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This study compared the effects of different conditioning activities on the 100-m dash performance of 11 male, high school track and field athletes (mean age = 16.3; SD = 1.2 years). Participants performed a 100-m dash seven minutes after each of four randomized conditioning protocols, with each condition and 100-m dash separated by 3–10 days. The...
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Context 1
... the control protocol, participants performed no conditioning activity. The FS protocol consisted of two sets of 20-m free sprints, starting from a crouched position (Figure 1(a)). The RS protocol was composed of two sets of 20-m sprint using an elastic tubing tool (Figure 1(b)). ...
Context 2
... FS protocol consisted of two sets of 20-m free sprints, starting from a crouched position (Figure 1(a)). The RS protocol was composed of two sets of 20-m sprint using an elastic tubing tool (Figure 1(b)). Each extremity of the elastic tubing was attached to a quick-release belt system (Page & Ellenbecker, 2003). ...
Context 3
... the control protocol, participants performed no conditioning activity. The FS protocol consisted of two sets of 20-m free sprints, starting from a crouched position (Figure 1(a)). The RS protocol was composed of two sets of 20-m sprint using an elastic tubing tool (Figure 1(b)). ...
Context 4
... FS protocol consisted of two sets of 20-m free sprints, starting from a crouched position (Figure 1(a)). The RS protocol was composed of two sets of 20-m sprint using an elastic tubing tool (Figure 1(b)). Each extremity of the elastic tubing was attached to a quick-release belt system (Page & Ellenbecker, 2003). ...
Citations
... Successful performance and good mood are usually linked [9,10], which is why it's important to maintain a good mood of the athletes before a competition [2]. Across many different individual and team sports and measures of performance, successful athletes exhibit a mood profile slightly more positive than that of less successful athletes [11][12][13]. Some successful athletic performance is closely associated with mood, which combines high vigor with low tension, depression, anger, fatigue and confusion scores, as suggested by the iceberg profile (the mean scores of the normative group represent the water line beneath which most scores fall) [14]; athletes with a debilitated performance are characterized by below average scores for vigor and above average scores for tension, depression, anger, fatigue and confusion as inverse iceberg profile reported. ...
Background:
Regularly and scientifically participating in athletics is beneficial for physical and mental health. Mood or emotions are important component of psychology and a major indicator of physical and mental health. Positive and negative mood or emotions can have a strong impact on physical responsiveness. The aim of the present study was to explore whether mood or emotional state influence performance in athletics.
Methods:
Mood, analyzed by Profile of Mood States, and emotional state, reflected by eye movement (looking at times and length), were used to predict track or field performance in training and competition.
Results:
1. The profile of track training (except 3rd week) resembled an iceberg profile (highest vigor scores) and the profile on the 3rd week resembled a "melting" iceberg profile, in which positive mood (vigor and self-esteem) was decreased and negative mood, particularly depression and anger, was significantly increased. The profile of field training almost overlapped, with the exception of depression decreasing markedly on the 3rd and 4th weeks. 2. Positive mood overpowered negative mood, particularly following a track competition; positive emotions exceed negative emotions following track and field competition. 3. The results of the regression analysis showed that an improvement in track performance was negatively correlated with a rise in total mood disturbance (TMD), and field performances were positively correlated with positivity of emotion, as tested by eye movement. 4. Good performance in track events appeared to be associated with decreased vigor and increased fatigue during 3rd and 4th track training; decreased depression and fatigue, and increased vigor as well as low observe length of watching negative emotional pictures (NEPs) before track competition. A good performance in field events appeared to be associated with anger decrease and confusion increase, increased fixation counts of watching positive emotional pictures (PEPs), and decreased fixation and observe counts of watching NEPs before field competition.
Conclusions:
The present study proved that different indicators appeared to measure different sport performances: More indicators of Profile of Mood States inclined to predict track performance, while more eye movement indicators could predict field performance. Mixed methods could provide a better understanding of performance than a single approach alone. These findings provided theoretical support and supplementary data for practical applications in the design of comprehensive training programs.
