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(a) Elution curves of crude TFP on a Sephadex G-100 column, three fractions were named as TFPI, TFPII, and TFPIII, respectively. (b) UV absorption spectrogram of TFPI. (c) HPGPC chromatogram of TFPI. (d) FT-IR spectra of TFPI.
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An efficient procedure for ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction of crude polysaccharides from Trichosanthes Fructus (crude TFP) using response surface methodology (RSM) was developed. The Box–Behnken design was applied to optimize the effects of pH ( X1 ), enzyme amount ( X2 ), extraction temperature ( X3 ), and liquid-to-solid ratio ( X4 ) on...
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Citations
... We improved the method of polysaccharide extraction by Chen et al. [50]. First, we weigh 5 g of Moringa oleifera leaves powder, add the corresponding volume of water according to the ratio of material to liquid, stir well, adjust the pH of the solution, and add cellulase. ...
Moringa oleifera leaves (MOL) are a new food resource, rich in functional factors. MOL polysaccharides are important active macromolecules within MOL. However, there are problems, such as low extraction rates and lack of evidence for functional activity. Therefore, in this experiment, single-factor experiments were carried out using MOL powder as the raw material, and the Plackett–Burman test was used to screen the significantly influential test factors. The extraction process of MOL polysaccharide was optimized by response surface methodology. The insulin resistance alleviating activity of MOLP polysaccharides was initially explored. The results showed that the extraction of Moringa oleifera leaves crude polysaccharides (MOLP) by ultrasonic assisted cellulase enzymatic digestion was (17.03 ± 1.03)%, and the obtained MOLP was a crude polysaccharide with an average molecular weight (Mw) of 279.48 kDa, consisting of fucose, rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, xylose, mannose, galacturonic acid, and glucuronic acid. MOLP had an IC50 value of 8.02 mg/mL for α-glucosidase and scavenging activity against free radicals such as ABTS, DPPH, hydroxyl radicals, and superoxide anion with an IC50 value of 0.21 mg/mL 0.31 mg/mL 0.97 mg/mL 0.49 mg/mL. At the same time, MOLP significantly enhanced the glucose consumption, glycogen synthesis, CAT, SOD, GSH-Px activity, and reduced the MDA and ROS content in high glucose-induced insulin-resistant HepG2 (IR-HepG2) cells. This experiment improved the extraction rate of MOLP and demonstrated that MOLP has antioxidant activity and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, which can alleviate the insulin resistance of high glucose-induced HepG2 cells. It provides partial data support for the possible hypoglycemic effect of MOLP by alleviating oxidative stress, and also provides new ideas for the in-depth study of basic research and industrial application of MOLP.
... It is worth noting that the existing studies mainly reported the bioactivity of C. cicadae polysaccharide, but there were few studies on its extraction methods. The extraction method can not only significantly affect the content and yield of polysaccharide, but also significantly affect its structural characteristics and biological activity (7). Ultrasonic extraction is an effective method to destroy cell wall and improve mass transfer efficiency, while enzyme can degrade cell wall and effectively promote the release of intracellular polysaccharides (8). ...
The polysaccharides from C. cicadae were extracted by ultrasonically-assisted enzymatic extraction (UAEE). Response surface analysis was used to determine the optimum parameters as follows: addition of enzymes, 0.71%; extraction temperature, 60°C; extraction time, 18 min; liquid-solid ratio, 46:1 (mL/g). The extraction yield of polysaccharide was 3.66 ± 0.87%. A novel polysaccharide fraction (JCH-a1) from C. cicadae was extracted and then purified by cellulose DEAE-32 and Sephadex G-100 anion exchange chromatography. The analysis results showed that the molar ratio of galactose, glucose, and mannose in JCH-a1 cells (60.7 kDa) was 0.89:1:0.39. JCH-a1 with a triple helix contains more α-glycosides and has strong thermal stability. Moreover, JCH-a1 showed strong antioxidant activity and acted as a strong inhibitor of α-glucosidase in vitro. In addition, JCH-a1 can prolong the lifespan of C. elegans. The present study might provide a basis for further study of JCH-a1 as an antioxidant and hypoglycemic food or drug.
