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a Dielectric constant (ε') b dielectric loss (ε'') versus frequency for PMMA-EC + PC-NaClO4—4 wt% SiO2 at different temperatures
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In the present study, electrochemical impedance analysis in terms of electrical conductivity, dielectric permittivity, and electrical modulus has been carried out of prepared sodium ion-conducting nanocomposite gel polymer electrolyte. To study ion conduction behavior, frequency-dependent AC conductivity has also been analyzed. Dielectric constant...
Citations
... The process of creating such electrolytes involves encasing a solution of salt in a polymer network. They are mechanically strong, electrochemically robust, and easy to shape, so they can be used in any kind of electrochemical device [2]. Because of a few serious issues with lithium-based battery systems, such as scarcity and uneven geographical distribution of lithium resources and high cost, potassium (K)-based batteries, as an alternative, are receiving significant attention [3]. ...
In this work, a comparative study is presented utilizing a K+ conducting gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) system comprising of a poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF-HFP) polymer matrix combined with potassium permanganate (KMnO4) salt and two different plasticizers as a binary combination of ethylene carbonate (EC) + propylene carbonate (PC) and tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether (TEGDME). The electrolyte with TEGDME solvent shows an ionic conductivity (σ) of 7.01 × 10−6 S cm−1 with hopping of ions as charge transport behavior. The fabricated electrolyte possesses > 98% contribution from the ions, and the electro-chemical stability range is up to 3.2 V. The dielectric analysis shows that the electrolyte with TEGDME solvent possesses a higher value of the dielectric constant, dielectric loss, tangent loss, and dc conductivity, along with a higher free ion number density (N) in comparison to the counter-electrolyte specimens with EC:PC solvent. The thermal studies confirm the gel phase of both electrolytes with negligible weight loss till 100 °C. Polymer-salt complex interactions are confirmed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), while X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis is used to study the variations in crystallinity brought about by the polymer and both electrolyte samples.
... In the highest frequency region, constant and loss values gets decreased owing to instant phase changes in AC eld. Here dipoles in the GPEs are not capable to align itself in the high frequency [50] . ...
Electrochemical analysis of Silver ion conducting Gel polymer Electrolyte (Ag-GPE) was done with Linear sweep Voltammetry (LSV) and Cyclic Voltammetry (CV). The silver ion conducting GPE was prepared by solution casting technique with PVA as polymer, AgBF 4 as salt and de-ionized water as solvent. The synthesized films were-characterized using XRD and-FTIR to study the structural and functional characteristics of GPE and confirmed the complexation between polymer and salt. The optical properties of the Ag-GPE sample was studied by UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The highest ionic conductivity, 1.28 × 10 − 5 Scm -1 was observed for Ag-GPE sample (60:40 wt%) by AC impedance. Dielectric studies of Ag-GPE samples were done from AC impedance data. LSV used to analyze the electrochemical working voltage of the synthesized material, which is found to be 1.1V . CV studies were done for highest ion conducting GPE (60:40 wt%) by fabricating two different cells. The first cell SS/GPE/Ag showed good stability up to 25 cycles and the second cell Ag/GPE/Zn was analysed for the re-dox reaction of the cell which shows the electrochemical behaviour of battery and confirmed that, the synthesized material can be used for energy storage applications.
... The electrochemical reaction causes the battery to charge and discharge rapidly, leading to high-power densities. 13 The overall performance of a supercapacitor depends on the electrode material used, cycle time, capacitance, and flexibility. 14 A redox reaction occurs when the faradaic reaction occurs inside the electrode material in the capacitor. ...
Herein, we present the synthesis of a nanocomposite blend of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyethylene glycol (PEG), sodium nitrate (NaNO3), and various weight percent of nanofillers BaTiO3 utilizing a simple standard solution casting technique. The prepared nanocomposites are in detail characterized via techniques such as X‐ray diffraction technique, Field emission scanning microscope. FTIR and Raman spectra for confirming the crystal structure, morphology, chemical, and bond formation with the samples respectively. The suitable ionic conductivity of prepared samples is in the range of (10‐4–10‐8 S cm‐1) at room temperature. Further, its maximum electrochemical stability window is ~ 4.1 V, and the ionic transference numbers are about 0.96 (15 wt%) at room temperature. The results associated with the optimized polymer nanocomposite motivated us to check its practical applicability for supercapacitors. The cyclic voltammetry of the fabricated cell based on optimized polymer as separator cum electrolyte appears as a distorted rectangle with no redox peaks. The cell charge storage mechanism is explored to be the electric double layer (EDLC) in nature. The maximum specific capacitance exhibited by the cell is near 4.4 F/g at a scan rate of 3 mV/s. The energy and power densities deliver by the same cell are equal to 27.7 W h kg‐1 and 9972 kW kg‐1 respectively, which sustain for 100 cycles. The results of the designed cell reveal that both blend polymer composite electrolyte films and the composite electrode can be implemented to be used for EDLC supercapacitor.
