nannofossils and planktic foraminifera), carbon and oxygen isotope geochemistry, and facies analysis.
The C/T boundary in this region is characterized by a hiatus noticeable due to the absence of the Globigerinelloides
benthonensis and Dicarinella hagni subzones and the lack of positive carbon isotope excursion (CIE)
peak b during the Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 (OAE2). Positive CIEs in our studied succession include three peaks (a,
c, and d) from the four established positive global CIE peaks (a, b, c, and d). Peak a is recognized at the upper part
of the Cenomanian Dokan Formation, while peak b is missing within the hiatus across the C/T boundary. Peak c
is found within the lowest Turonian above the Gulneri/Dokan formational boundary, and peak d appears at the
base of the middle Turonian Kometan Formation. Twelve microfacies and four submicrofacies types are identified
and grouped by depositional paleoenvironments into five facies associations, ranging from peritidal to
basinal settings. Three incomplete third-order depositional sequences (DSs) and their transgressive-regressive
cyclic stacking pattern have been identified in the Cenomanian-Turonian succession studied herein. These DSs
are associated with hiatuses, suggesting tectonic control combined with a global sea-level fall. Hiatuses and
extreme condensation recorded in the latest Cenomanian-early Turonian successions on many Neo-Tethys
platforms resulted from platform exposure, subsequent drowning, and a warming climate.
... The Derdere Formation consists of shallowing-upward carbonate facies characteristic of a ramp depositional environment (Özkan and Altıner, 2018;Mülayim et al., 2018Mülayim et al., , 2019aMülayim et al., , 2019bMülayim et al., , 20202021;Simmons et al., 2020) from the middle to late Cenomanian (Mülayim et al., 2018(Mülayim et al., , 2019b. The Derdere Formation is divided into three parts, from base to top: A, B and C respectively ( Figure 2) (Mülayim, 2020). ...
... Increasing abundance of Pithonella ovalis, P. sphaerica, and Bonetocardiella conoidea is associated with the drowning of the SE Anatolian Carbonate Platform when the shallow-water deposits of the Sabunsuyu Formation were terminated by the organic-rich carbonate deposits of the deeper water hemipelagic Derdere-A deposits. Platform flooding was reported by Mülayim et al. (2019aMülayim et al. ( , 2019b at several locations in the region. Long-term sealevel rise was extensively documented (Dias-Brito, 2000), and widespread drowning of Middle East Carbonate Platforms was recorded for the middle Cenomanian (Ziegler, 2001;Sharland et al. 2001), with this drowning event coincident with that of the SE Anatolian Carbonate Platform (Mülayim et al., 2019a(Mülayim et al., , 2019b. ...
... Platform flooding was reported by Mülayim et al. (2019aMülayim et al. ( , 2019b at several locations in the region. Long-term sealevel rise was extensively documented (Dias-Brito, 2000), and widespread drowning of Middle East Carbonate Platforms was recorded for the middle Cenomanian (Ziegler, 2001;Sharland et al. 2001), with this drowning event coincident with that of the SE Anatolian Carbonate Platform (Mülayim et al., 2019a(Mülayim et al., , 2019b. ...
Pithonellid calcitarchs are studied in the organic-rich limestones of the Derdere-A Member from the middle? Cenomanian deposits of SE Turkey for the first time. Little is known about the distribution of pithonellid calcitarchs in the Cretaceous strata of Turkey. Three morphogroups of pithonellid calcitarchs are distinguished: they are represented by Pithonella sphaerica (Kaufmann, 1865) and P. ovalis (Kaufmann, 1865), both dominating the pithonellid assemblages, and by Bonetocardiella conoidea (Bonet, 1956), this latter being less abundant. Compared to the relative abundance of Upper Cretaceous pithonellid calcitarchs in the study area, the diversity is extremely low. The significant increase in abundance of pithonellid calcitarchs is particularly noticeable in the Cenomanian. We observed a significant increase in abundance of pithonellid calcitarchs in the Derdere-A Member, which is associated with an early transgressive phase of the middle? Cenomanian Arabian Platform. They are present in relative abundance and could therefore represent a potentially useful correlative marker horizon in SE Turkey. Pithonellid calcitarchs have been interpreted as indicators of increased nutrient input. A positive correlation exist between pithonellid calcitarchs abundance and nutrition input in the Derdere-A Member which is a sequence of carbonates deposite under eutrophic conditions, as evidenced by the low diversity and very low abundance of benthonic and planktonic foraminifers, and the high abundance of pithonellid calcitarchs. As a result, the increase of pithonellid calcitarchs indicates the increase of nutrient input in the Derdere-A Member. We noticed that a comparable trophic change also occurred throughout the SE Turkey carbonate platform in the middle? Cenomanian. The increase in the pithonellid abundance reported here may be a possible indicator of such a change.
