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![(a) Feasible area (FA, surrounded by curves and x-axis) and infeasible area (IFA, the outside zone) of the populations control in the experiment when the evolution time is 3, 5, and 10 μs. Condition P 1(t f ) + P 2(t f ) ⩽ 1 triangulates the boundary. (b) A sample point marked as purple plus sign in (a): Rabi frequencies for the control of populations P 1(0) = 0 → P 1(t f ) = 0.3 and P 2(0) = 0 → P 2(t f ) = 0.2. The used parameters of decoherence are [T101,T112,T201,T212]=[9.5,4.6,6,1.9]μ s and the inset shows the magnification picture of the Rabi frequencies.](publication/361309585/figure/fig2/AS:11431281201002792@1698152049139/a-Feasible-area-FA-surrounded-by-curves-and-x-axis-and-infeasible-area-IFA-the.jpg)
(a) Feasible area (FA, surrounded by curves and x-axis) and infeasible area (IFA, the outside zone) of the populations control in the experiment when the evolution time is 3, 5, and 10 μs. Condition P 1(t f ) + P 2(t f ) ⩽ 1 triangulates the boundary. (b) A sample point marked as purple plus sign in (a): Rabi frequencies for the control of populations P 1(0) = 0 → P 1(t f ) = 0.3 and P 2(0) = 0 → P 2(t f ) = 0.2. The used parameters of decoherence are [T101,T112,T201,T212]=[9.5,4.6,6,1.9]μ s and the inset shows the magnification picture of the Rabi frequencies.
Source publication
We propose a method for the dynamical control in three-level open systems and realize it in the experiment with a superconducting qutrit. Our work demonstrates that in the Markovian environment for a relatively long time (3 $\mu$s), the systemic populations or coherence can still strictly follow the preset evolution paths. This is the first experim...
Citations
... Already, researchers have proposed various protocols to improve the charging process of quantum batteries [10][11][12][13][14][15]. Additionally, there has been progress towards experimental implementation [16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. ...
We investigate the steady-state charging process of a single-cell quantum battery embedded in an N-cell star network of qubits, each interacting with a fermion reservoir, collectively and individually in equilibrium and nonequilibrium scenarios, respectively. We find an optimal steady-state charging in both scenarios, which grows monotonically with the reservoirs' chemical potential and chemical potential difference, where the high base temperature of the reservoirs has a destructive role in all parameter regimes. We indicate that regardless of the strength of the nonequilibrium condition, the high base chemical potential of the battery's corresponding reservoir can significantly enhance the charging process. On the other hand, a weak-coupling strength can strongly suppress the charging. Consequently, our results could counteract the detrimental effects of self-discharging and provide valuable guidelines for enhancing the stable charging of open quantum batteries in the absence of an external charging field.
... For example, in an atomic system driven by laser fields, pulse areas (detunings) is easily modulated through changing the intensity (frequency) of a tunable laser beam [85], while it is feasible to use an electro-optic modulator to impose the required phase shift [86]. Another typical example can be found in the superconducting circuit [87,88]. In each Xmon qutrit [89], coupling strengths (equivalently, pulse areas) and phases are varied over time when using pulses on the capacitively coupled microwave control line [90]. ...
We propose a robust and high-fidelity scheme for realizing universal quantum gates by optimizing short pulse sequences in a three-level system. To alleviate the sensitivity to the errors, we recombine all elements of error matrices to construct a cost function with three types of weight factors. The modulation parameters are obtained by searching for the minimum value of this cost function. The purposes of introducing the weight factors are to reduce the detrimental impact of high-order error matrices, suppress population leakage to the third state, correct the operational error in the qubit space, and optimize the total pulse area of short pulse sequences. The results demonstrate that the optimized sequences exhibit strong robustness against errors and effectively reduce the total pulse area. Therefore, this work presents a valuable method for achieving exceptional robustness and high speed in quantum computations.