... Before this investigation, an overview of the literature related to the work is presented here: Kumar et al. [28] have prepared a gel electrolyte composed of sodium ion-conducting nanocomposite with PMMA-EC + PC-NaClO4 − x wt.% SiO2, where x = 0, 2, 4, 7,9, and 15 at room temperature. A nanofiller with 4% SiO2 content showed 3.49×10 −3 Scm −1 highest ionic conductivity along with electrochemical stability window (ESW) of around 3.3 V and a noticeable open-circuit potential of approximately 2.1 V. ...
... The highest conductivity film (Zn + ZnSO4/film with 1.5 g NaI/PbO2) was used as an electrolyte and the OCV was found to be 1.179 V. Another piece of work from Subban et al. reported thin film (chitosan films containing sodium perchlorate) for batteries. The highest ionic conductivity film (Zn + ZnSO4/film with 3.0 g NaCIO4/PbO2 + V2O5) was used as a separator and the OCV was found to be 1.121 V.Diana et al.[64] introduced sodium thiocyanate (NaSCN) into the sodium alginate biopolymer matrix and obtained OCV of 2.87 V. Mohamed et al.[28] obtained OCV of 407 mV for the prepared PEO-NaI complexes; more precisely (Zn +ZnSO4 7 H2O)/PEO-NaI/(0.03 g PbO2 + 0.0l g MnO2) was used as a separator.A voltage of 1.72 V was sustained for 72 h. ...
This study aimed to develop a framework to investigate the structural, dielectric, and transport properties of a sequence-based PVA matrix polymer ceramic composite electrolyte system with sodium perchlorate (NaClO4) and yttrium oxide (Y2O3) as nanofillers. The XRD results revealed a change in crystallinity. Chemical interactions between the PVA/NaClO4 matrix and yttrium ions were revealed using FTIR studies. From SEM studies, the morphology was observed to be smoother, homogeneous, and coherent for the pure+salt PCCE system after addition of Y2O3 nanoparticles to the matrix, In Py3% system, the nanoparticles were randomly linearly aligned due to inter- and intramolecular bonding. The elemental composition and mapping were confirmed by the presence of Y2O3 and NaClO4 particles. For 7wt%, 1wt% Y2O3 nanoparticle loading (Py7%, Py1%) in the PCCE matrix, the positron lifetime parameters o-Ps lifetime (τ3) and free volume size (Vf) showed a minimum (Py7%) and maximum value (Py1%). Between these two values, the value for Py3% was ascertained. It was found that Py3% was least crystalline with highest ionic conductivity 3.25 × 10⁻⁴ S/cm which is strongly influenced by the highest charge concentration (n), not its mobility (μ). The highest conducting sample (Py3%) had an ion transference number (tion) of 0.919, indicating that the current system was ion-dominant with a small amount of electron participation. The LSV technique determined the potential window for the Py3% PCCE system to be 3 V, indicating that it could be used in energy storage applications. The proposed PCCE system's open circuit voltage was 1.7 V, and the discharge characteristics of a primary sodium battery built with a high-conductivity electrolyte system (Py3%) were thoroughly examined. To ensure the safety of our prepared energy storage systems, we tested films for flame retardancy and dimensional stability. Py3% film demonstrated considerable flame retardation that was stable over several ignitions. Self-extinguishing time for pure+salt displays ⁓ 41 s g⁻¹ whereas in the case of Py3% PCCE it has a value ⁓ 6 s g⁻¹.