... The results indicate that the depositional-diagenetic evolution of the Cenomanian-Santonian successions was significantly controlled by the combined effects of tectonic activities and eustatic sea-level changes in SW Iran (Bagherpour et al., 2021;Mehrabi et al., 2022b), and throughout the Middle East (Vincent et al., 2015;Mulayim et al., 2020). In the Zagros Basin, basement fault activity combined with halokinetic movements of the Pre-Cambrian Hormoz Salt Formation formed a variable basin physiography (paleo-topography) consisting of the formation of several Fig. 17. ...
... During the OAE 2, the interplay among sea level rise, anoxia, and eutrophication led to major phases of ecological stress in several Tethyan/Atlantic platform systems that in many cases resulted in the end of shallow water carbonate production and the subsequent deposition of drowning successions (Jenkyns 1991;Philip and Airaud-Crumiere 1991;Drzezwiecki and Simó 1997;Aguilera Franco and Scott 2005;Korbar et al. 2012;Omaña et al. 2012;Lebedel et al. 2014;Touir et al. 2017;Mulayim et al. 2020;Keller et al. 2021). These environmental changes at the C-T boundary interval caused a rapid evolutionary turnover in the marine microfossils, such as the disappearance of the benthonic foraminifera that inhabited the platform and the subsequent presence of a planktonic foraminiferal assemblage in a eutrophic environment. ...
The Upper Cretaceous stratigraphic succession in the western part of the Valles-San Luis Potosi Platform (central to eastern Mexico) reflect the interaction between various paleo-oceanographic factors including sea-level change, tectonic factors, and the type and supply of sediments. The El Abra Formation is a shallow-water carbonate deposit that is overlain by the hemipelagic-pelagic Soyatal Formation, which represents the transition to a deeper, eutrophic, open marine environment in the latest Cenomanian-earliest Turonian (Whiteinella archaeocretacea Partial Range Zone). This unit is linked to a sea-level rise that occurred on a global scale and flooded the platform, coinciding with the Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 (OAE 2). This change is well–marked by faunal assemblages with a low diversity, and environmental stress–resistant species as well as values of delta 13C excursion, total organic carbon (TOC) and trace element signatures. These data suggest that in this time the ocean was oxygen deficient. During the early Turonian the platform was completely drowned, which led to re-establishment of the oligotrophic environment. These conditions favored for development of the planktonic foraminifera of the Helvetoglobotruncana helvetica Total Range Zone with the occurrence of keeled forms (k/strategists) even continuing as far as the late Santonian thus in the Soyatal interval two biostratigraphic zones are also recognized: the Dicarinella concavata Interval Zone (late Turonian-late Coniacian) and Dicarinella asymetrica Total Range Zone (early-late Santonian). This indicates that the studied part of the Valles-San Luis Potosi Platform remained flooded during this time, in contrast with Mediterranean Tethys regions where recovery of the shallow-water carbonate platforms occurred in the latest Turonian to mid-Coniacian. The planktonic foraminiferal assemblages of this interval are diverse, composed of large and complex keeled morphotypes, which indicate an open deep–sea environment.
... SE Dahra Platform is renowned as a tectonically active region due to intense strike-slip movements and related differential subsidence, which was the dominant control on the location of carbonates deposits (Gumati, 2018). Therefore, understanding carbonates systems and predicting their spatial facies distributions in such a region can be challenging due to the combination of significant factors such as tectonics, eustatic sea-level changes, palaeogeography and climate (Chesnel et al., 2016;Serck and Braathen, 2018;Mulayim et al., 2019;Masiero et al., 2021;Randazzo et al., 2020). Analyses of these controlling factors have been based on both subsurface and analogue outcrop data because, in many cases, it is difficult to collect sufficient subsurface datasets or difficult to obtain. ...