... Of all the studies included in the review, sixteen effectively enhanced subsequent performance (Batista et al., 2007;Turner et al., 2015;Cuenca-Fernández et al., 2015, 2020Seitz et al., 2015Andrews et al., 2016;Dello Iacono et al., 2016a;Bishop et al., 2017;Ferreira-Júnior et al., 2018;Doma et al., 2020;Wong et al., 2020;Ciocca et al., 2021;Brink et al., 2021;Escobar Hincapié et al., 2021). In seven studies, subsequent performance was 1 = criterion was satisfied, 0 = criterion was not satisfied. ...
... Criteria: (1) eligibility criteria were specified ( a not applicable); (2) random allocation; (3) concealed allocation; (4) groups similar at baseline; (5) blinding of participants; (6) blinding of therapists who administered the therapy ( a not applicable); (7) blinding of assessors; (8) less than 15% drop-outs; (9) intention to treat; (10) between-group statistical analysis; (11) point measures and variability data. enhanced after split squat (Cuenca-Fernández et al., 2015, 2020Andrews et al., 2016;Bishop et al., 2017;Doma et al., 2020;Escobar Hincapié et al., 2021), in four studies after alternate leg bounds (Turner et al., 2015;Ferreira-Júnior et al., 2018;Ciocca et al., 2021;Brink et al., 2021) and maximum isokinetic contractions (Batista et al., 2007;Seitz et al., 2015Wong et al., 2020), and in one after drop jump (Dello Iacono et al., 2016a). ...
... Regarding the rest interval between the CA and the performance test, most studies showed improvements after 4-8 min of recovery (Batista et al., 2007;Cuenca-Fernández et al., 2015, 2020Seitz et al., 2015;Andrews et al., 2016;Dello Iacono et al., 2016a;Bishop et al., 2017;Ferreira-Júnior et al., 2018;Doma et al., 2020;Escobar Hincapié et al., 2021). In four studies, improvements were seen after a shorter rest interval, i.e. less than 4 min (Andrews et al., 2016;Wong et al., 2020;Ciocca et al., 2021;Brink et al., 2021), while in three studies, improvements were evident after at least 8 min of recovery (Batista et al., 2007;Andrews et al., 2016;Doma et al., 2020). ...
This review aimed to summarize the reported effects of unilateral conditioning activity (CA) on unilateral performance, bilateral performance, and the contribution of activated body limb to bilateral performance. A systematic search on MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, Scopus, and Google Scholar was conducted on February 2022. Twenty-three studies met the inclusion criteria. Throwing, jumping, swimming, change of direction, and isokinetic performance were used as outcome measures to assess the impact of unilateral CAs on inducing post-activation performance enhancement. Eleven studies examined the effectiveness of resistance exercises as a CA, seven investigated plyometric exercises, and five used isokinetic muscle actions as CAs. Notably, only three studies directly compared the effects of bilateral and unilateral CA, and no study reported possible changes in the contribution of each limb during bilateral exercises executed following unilateral CA. Split squats were the most often studied CA (7), and it was shown that multiple sets of high-loaded split squats (85% one-repetition maximum) executed as CA, improve vertical jumping and change of direction after 4 to 8 min of recovery. At the same time, multiple sets of alternate leg bounds performed with ~10% body weight or without any external load result in an improvement of sprint performance, 2 and 8 min later, with the effect being greater when loaded jumps are used. The unilateral CAs such as split squats, alternate leg bounds, and drop jumps can be effectively used to acutely improve a wide variety of athletic tasks, including jumping, sprinting, change of direction, and swimming performance.