... CV plots of similar shape with different cycles as well as approximately equal area are observed in all-prepared Na-ion conducting blend polymeric sample. This is an indication for the presence of a stable specific capacitance over continuous cycling [87,88]. In other words, the above results prove that the electrochemical stability window of PBEs films is * 3.9 V for the optimised Na-ion conducting blend electrolytes PB30. ...
Polymer blend electrolyte films based on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)–polyethylene glycol (PEG) with dopant sodium nitrate (NaNO3) salt were successfully synthesized by the standard solution casting technique. These blend electrolytes were characterized by XRD, DSC/TGA, FTIR, FE-SEM, UV–Vis, ionic conductivity, Raman spectroscopic study and electrochemical measurements to optimize their structural, thermal, optical, ionic transport and electrochemical properties. XRD and DSC studies showed that the crystalline phase of the PVA–PEG blend polymer matrix decreases significantly with the content of NaNO3 salt, which favours highly flexible polymer backbone and hence providing high ionic conductivity of the polymer blend electrolyte films. The maximum ionic conductivity is found to be 1.53 × 10−5 S cm−1 at room temperature (~ 30 °C) for the blend electrolyte film PB30. The ionic transference numbers of these polymeric blend electrolytes are estimated in the range of 0.94–0.97, which showed that ion conduction is purely ionic in nature. The Raman and FTIR spectroscopic analysis confirms the complexation of the cation of dopant salt (Na+) with the backbone of the blend polymer matrix via Lewis acid–base interactions. The UV–visible analysis showed that optical band gap (direct and indirect band gap), absorption edge, and refractive index of the pristine polymeric blend change significantly with the concentration of dopant NaNO3 salt, and these effects are more noticeable at the higher loading. The electrochemical stability window of the blend polymer electrolytes is observed 3.9 V for the PB 30 films, which confirm their utility as a separator membrane in the high-performance flexible solid-state electrochemical devices.
... In the voltage range from À3 V to 3 V the cyclic voltammetry plots show appearance of anodic as well as cathodic peaks confirming that the platting and stripping of the sodium-ions at Na-Hg/electrolyte interface (Fig. 8b). Many researchers have reported similar sodium-ion movement using polymer gel electrolyte membranes and reversible sodium electrode system [35,[58][59][60][61]. ...
Novel Na⁺ superionic conducting polymer gel cocktail electrolyte membranes immobilizing molecular liquid mixture of carbonates, tetraglyme and ionic liquid have been prepared by solution cast method. The optimized free standing electrolyte membrane offers ionic conductivity of 3.3×10⁻³ S cm⁻¹ and sodium-ion transport number of 0.31 at ambient temperature. The detailed ion-dynamics have been investigated with the help of frequency dependent dielectric and modulus studies. The possible interaction of these molecular liquids with sodium tetrafluoroborate salt and poly(vinylidiene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene) polymer host is investigated by FTIR studies. The DSC study confirms that the electrolyte system maintains the gel phase up to ∼120 oC. The linear sweep voltammetry reveal the working voltage range offered by the electrolyte system to be 3.46 V. The Electric double layer capacitor (EDLC) cell with optimized electrolyte membrane and electrodes of activated carbon demonstrate the specific discharge capacity of ∼60 F g⁻¹ and drops negligibly with cycle number. The reported Na⁺ superionic conducting cocktail electrolyte system can be utilized as an electrolyte while fabricating electrochemical devices especially the EDLCs.
... The flexible backbone PMMA polymer has highly amorphous nature, sufficiently high dielectric constant (e = 3.0) and good affinity with organic solvents as its specific important properties [31][32][33]. In addition, this polymer host supports high ionic conductivity and superior electrochemical properties on incorporating the salt solution within its polymer matrix. ...
... V which appears good from application point of view in sodium batteries with evidence of plating/stripping of sodium-ions at respective electrodes. Many researchers have reported similar sodium-ion movement using polymer gel electrolyte membranes and reversible sodium electrode system [32,33,36]. ...