... Several theoretical and experimental works were devoted to studying and exploring the behavior of interacting qubits coupled to dissipative and dephasing environments, especially in systems that are promising candidates for implementing quantum computation and simulation such as superconducting circuits, trapped ions, and semiconductor-based qubits [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. In particular, there has been a special interest in studying systems of two qubits coupled to dissipative and dephasing environments, where in most of these works, the two qubits are considered to be identical, while coupled to a single or two separate independent environments (such as the optical, thermal, dephasing, or dissipative) [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31]. ...
One of the main obstacles toward building efficient quantum computing systems is decoherence, where the inevitable interaction between the qubits and the surrounding environment leads to a vanishing entanglement. We consider a system of two interacting asymmetric two-level atoms (qubits) in the presence of pure and correlated dephasing environments. We study the dynamics of entanglement while varying the interaction strength between the two qubits, their relative frequencies, and their coupling strength to the environment starting from different initial states of practical interest. The impact of the asymmetry of the two qubits, reflected in their different frequencies and coupling strengths to the environment, varies significantly depending on the initial state of the system and its degree of anisotropy. For an initial disentangled, or a Werner, state, as the difference between the frequencies increases, the entanglement decay rate increases, with more persistence at the higher degrees of anisotropy in the former state. However, for an initial anti-correlated Bell state, the entanglement decays more rapidly in the symmetric case compared with the asymmetric one. The difference in the coupling strengths of the two qubits to the pure (uncorrelated) dephasing environment leads to higher entanglement decay in the different initial state cases, though the rate varies depending on the degree of anisotropy and the initial state. Interestingly, the correlated dephasing environment, within a certain range, was found to enhance the entanglement dynamics starting from certain initial states, such as the disentangled, anti-correlated Bell, and Werner, whereas it exhibits a decaying effect in other cases such as the initial correlated Bell state.
... Recently, the shortcut-to-adiabaticity (STA) 29-33 method, which offers speed-up while evolving along the adiabatic passage, has been explored both theoretically and experimentally in different systems including cold atoms, 34,35 trapped ions, 36 N-V centers, [37][38][39][40] and superconducting qubits. [41][42][43][44][45][46][47] The improvement of a QB with the STA method has been numerically demonstrated. 23 In this paper, we demonstrate a more efficient charging (discharging) protocol called fmod-STIRAP of a cascaded threelevel QB, which remarkably improves the ergotropy and power in a short evolution time compared to the conventional STIRAP protocol. ...
The quantum battery (QB), which can potentially store or dispatch energy more efficiently with quantum advantage, has attracted considerable attention lately in the field of quantum thermodynamics. With its quantum advantage, a QB could be charged more efficiently than the classical battery. In this paper, we theoretically and experimentally exploit the frequency-modulated stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (fmod-STIRAP) technique to improve the charging (discharging) efficiency of a cascaded three-level QB that is constituted by a superconducting transmon qutrit. The evolution of the qutrit and its thermodynamic properties are analyzed by carrying out the three-level quantum state tomography on the device. Our experimental results, which are confirmed by numerical simulations, show that the fmod-STIRAP technique yields remarkable advantages in population, ergotropy, and power in the charging (discharging) process.
... The widely used QB model is based on spin, which is charged by the coherent coupling to other spins [22][23][24][25][26] or external field [27][28][29][30][31][32][33]. Some experiments were carried out in single-body QB based on nuclear magnetic resonance spin [34], superconducting circuit [35,36], and semiconducting quantum dot [37,38]. It was also reported that collection of more QBs can exhibit more energy storage capacity and collective charging benefiting from quantum correlation can induce stronger charging power of QBs . ...