... 27 Including a high-intensity exercise during a warm-up has the potential to elicit an acute increase in jump performance, 8 and is a phenomena commonly referred to as muscle potentiation. 2,12,21,24 Following exercise, fatigue and potentiation coexistalthough fatigue dissipates at a faster rate, leaving a window of opportunity to exploit potentiation and enhance subsequent exercise performance. 21,22,24,40 Post-activation potentiation (PAP) applies to this concept by performing a conditioning exercise (CE), which typically involves a heavy loaded exercise (>85% one repetition maximum (1RM)) or a low to moderate load, high velocity exercise prior to a ballistic or plyometric exercise. ...
... The enhancement of muscle electrical potential is thought to explain the increase in muscle twitch force and may be apparent for up to one minute following the CE. 6,12,39 A PAP response is typically observed following a maximal or near maximal muscle action, with the phosphorylation of myosin light chains explaining much of the improvements in performance. Upon an influx of calcium, the myosin light chain kinase activates the myosin head, causing it to rotate away and toward the actin filament, which in turn, increases cross-bridge formation. ...
Post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) can be used in jump performance. This review recommends that PAPE be subcategorised into two groups: training PAPE and performance PAPE. Training PAPE methods can be incorporated for training purposes where more select equipment, time, and space is available. Performance PAPE can be utilised to enhance competition performance in which limited, or no equipment, is required and can be easily performed before an event. The authors found that isoinertial methods are commonly employed for both performance and training PAPE; however, plyometric training appears a more favourable form of performance PAPE. Furthermore, accentuated eccentric loading could be coupled with plyometric training to achieve the highest PAPE response, but further work is required.
... La aplicación del S-RPE en el atletismo ha sido reportada en pruebas de resistencia ; velocidad (Ferreira-Júnior et al., 2018), lanzamientos (Bazyler et al., 2017), así como el análisis en un grupo de atletas de distintas pruebas como el heptatlón, 100 m con vallas, salto de altura, salto de longitud y lanzamiento de disco (Cristina-Souza et al., 2019). En dichos estudios se presenta el S-RPE como un instrumento que permite evaluar la carga interna del entrenamiento de una manera precisa, ya que es sensible tanto a los cambios en la carga externa del entrenamiento, como a la aparición de otros factores tanto físicos como psicológicos que generen fatiga en el atleta. ...
Know the individual response and recovery from an athlete is an essential demand for coaches. The Session-Rating of Perceived Exertion (S-RPE) allows to evaluate the training impact over every athlete. Training load increase will be reflected in a recovery-stress imbalance that can lead negative consequences. Use self-report questionnaires to monitor athletes is widely accepted, being the Recovery-Stress Questionnaire for Athletes (RESTQ-Sport) one of the most reported. Our objective was to analyze changes in recovery-stress levels and their relationship with the internal training loads, as well as the differences in track and field disciplines. Method. 13 athletes (39% women and 61% men) from decathlon/heptathlon (46%) and pole-vault (54%), from representative university athletics team. S-RPE was collected for all training sessions. RESTQ-Sport was responded four times with three weeks between each application. A parametric and nonparametric comparison of repeated measurements were performed. p < .05 was consider significative for all variables. Results. Only decathlon/heptathlon group showed significative changes in S-RPE. Differences between groups were identified only for S-RPE. Changes in recovery-stress balance were observed in both groups according to RESTQ-Sport. Conclusion. The recovery-stress imbalance presented at the end of the study shows the psychological impact that high training loads and the proximity of competition could produce on these athletes. The groups show different S-RPE levels, which is due to the specific training demands from each athletics specialty, highlighting the need for individualized and monitoring for optimal control. The use of RESTQ-Sport and S-RPE is advisable for this track and field modalities.
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... Effective PAPE effects have been reported using different types of conditioning stimulus, such as high resistance loads [6,12,13] or jumping exercises [14]. Although it was previously emphasized that PAPE stimulus is more effective when it is biomechanically similar to the subsequent activity [15], studies using sprints as conditioning stimuli to enhance sprint performance are limited [16,17]. These studies showed that adults did not improve their 60-m sprint speed after 2 × 60 m sprints [16], whereas young male track and field athletes increased their speed in a 100 m sprint after 2 × 20 m resisted sprints, and not after the same sprints as conditioning without resistance [17]. ...