In this paper, ion-transport behavior in poly(methyl methacrylate) based sodium-ion conducting polymer gel electrolyte membranes containing sodium triflate salt dissolved in tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether (TEGDME) molecular liquid has been investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and other electrochemical ion-transport studies. The optimized polymer gel electrolyte membrane with 40 wt.% TEGDME concentration offers a RT ionic conductivity of 3.6×10⁻³ S cm⁻¹. The ion-transport behavior has been probed in wide range of frequency with the help of conductivity, dielectric and modulus studies. The structural studies reveal that the optimized electrolyte offers a porous structure with very low average roughness height of ∼ 10 µm. The optimized flexible electrolyte membrane with an electrochemical stability window of ∼ 4.4 V and sodium ion transport number close to 0.37 remains stable in the gel phase up to 150 oC. A proto-type RT Na-S battery utilizing the optimized electrolyte membrane display a stable open circuit potential of 2.24 V and delivers first discharge capacity as ∼ 677 mA h g⁻¹.
... The existing lithium-ion batteries provide high energy density and recyclability but they suffer from some safety limitations and many other problems [1][2][3]. Therefore, researchers are working hard to search newer environment friendly and low cost energy storage systems such as magnesium, sodium, zinc, potassium, aluminum etc. [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. ...
This paper reports effect of dispersing active MgO nano-particles in small amount within magnesium-ion conducting polymer electrolyte matrix. The electrolyte films are prepared by solution casting techniques and experimental techniques are employed to carry out structural, electrochemical and mechanical analysis. SEM and AFM micrographs demonstrate a variation in surface morphology and maximum roughness height with the incorporation of MgO nano-particles within the polymer electrolyte matrix. The nano-composite polymer electrolyte film with optimized concentration of 1 wt% MgO nano-particles delivered an ionic conductivity of 1.49 10−4 S cm−1 at 25 °C, though its crystallinity is higher than the pristine. In depth, ion-conduction has been probed with the help of dielectric and modulus behavior of electrolyte system as a function of MgO nano-particles concentration, frequency and temperature. The mechanical studies reveal a Young’s modulus of 150 N mm−2, mechanical strength of 2.7 Kgf and stress of 2.6 N mm−2 at a maximum load of 10 Kgf for the optimized electrolyte film. The reported electrolyte can be utilized in rechargeable Mg batteries due to its high conductivity, flexibility and mechanically stability.
... The existing lithium-ion batteries provide high energy density and recyclability but they suffer from some safety limitations and many other problems [1][2][3]. Therefore, researchers are working hard to search newer environment friendly and low cost energy storage systems such as magnesium, sodium, zinc, potassium, aluminum etc. [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. ...
This paper reports effect of dispersing active MgO nano-particles in small amount within magnesium-
ion conducting polymer electrolyte matrix. The electrolyte films are prepared by solution casting
techniques and experimental techniques are employed to carry out structural, electrochemical and
mechanical analysis. SEM and AFM micrographs demonstrate a variation in surface morphology
and maximum roughness height with the incorporation of MgO nano-particles within the polymer
electrolyte matrix. The nano-composite polymer electrolyte film with optimized concentration of
1 wt% MgO nano-particles delivered an ionic conductivity of 1.49 × 10−4
S cm−1
at 25 ◦C, though
its crystallinity is higher than the pristine. In depth, ion-conduction has been probed with the
help of dielectric and modulus behavior of electrolyte system as a function of MgO nano-particles
concentration, frequency and temperature. The mechanical studies reveal a Young’s modulus of 150 N
mm−2, mechanical strength of 2.7 Kgf and stress of 2.6 N mm−2
at a maximum load of 10 Kgf for the
optimized electrolyte film. The reported electrolyte can be utilized in rechargeable Mg batteries due
to its high conductivity, flexibility and mechanically stability.
In the present work, varying silica nanofillers (SiO 2 ) compositions were successfully introduced into PMMA/PLA-20%LiBOB amorphous gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) systems. FTIR analysis unveiled subtle alterations in wavenumber shifting and intensity at several highlighted peaks, indicating the occurrence of molecular interactions within the GPE. XRD analysis revealed a notable reduction in crystallinity, particularly up to 6 wt.% SiO 2 , implying that the presence of nanofillers influenced complexation ability and amplified amorphous regions. Meanwhile, TGA analysis confirmed that the 6 wt.% SiO 2 sample exhibited the least mass loss, affirming its exceptional thermal stability and proved the increase in ionic conductivity until the maximum value of 2.19×10 ⁻³ S cm ⁻¹ for samples up to 6 wt.%. The TNM testing resulted in a notably high lithium-ion transference number, which indicates the practical viability of this composition for application in lithium-ion batteries and provides promising enhanced electrochemical performance.