Quantum battery (QB) makes use of quantum effects to store and supply energy, which may outperform its classical counterpart. However, there are two challenges in this field. One is that the environment induced decoherence causes the energy loss and the aging of QB, the other is that the decreasing of the charger-QB coupling strength with increasing their distance makes the charging of QB become inefficiently. Here, we propose a QB scheme to realize a remote charging via coupling the QB and the charger to a rectangular hollow metal waveguide. It is found that an ideal charging is realized as long as two bound states are formed in the energy spectrum of the total system consisting of the QB, the charger, and the electromagnetic environment in the waveguide. Using the constructive role of the decoherence, our QB is immune to the aging. Additionally, without resorting to the direct charger-QB interaction, our scheme works in a way of long-range and wireless-like charging. Effectively overcoming the two challenges, our result supplies an insightful guideline to the practical realization of QB by reservoir engineering.
... As now, a variety of theoretical efforts have been made, including examining how quantum resources affect QB performance [10][11][12][13][14][15][16], presenting models for achieving optimal mechanisms for batteries such as high charging and capacity [17][18][19][20][21], slow erosion [22,23], to discussing the environmental effects on charging and discharging of QBs [24][25][26][27][28][29][30]. Furthermore, several experimental platforms have been studied to realize operational QBs [31][32][33][34][35][36]. In this regard, we can address the use of an organic semiconductor that is composed of two-levels systems connected to a microcavity [31]. ...
... Alternatively, QBs can be represented by semiconductor quantum dots embedded within optical microcavities, where energy is exchanged between the solid-state qubit and light fields during charging and discharging [32]. Superconducting circuits are also another field of experimental research for QBs [33,34]. An example is the transmon qutrit QB, which is composed of a three-level transmon coupled to an external field. ...
We present an analysis of the availability and maximum extractable work of quantum batteries in the presence of charge and/or heat steady-state currents. Quantum batteries are modeled as non-interacting open quantum systems (mesoscopic systems) strongly coupled to two thermal and particle reservoirs within the framework of non-equilibrium Green’s function theory in a steady-state regime. We found that the battery can be charged manifestly by a steady-state charge current compared to heat one, especially, in an off-resonant transport regime. It allows us to reliably access the performance of the quantum batteries in the high bias-charging regime.
... In pursuit of the quantum advantage and possible experimental realization, the QB has been proposed in various models, such as two-level systems [33,34], three-level systems [35][36][37], two photons model [38], the superconducting circuit model [39][40][41], Lipkin-Meshkov-Glick model [42], Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev model [27,43,44], Heisenberg spin-chain model [45,46], quantum cavity model [47,48], collision model [49][50][51], many-body localized model [52][53][54][55], dissipation model [56,57], and so on [58,59]. One of the most well-known examples is the Dicke model [42,60,61], which describes the interaction of the ensemble of two-level atoms with the singlephoton mode of a cavity. ...
The Dicke model is a fundamental model in quantum optics, which describes the interaction between quantum cavity field and a large ensemble of two-level atoms. In this work, we propose an efficient charging quantum battery achieved by considering an extension Dicke model with dipole-dipole interaction and an external driving field. We focus on the influence of the atomic interaction and the driving field on the performance of the quantum battery during the charging process and find that the maximum stored energy exhibits a critical phenomenon. The maximum stored energy and maximum charging power are investigated by varying the number of atoms. When the coupling between atoms and cavity is not very strong, compared to the Dicke quantum battery, such quantum battery can achieve more stable and faster charging. In addition, the maximum charging power approximately satisfies a superlinear scaling relation Pmax∝βNα, where the quantum advantage α=1.6 can be reached via optimizing the parameters.
... In pursuit of the quantum advantage and possible experimental realization, the QB has been proposed in various mod- * wanggc887@nenu.edu.cn els, such as two-level systems [33,34], three-level systems [35][36][37], two photons model [38], the superconducting circuit model [39][40][41], Lipkin-Meshkov-Glick model [42], Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev model [27,43,44], Heisenberg spin-chain model [45,46], quantum cavity model [47,48], collision model [49][50][51], many-body localized model [52][53][54][55], dissipation model [56,57] and so on [58,59]. One of the most well-known examples is the Dicke model [42,60,61], which describes the interaction of the ensemble of two-level atoms with the singlephoton mode of a cavity. ...