... Polysaccharides, a group of biological macromolecules, have been extensively studied regarding their antioxidation, immunoregulation, and antihyperlipidemic activities [6]. Extraction methods can not only significantly affect the content and yield of polysaccharides but also affect the structural characteristics and biological activities of polysaccharides [7]. ...
... Ultrasonic extraction can destroy cell walls and improve mass transfer and penetration effectively [8]. Enzymatic extraction can obtain target compounds at a lower cost with less degradation simultaneously [6]. Hence, ultrasound-assisted compound enzymatic extraction (UACEE) utilizes the synergistic effect of enzymatic hydrolysis and ultrasound, which can meet the industry for the preliminary extraction of polysaccharides [9]. ...
... R. trichosanthis powders were extracted in an ultrasonic cell disintegrator (JY92-2D, Ningbo Scientz Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Ningbo, China). The crude RTP yield (%) was analyzed by a phenol-sulfuric acid method as our previous studies [6] and calculated as follows: ...
This study focused on the optimization of ultrasound-assisted compound enzyme extraction for polysaccharides (RTPs) from Radix trichosanthis by orthogonal experiment and response surface methodology, and then its extraction kinetics model and antihyperlipidemic activities were studied. The optimum extraction process was as follows: cellulase—1.0%, papain—1.0%, pectase—0.5%, pH—5, extraction temperature—50°C, and liquid-to-solid ratio—30 mL/g; prediction value of RTPs was 7.54%; the experimental yield of RTPs was 7.22%, while 50 minutes was optimized in Weibull kinetics model. Then high-dose groups of RTP extract could reduce the TC, TG, and LDL-C levels and increase the level of HDL-C in high-fat mice, with the ability to lower the MDA content and enhance SOD level.
... Another parameter that directly affects the mass transfer phenomenon is solid to solvent ratio. Chen et al. [94] studied the effect of this on the extraction of polysaccharides from the ripened fruits of Trichosanthes kirilowii maxim. The authors observed that the yield of polysaccharides improved up to 30 mL/g of solid to solvent ratio, followed by a decline. ...
Conventional methods of extracting bioactive molecules are gradually losing pace due to their numerous disadvantages, such as product degradation, lower efficiency, and toxicity. Thus, in light of the rising demand for these bioactive, enzymes have garnered much attention for their efficiency in extraction. However, enzyme-assisted extraction is also plagued with a high capital cost that cannot justify the extraction yields obtained. In order to mitigate these problems, enzyme-assisted extraction can be consorted with non-conventional methods. This review includes current progress concerning the combined approaches while converging the recent advancements in the field that outperformed conventional extraction processes. It also highlights the design of biocatalyst and key parameters involved in the effective extraction of bioactive molecules. An integrated approach for efficiently extracting polyphenols, essential oils, pigments, and vitamins has been comprehensively reviewed. Furthermore, the different immobilization strategies have been discussed for large-scale implementation of enzymes for extraction. The integration of advanced non-conventional methods with enzyme-assisted extraction will open new avenues to enhance the overall extraction efficiency.
... The optimal extraction conditions were found to be extraction time of 14.5 min, temperature of 60°C, and 146 W ultrasonic power . Chen et al. (2017) successfully reported the polysacchardies from Trichosanthes Fructus using UAE and optimized the extraction parameters using RSM for maximum yield of polysaccharides. Polysaccharides were extracted by ultrasoundassisted method from hazelnut skin and tobacco leaves. ...
In this study, response surface methodology was employed to optimize the ultrasound‐assisted extraction (UAE) process of perilla seed meal polysaccharides (PSMP). The optimal conditions for UAE of PSMP were: liquid–solid ratio of 26.00 mL/g, ultrasonic temperature of 43.00 °C, ultrasonic time of 52.00 min, and ultrasonic power of 229.00 W, the optimal conditions lead to an yield of 6.137 ± 0.062%. The structural characteristics of molecular weight, compositional monosaccharides, and glycosidic linkages were determined by size exclusion chromatography with multiangle light scattering, gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry, Fourier‐transfer infrared spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance detections. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that many holes were formed on the surface of PSM after UAE. The antioxidant activities of PSMP were investigated using various assays in vitro. The results suggested that PSMP is potential natural resource of antioxidants for medicine and functional foods.