... Although it was previously emphasized that PAPE stimulus is more effective when it is biomechanically similar to the subsequent activity [15], studies using sprints as conditioning stimuli to enhance sprint performance are limited [16,17]. These studies showed that adults did not improve their 60-m sprint speed after 2 × 60 m sprints [16], whereas young male track and field athletes increased their speed in a 100 m sprint after 2 × 20 m resisted sprints, and not after the same sprints as conditioning without resistance [17]. It seems therefore that the properties of the conditioning stimulus might be critical for the outcome of the study. ...
The aim of this study was to examine the acute effect of backward running (BwR) during warm-up on a 20-m sprint of boys' performance, compared to forward running (FwR). Fourteen recreationally active preadolescent boys (aged 12.5 ± 0.5 years) were examined in 3 protocols: warm-up (control condition), warm-up with 3 × 10 m additional BwR sprints and warm-up with 3 × 10 m additional FwR sprints. Participants were evaluated 4 minutes after each protocol on a 20-m sprint and intermediate distances, as well as the rate of perceived exertion (RPE). Sprint speed across 10-20 m was significantly higher for the BwR warm-up compared to the regular warm-up (p < 0.05) and a significantly higher RPE after the BwR and FwR protocols compared to the control condition was recorded (p < 0.05). No significant difference was detected across the distances 0-5, 5-10, 0-10 and 0-20 m. Although adding 3 × 10-m sprints of BwR or FwR after the warm-up did not enhance performance in a 20 m sprint of preadolescent boys, the positive effect of BwR across 10-20 m distance suggests that BwR could be an alternative means for enhancing performance for certain phases of a sprint for this age. However, preadolescent boys' response to different sprint conditioning exercise stimuli and the optimization of rest time to maximize performance remain to be determined.
... Burkett et al. [5] reported that that performing one set of five box jumps with an addition of 10% bodyweight by holding dumbbells resulted in a greater CMJ height as compared to dynamic exercise, static stretching and no warm up. This finding was supported by more recent studies that also reported acute improvement in sprint times after performing alternate leg bounding with additional 10% of bodyweight [10,29]. Therefore, it would benefit athletes to perform loaded plyometric exercises during their pre-competition warm up. ...
PurposeThe aim of the study was to establish the optimum variable resistance (VR) intensity for loaded countermovement jump (LCMJ) to induce post-activation potentiation (PAP).Methods
Eleven male athletes (age 23 ± 2.3 years, height 1.77 ± 0.05 m, body mass 73.7 ± 9.0 kg) attended one familiarization and four testing sessions. Subjects performed their own pre-competition warm up before performing two countermovement jumps (CMJ) for baseline measure. Subsequently, they performed 2 × 3 unloaded (UCMJ) or loaded CMJ (LCMJ) with one of the three VR intensities, Orange (6.7 ± 0.6 kg), Red (14.0 ± 0.9 kg) and Blue (24.0 ± 1.4 kg), in random order, before performing two more CMJ for post-test measure. Each testing session was separated by at least 48 h.ResultsThere was significant increase in jump height in all conditions (P < 0.05), but no significant difference in change in jump height between conditions (P > 0.05). There were small to moderate effect when comparing Orange and the other conditions. Peak force and velocity increased in Red (P < 0.05) and Orange (P < 0.05), respectively. Change in jump height was significantly correlated to change in peak velocity (r = 0.46, P = 0.002) and peak power (r = 0.46, P = 0.002).Conclusion
The findings of the study showed that UCMJ and LCMJ were effective in improving jump height acutely, and an intensity level of about 10% body weight contributed by VR seems to be the optimum resistance level.