Understanding the development of syn-rift carbonate systems is complex, and their facies distributions can sometimes be difficult to predict due to the combination of key factors such as tectonics, eustasy, palaeogeography and climate.
This research presents an integrated study using 3D seismic, well logs and core data from SE Dahra Platform, in order to investigate the control of synsedimentary faults on reservoir architecture and predict heterogeneous distributions of carbonate facies of the Cenomanian (Lidam) Formation, due to its importance as an oil reservoir in the Sirt Basin.
The interpretation of seismic data indicates the presence of two short-lived extensional fault systems, the NNE-SSW trending Dor Fault, and the NNW-SSE trending Bualawn Fault. Both fault systems may cause local block stress deformation resulting in the formation of a restricted mini-basin, separating two small-scale compressional structures on which Dor Mansour and Bualawn Oilfields are located.
A composite seismic section interpretation has enabled the recognition of aggradational ramp platform geometry, in which seismic facies patterns change from oblique reflections, indicating platform-slope facies to parallel/subparallel continuous reflections, indicating platform middle, and interior facies belts. These results indicate that local tectonic deformations and sea-level changes were the primary controls on platform geometry and facies distributions. Additionally, in this study, the Lidam reservoir was divided into two layers (Layer 1 and Layer 2) separated by a thin layer of shale. Based on cores, six lithofacies units have been identified in both layers, and are considered to have been deposited during transgressive to highstand conditions.
... For the OAE1a, the demise of carbonate platforms was accompanied by the occurrence of a condensed interval and hardgrounds in the northern Tethys margin (Skelton and Gili, 2012), whereas deposition continued and strata rich in Lithocodium-Bacinella and or orbitolinid are deposited in the southern Tethys margin (Husinec et al., 2012). For OAE2, the demise of carbonate platforms only occurred in the Pyrenees area, northern Spain (Drzewiecki and Simo, 1997), western Croatia (Korbar et al., 2012) and southeastern Turkey (Mülayim et al., 2019). ...
A deeper understanding of hyperthermal events in the Earth’s history can provide an important scientific basis for understanding and coping with global warming in the Anthropocene. Two types of hyperthermal events are classified based on the characteristics of the carbon isotope excursion (CIE) of the five representative hyperthermal events in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic. The first type is overall characterized by negative CIEs (NCHE) and represented by the Permian-Triassic boundary event (PTB, ~252 Ma), the early Toarcian oceanic anoxic event (TOAE, ~183 Ma), and the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum event (PETM, ~56 Ma). The second type is overall characterized by positive CIEs (PCHE) and represented by the early Aptian oceanic anoxic event (OAE1a, ~120 Ma) and the latest Cenomanian oceanic anoxic event (OAE2, ~94 Ma). Hyperthermal events of negative CIEs (NCHE), lead to dramatic changes in temperature, sedimentation, and biodiversity. These events caused frequent occurrence of terrestrial wildfires, extreme droughts, acid rain, destruction of ozone layer, metal poisoning (such as mercury), changes in terrestrial water system, and carbonate platform demise, ocean acidification, ocean anoxia in marine settings, and various degree extinction of terrestrial and marine life, especially in shallow marine. In contrast, hyperthermal events of positive CIEs (PCHE), result in rapid warming of seawater and widespread oceanic anoxia, large-scale burial of organic matter and associated black shale deposition, which exerted more significant impacts on deep-water marine life, but little impacts on shallow sea and terrestrial life. While PCHEs were triggered by volcanism associated with LIPs in deep-sea environment, the released heat and nutrient were buffered by seawater due to their eruption in the deep sea, thus exerted more significant impacts on deep-marine biota than on shallow marine and terrestrial biota. This work enriches the study of hyperthermal events in geological history, not only for the understanding of hyperthermal events themselves, large igneous provinces, marine and terrestrial environment changes, mass extinctions, but also for providing a new method to identify the types of hyperthermal events and the inference of their driving mechanism based on the characteristics of carbon isotopic excursions and geological records.