The Dicke model is a fundamental model in quantum optics, which describes the interaction between quantum cavity field and a large ensemble of two-level atoms. In this work, we propose an efficient charging quantum battery achieved by considering an extension Dicke model with dipole-dipole interaction and an external driving field. We focus on the influence of the atomic interaction and the driving field on the performance of the quantum battery during the charging process and find that the maximum stored energy exhibits a critical phenomenon. The maximum stored energy and maximum charging power are investigated by varying the number of atoms. When the coupling between atoms and cavity is not very strong, compared to the Dicke quantum battery, such quantum battery can achieve more stable and faster charging. In addition, the maximum charging power approximately satisfies a superlinear scaling relation $P_{\rm max}\varpropto\beta N^{\alpha}$, where the quantum advantage $\alpha=1.6$ can be reached via optimizing the parameters.
... As now, a variety of theoretical efforts have been made, including examining how quantum resources affect QB performance [10][11][12][13], presenting models for achieving optimal mechanisms for batteries such as high charging and capacity [14][15][16][17][18], slow erosion [19,20], to discussing the environmental effects on charg- * F.Hatami@uok.ac.ir † Z.Abuali@uok.ac.ir ‡ herve.ness@kcl.ac.uk § ShSalimi@uok.ac.ir ing and discharging of QBs [21][22][23][24][25][26][27]. Furthermore, several experimental platforms have been studied to realize operational quantum batteries [28][29][30][31][32][33]. In this regard, we can address the use of an organic semiconductor that is composed of two-levels systems connected to a microcavity [28]. ...
... Alternatively, QBs can be represented by semiconductor quantum dots embedded within optical microcavities, where energy is exchanged between the solid-state qubit and light fields during charging and discharging [29]. Superconducting circuits are also another field of experimental research for quantum batteries [30,31]. An example is the transmon qutrit QB, which is composed of a three-level transmon coupled to an external field. ...
We present an analysis of the availability and maximum extractable work of quantum batteries in the presence of charge and/or heat steady-state currents. Quantum batteries are modelled as non-interacting open quantum systems (mesoscopic systems) strongly coupled to two thermal and particle reservoirs within the framework of non-equilibrium Green's function theory in a steady-state regime. We found that the battery can be charged manifestly by a steady-state charge current compared to heat one, especially, in an off-resonant transport regime. It allows us to reliably access the performance of the quantum batteries in the high bias-charging regime.
... Since using qutrit systems, a smaller amount of energy separates states beyond zero and one; hence noise and control issues become challenging. An inverse engineering method is proposed in [58] for the dynamical control of three-level open systems by considering energy relaxation and dephasing. This paper shows that by using a superconducting qutrit platform, the error rate of the controls is significantly reduced. ...
Designing conventional circuits present many challenges, including minimizing internal power dissipation. An approach to overcoming this problem is utilizing quantum technology, which has attracted significant attention as an alternative to Nanoscale CMOS technology. The reduction of energy dissipation makes quantum circuits an up-and-coming emerging technology. Ternary logic can potentially diminish the quantum circuit width, which is currently a limitation in quantum technologies. Using qutrit instead of qubit could play an essential role in the future of quantum computing. First, we propose two approaches for quantum ternary decoder circuit in this context. Then, we propose a quantum ternary multiplexer and quantum ternary demultiplexer to exploit the constructed quantum ternary decoder circuit. Techniques to achieve lower quantum cost are of importance. We considered two types of circuits, one in which the output states are always restored to the initial input states and the other in which the states of the output are irrelevant. We compare the proposed quantum ternary circuits with their existing counterparts and present the improvements. It is possible to realize the proposed designs using macro-level ternary gates that are based on the ion-trap realizable ternary 2-qutrit Muthukrishnan–Stroud and 1-qutrit permutation gates.