... Lower body plyometric exercises include activities such as DJ, hurdle jump, and CMJ while upper body plyometrics include exercises such as bench press throw and ballistic push-up. The use of plyometric exercises as PAP CA has been studied and shown to be effective in inducing PAP leading to improved jump (Table 5) (3,10,13,18), sprint (Table 6) (3,8,9,23,64), judo (41,47), throwing (Table 7) (61), and sport-specific performances (26). However, some studies have also shown no significant changes in sprint time (62) and jump height (20,40) after performing plyometric exercises. ...
... Studies have also been conducted to investigate the effectiveness of weighted plyometric exercises on inducing PAP (23,44,64). Turner et al. (64) compared the effects of weighted (10% body weight) and unweighted bounding on 20-m sprints. ...
... As the magnitude of improvement in sprint velocity was within the typical error range, this change could have been due to fluctuation in participants' performance. A recent study by Ferreira Junior et al. (23) who used the same plyometric CA as the one in Turner et al. (64) found no significant differences in 100-m dash time (0.89%, p . 0.05) between intervention and control conditions in high school track and field athletes. ...
The use of various modes of exercise to induce postactivation potentiation (PAP) has been studied in the current literature. However, discussion on the advantages and disadvantages of these multiple modes of exercises in inducing PAP within one review study has not been conducted. A brief discussion on the available findings on the effects of different exercises in inducing PAP is presented in this review. Coaches and athletes should take the available information into consideration because the magnitude of PAP effect may vary depending on the mode of exercise performed.
Цель: определить влияние применения технологий интегрального воздействия двигательных и интеллектуальных аспектов на процесс развития двигательных качеств юных легкоатлетов 11-12 лет. Материал и методы: Для определения влияния применения авторской методики развития двигательных навыков юных легкоатлетов в период с сентября 2017 по май 2018 года проведен формирующий педагогический эксперимент. В состав контрольных (n=34 – мальчики) и экспериментальных (n=34 – мальчики) групп вошли юные легкоатлеты 11-12 лет ДЮСШ «ХТЗ» г. Харькова. Результаты. Разработана методика развития двигательных умений и навыков юных легкоатлетов 11-12 лет с применением межпредметных связей, информационных и интерактивных технологий. В нашей методике основным направлением развития двигательных умений и навыков на занятиях по легкой атлетике является целостный подход. Он подразумевает овладение базовыми движениями легкой атлетики на основе аналогий с рациональными и экономичными движениями в живой природе, законами механики. Это обуславливает получение более полного представления о правильной технике легкоатлетических движений. В результате применения методики развития двигательных умений и навыков с использованием межпредметных связей и информационных технологий в течение 1 учебного года наблюдалось достоверное повышение результатов педагогических тестов по двигательной подготовленности у атлетов экспериментальной группы, которая занималась по разработанной нами методике. Выводы. Применение разработанной методики обучения двигательным действиям юных легкоатлетов 11-12 лет способствует повышению показателей двигательной подготовленности. Это является важным аспектом тренировочного процесса юных атлетов. Положительный эффект применения методики обеспечивается адекватным подбором упражнений и расширением теоретического аспекта обучения.
Aims:
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of bench press exercise performed as conditioning activity on the shot put performance in untrained subjects.
Methods:
Twelve healthy men (26 ± 6 years; 1.8 ± 0.1 m; 73.5 ± 10.4 kg; 13.2 ± 5.2% body fat), with no experience in shot put, were randomly assigned into two conditions: 1) Control: subjects performed six shot put attempts, and 2) Bench press exercise: subjects performed six shot put attempts 7 min post 2 sets of 5 repetitions maximum (RM) of bench press exercise. A metal ball of 4 kg was used for shot put attempts, and subjects were instructed to perform each shot put according to the static shot put technique.
Results:
Shot put performance was greater after bench press condition when compared with control condition (8.2 ± 1.2 m vs. 7.8 ± 0.8 m, respectively, p < 0.05). In addition, eight out of 12 volunteers positively responded to the conditioning activity.
Conclusion:
The results suggest that bench press exercise performed as a conditioning activity improves shot put performance in untrained subjects. Moreover, the conditioning activity should be individually set.
