(a) Example ruler image used for remapping images to remove refractive distortion. (b) Plot of centimeter reading on ruler versus pixel location.

Contexts in source publication

Context 1

... images captured by the camera thus have refractive distortion. This distortion was corrected by calibrating the drop position relative to the refracted ruler image, as shown in figure 4. In some cases, the drops exhibited slight out-of-plane motion, which we estimate to contribute 1 percent or less error in measured vertical position, based on a camera distance of ∼ 1 meter and out-of-plane motion on the order of 1 cm. ...

Context 2

... ∆z is the measured apparent displacement field (the difference between the curve shown in figure 4 and vertical height), and β 1.88 s 2 cm −1 following Sutherland et al. (1999). Because precise measurement of the exact distance between the ruler and the tank side wall, L ruler , was difficult, and precision was difficult to maintain from experiment to experiment over 180 diffferent runs, this length was adjusted manually by ±0.8 cm to yield a profile whose constant upper and lower layer densities matched those measured with the hand-held densitometer. ...

Context 3

... physical retention of a drop at the transition region is thus a function of the length of time that denser fluid is appreciably entrained (t e ), and of the amount of denser fluid that is entrained, represented by the relative drop slowdown ∆U/U u . In order to understand how environmental conditions affect these timescales, the figure 14. As shown in figures 12 and 13, both time metrics have a power law relationship with Froude number, with larger nondimensional retention times occurring for small Fr. ...

Context 4

... images captured by the camera thus have refractive distortion. This distortion was corrected by calibrating the drop position relative to the refracted ruler image, as shown in figure 4. In some cases, the drops exhibited slight out-of-plane motion, which we estimate to contribute 1 percent or less error in measured vertical position, based on a camera distance of ∼ 1 meter and out-of-plane motion on the order of 1 cm. ...

Context 5

... ∆z is the measured apparent displacement field (the difference between the curve shown in figure 4 and vertical height), and β 1.88 s 2 cm −1 following Sutherland et al. (1999). Because precise measurement of the exact distance between the ruler and the tank side wall, L ruler , was difficult, and precision was difficult to maintain from experiment to experiment over 180 diffferent runs, this length was adjusted manually by ±0.8 cm to yield a profile whose constant upper and lower layer densities matched those measured with the hand-held densitometer. ...

Context 6

... physical retention of a drop at the transition region is thus a function of the length of time that denser fluid is appreciably entrained (t e ), and of the amount of denser fluid that is entrained, represented by the relative drop slowdown ∆U/U u . In order to understand how environmental conditions affect these timescales, the figure 14. As shown in figures 12 and 13, both time metrics have a power law relationship with Froude number, with larger nondimensional retention times occurring for small Fr. ...