Practical Application
The selection of raw material perilla seed meal is conducive to the comprehensive utilization of edible resources. With consumer demands for newly developed foods with natural, wholesome ingredients are increasing nowadays. This study provides effective reference for in‐depth research on other medicine‐food dual‐use resources. Ultrasound‐assisted extraction (UAE) is a promising alternative method for hot water reflux extraction (HWRE) of polysaccharides for advantages of high efficiency and energy saving. In this work, the UAE process optimized by response surface methodology is more suitable for industrial application that can effectively decrease total cost of production by reducing the extraction temperature, shortening extraction time, and increasing raw material utilization.
... Recent studies investigated the effect of ultrasound technologies in improving the efficiency of enzymes to recover high-value compounds such as phenolic compounds, pigments, lipids and polysaccharides from multiple terrestrial plants and seeds (Tchabo et al. 2015;Chen et al. 2017;Li et al. 2017;Haji Heidari and Taghian Dinani 2018). The influence of ultrasound extraction parameters on the recovery of proteins was investigated by using multiple frequencies (35 and 130 kHz) (see Fig. 3) and by varying the ultrasonic power Fig. 2 Effect of ultrasonic treatment using sequential solvent extraction alkali-acid (light grey) or acid-alkali (dark grey) on the recovery of proteins from C. vulgaris. ...
The green microalga Chlorella vulgaris is a promising source of proteins of high nutritional value for the food industry. The present study aims to improve the recovery of proteins and umami free amino acids from C. vulgaris by exploring the use of ultrasound following multiple approaches including ultrasound-assisted single solvent extraction, ultrasound-assisted sequential solvent extraction and ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction. Ultrasound-assisted single solvent extraction using an alkaline solvent during 10 min provided equivalent protein recoveries to those obtained in control experiments macerating the biomass during 18 and 24 h. Ultrasound-assisted sequential solvent extraction using 0.4 M NaOH followed by 0.4 M HCl achieved a protein recovery of 79.1 ± 5.3%, 1.32-fold higher than the control experiments without ultrasound for 1 h. Ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction using lysozyme resulted in protein recoveries ranging from 33 to 42%, and these extracts also contained a high percentage of umami free amino acids. Ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction with protease enhanced the recovery of proteins (58–82%), although the extracts had low percentage of umami free amino acids. The scanning electron microscopy imaging revealed that ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction and ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction significantly changed the morphology of the cell surface.
... UAEE was used to prepare Corbicula fluminea polysaccharide for potential superoxide radical scavenging activity. UAEE extraction was employed for extraction of crude polysaccharides from Trichosanthes Fructus (snake gourd fruit) which has significant hypoglycemic, antioxidant and immunoenhancing activities [71]. Response surface mythologies were applied to optimise the effects of pH, enzyme amount, extraction temperature, and liquid-to-solid ratio on the extraction yields. ...
The extraction of target compounds from biological matrices largely depends on the effectiveness and efficiency of the extraction technique(s) employed. The objective of this review is to discuss a range of ultrasound assisted extraction processes alone or in combination with other approaches. In recent years, ultrasound has proven to be effective in a range of applications for enhancing extraction yields with minimal or no damage to the quality of extracted compounds. This review demonstrates the potential of ultrasound as a pre-treatment and for direct use in assisted extraction processes. The use of ultrasound for extraction applications from plant, animal, marine and food processing streams are comprehensively presented.
... Our results showed that EGLP exhibits better antitumor effect than the original polysaccharide, implying the potential of EGLP in improving quality of life of the organism as well as inhibiting tumor growth, which was in accordance withthe previous research indicating that the enzymatic extraction of crude polysaccharide from Trichosanthes fructus exerts higher antitumor activity than the native polysaccharide. 8 The immune system plays a vital role in cancer prevention. As an important immune organ, the thymus is the central hematopoietic site for generating T cells, which are primary participants of the adaptive immune system in hosts. ...
Polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum have been demonstrated to possess diverse biological activities. Despite lots of studies on the biological activities of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide (GLP), little is known regarding the medicinal potential of low–molecular weight enzymatically hydrolyzed Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide (EGLP). EGLP was prepared by enzymatic degradation and its potential effects in U14 cervical tumor–bearing mice were evaluated. Both GLP and EGLP delayed tumor growth of the tumor xenograft. The EGLP was superior to native polysaccharide. Moreover, EGLP treatment could effectively protect the immune organs of U14 cervical carcinoma–bearing mice. In addition, the EGLP treatment ameliorated oxidative stress as compared with cyclophosphamide (CTX). Compared with the MC group, the expression of Bcl-2 and COX-2 was obviously decreased by EGLP treatment, whereas the expression of Bax and cleaved caspase-3 was obviously increased. These results indicated that EGLP showed stronger antitumor activity with lower toxic effects and had the potential to be a novel antitumor agent.
... In addition, the leaf, stem, fruit pulp and root bark of T. kirilowii were usually regarded as waste, took up valuable land resources and caused environmental problems. Studies have revealed that T. kirilowii contains various constituents such as terpenoids [9,10], flavonoids [11], phytosterols [1], amino acids [12], nucleosides, nucleobases and carbohydrates [13]. However, pharmacological reports most often attribute some activities to various extracts rather than specific compounds. ...
Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. is one of the original plants for traditional Chinese medicines Trichosanthis Fructus, Trichosanthis Semen, Trichosanthis Pericarpium and Trichosanthis Radix. Amino acids, nucleosides and carbohydrates are usually considered to have nutritional value and health-care efficacy. In this study, methods involving high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with evaporative light scattering detector (HPLC-ELSD), UV-visible spectrophotometry and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) were established for quantifying carbohydrates (fructose, glucose, stachyose, raffinose and polysaccharide), fourteen nucleosides and twenty one amino acids. Moreover, sixty-three samples from nine different parts, including pericarp, seed, fruit pulp, stem, leaf, main root, main root bark, lateral root and lateral root bark of T. kirilowii from different cultivated varieties were examined. The established methods were validated with good linearity, precision, repeatability, stability, and recovery. The results showed that the average content of total amino acids in roots (15.39 mg/g) and root barks (16.38 mg/g) were relatively higher than for others. Contents of nucleosides in all parts of T. kirilowii were below 1.5 mg/g. For carbohydrates, fruit pulp has a higher content than others for glucose (22.91%), fructose (20.63%) and polysaccharides (27.29%). By using partial least-squared discriminate analysis (PLS-DA), Variable importance in the projection (VIP) plots and analysis of variance (ANOVA) analysis, the characteristic components of the different organs (fruit, stems and leaves, roots) were found. This analysis suggested there were potential medicinal and nutritive health care values in various parts of the T. kirilowii, which provided valuable information for the development and utilization of T. kirilowii.
... Ultrasound treatment of waste carrot has yielded b-carotene up to 83.32% under optimized operating conditions (50 min ultrasound irradiation, 50 C, 100 W, 60% duty cycle, and solid to solvent ratio of 0.3:20) [28]. Polysaccharides from Trichosanthes fructus were obtained using UAE by optimizing several independent variables and their interactions by response surface methodology [29]. ...
Bioactives from plants are always in high demand in nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, and functional food sectors due to their health benefits. This intensifies the need of extraction of bioactives by different methods that can improve the yield and purity of the compound. Enzymes help in the release of bioactives from the plant material under optimized conditions so as to make the extraction process efficient. Though enzymatic extraction of bioactives have been used since long, it needs improvement to further enhance the yield, reduce the process time, and make the process cost competitive. The combination of enzymatic extraction with other green techniques such as ultrasound extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, three-phase partitioning, ionic liquid extraction, and microwave extraction can boost the advantages of enzymatic extraction. This review focuses on the improvement in the enzymatic extraction techniques for the bioactives in detail.
