Figure 4
![Figure 2. Volcanic Rock Components [4].](publication/333599304/figure/fig1/AS:765885472075776@1559612734298/Volcanic-Rock-Components-4_Q320.jpg)
![Figure 3. Classification of Volcanic Rocks [5].](publication/333599304/figure/fig2/AS:765885472047104@1559612734345/Classification-of-Volcanic-Rocks-5_Q320.jpg)
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Since the beginning of recorded history Saint Elmo’s fire (SEF) has been observed and experienced by humans in and close to thunderstorms which are dissipating in strength, either at sea level or in mountainous regions. The systematic study of SEF in nature has proved difficult due to inadequate measurement equipment and the understanding of high-voltage circuit requirements for partial gas breakdown measurement. The understanding of how SEF is generated is not only important in developing protection systems for shipping and aircraft flying at high altitudes and landing, but also for bioelectronics. Arguably our understanding of SEF is largely based on historical events and the empirical mathematical construct of Peek’s Law, which attempts to identify the visual inception voltage in terms of the minimum electrical field stress required for the generation of corona discharge at sharp protrusions. This paper examines how SEF is formed around water–ice particles (graupel), as well on the surface of dirigible airships and airplanes. The paper also compares these ‘natural’ mechanisms to those which are recreated under laboratory conditions, using high-voltage direct-current, (HVDC-), high voltage alternating-current HVAC (50 Hz), as well as using a Tesla coil (0.3 to 30 MHz). SEF has also been investigated for the stimulation of living insects; it can also be used for their eradication. The Tesla coil circuit has been demonstrated to be suitable for the creation of a minimum visual inception voltage on both these living insects (moths and beetles), as well as on larger artificial objects such as ship models.
Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs), as advanced materials systems, provide effective thermal barrier to the components of gas turbine engines by allowing higher operating temperatures. Thus, TBCs have been developed for aerial and aerospace engine applications to improve engine reliability and fuel efficiency. Electron‐beam physical vapor deposition (EB‐PVD), plasma spraying (PS), solution precursor plasma spraying (SPPS), and suspension plasma spraying (SPS) techniques are generally used to apply the TBCs on the metallic substrates. This chapter gives an overview of the TBCs formed by different processing techniques, the application of TBCs, and the thermal transport in TBCs.
