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![a Crystal structure of MgZr4(PO4)6, b crystal structure of Mg(BH4)(NH2) [66] (Copyright 2014, RSC), Mg(en)1(BH4)2 along with a conceptual sketch of the local coordination of Mg²⁺ in c Mg(BH4)2, d Mg(en)3(BH4)2, and two likely possibilities in Mg(en)1(BH4)2 (e, f) [67] (Copyright 2017, Nature)](publication/368816496/figure/fig4/AS:11431281189134741@1694915865321/a-Crystal-structure-of-MgZr4PO46-b-crystal-structure-of-MgBH4NH2-66-Copyright.png)
a Crystal structure of MgZr4(PO4)6, b crystal structure of Mg(BH4)(NH2) [66] (Copyright 2014, RSC), Mg(en)1(BH4)2 along with a conceptual sketch of the local coordination of Mg²⁺ in c Mg(BH4)2, d Mg(en)3(BH4)2, and two likely possibilities in Mg(en)1(BH4)2 (e, f) [67] (Copyright 2017, Nature)
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From the perspective of future development trend, energy issues will always accompany with the human development process. The development of new batteries that are friendly to the environment has become a global trend. Safe solid-state electrolytes with high ionic conductivity, excellent electrochemical property, high mechanical/thermal stabilfity,...
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Polymer blends based solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs), combining the advantages of multiple polymers, are promising for the utilization of 5 V‐class cathodes (e.g., LiCoMnO4 (LCMO)) with enhanced safety. However, severe macro‐phase separation with defects and voids in polymer blends restrict the electrochemical stability and ionic migration of SPE...
Citations
... One promising candidate identified was the K 3 OI antiperovskite, which was subsequently tested experimentally by other researchers to verify its cationic conductivity [8]. It should also be noted that increased attention is being paid to the development of metal-ion batteries based on multivalent ions due to their high energy density and safety [9]. While these batteries are still farther from commercialization than SIBs, they have the potential to revolutionize energy storage [9]. ...
... It should also be noted that increased attention is being paid to the development of metal-ion batteries based on multivalent ions due to their high energy density and safety [9]. While these batteries are still farther from commercialization than SIBs, they have the potential to revolutionize energy storage [9]. Recently, we have also previously performed highthroughput screening of ICSD and discovered a promising new class of conductors for multivalent ion batteries [10]. ...
The development of new crystal materials for sodium-ion batteries is considered one of the most exciting fields in solid-state electrochemistry. To search for new sodium-ion conductors, we selected more than 200 structures from the Inorganic Crystal Structure Database (version 2023/1), consisting of four, five, and six elements with several oxygen-anionic groups. After the selection of 45 unique structures through geometrical analysis with the periodic 1D, 2D, and 3D migration maps, we calculated diffusion barriers and the crystal chemical stability index for each within the bond valence site energy method. Thus, we selected 21 different compounds to determine the room-temperature ionic conductivity and obtained 7 substances that have conductivity greater than 10⁻⁵ S cm⁻¹. Among these prospective conductors, we identified a new class of Na2Ln(MO4)(PO4) (Ln = Er, Y, Tb, Ho; M = Mo, W) compounds with the layered sodium diffusion, which were not previously considered as possible conductors.
... Moreover, the organic electrolytes employed in current commercial LIBs are characterized by their toxicity, flammability, and low ionic conductivity [7,8]. In response to these challenges, research efforts are increasingly directed towards exploring alternative battery technologies utilizing potassium (K + ) [9] and multivalent ions such as magnesium (Mg 2+ ) [10], zinc (Zn 2+ ) [11], and aluminum (Al 3+ ) [12]. ...
This study explores the enhancement of aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) using ammonium-enhanced vanadium oxide cathodes. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations reveal that NH4+ incorporation into V6O16 lattices significantly facilitates Zn2+ ion diffusion by reducing electrostatic interactions, acting as a structural lubricant. Subsequent experimental validation using (NH4)2V6O16 cathodes synthesized via a hydrothermal method corroborates the DFT findings, demonstrating remarkable electrochemical stability with a capacity retention of 90% after 2000 cycles at 5 A g−1. These results underscore the potential of NH4+ in improving the performance and longevity of AZIBs, providing a pathway for sustainable energy storage solutions.
... Moreover, the organic electrolytes employed in current commercial LIBs are characterized by their toxicity, flammability, and low ionic conductivity [7,8]. In response to these challenges, research efforts are increasingly directed towards exploring alternative battery technologies utilizing potassium (K + ) [9], and multivalent ions such as magnesium (Mg 2+ ) [10], zinc (Zn 2+ ) [11], and aluminum (Al 3+ ) [12]. ...
... Given the good crystallinity of the dried samples, they were further processed by grinding thoroughly and then subjected to ultrasonic dispersion for one hour to ensure uniform particle size. 12 The dispersed samples were then placed back into the vacuum oven and dried again at 60°C for an additional 12 hours. ...
This study explores the enhancement of aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) using ammonium-enhanced vanadium oxide cathodes. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations reveal that NH₄⁺ incorporation into V₆O₁₆ lattices significantly facilitates Zn²⁺ ion diffusion by reducing electrostatic interactions, acting as a structural lubricant. Subsequent experimental validation using (NH₄)₂V₆O₁₆ cathodes synthesized via a hydrothermal method corroborates the DFT findings, demonstrating remarkable electrochemical stability with a capacity retention of 90% after 2000 cycles at 5 A g⁻¹. These results underscore the potential of NH₄⁺ in improving the performance and longevity of AZIBs, providing a pathway for sustainable energy storage solutions.
... Rechargeable aqueous batteries offer a promising alternative due to their lower cost and improved safety enabled by the use of non-flammable and environmentally benign electrolytes. Specifically, aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) have received widespread attention nowadays, due to the high theoretical capacity (820 mAh g −1 or 5855 mAh cm −3 ), low redox potential (− 0.763 V vs standard hydrogen electrode) of Zn metal anodes as well as low cost, and intrinsically high safety [7][8][9][10][11]. However, major issues of uncontrollable Zn chemistry in conventional aqueous electrolytes such as dendrite growth, hydrogen evolution, and surface corrosion reactions would inevitably exacerbate the Zn anode/electrolyte interface during battery operation, leading to uneven Zn deposition, inferior reversibility, and cycling failure [9,[12][13][14][15][16]. ...
Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) are considered promising candidates for scalable and sustainable energy storage devices due to their low cost and high safety advantages. However, the practical application of AZIBs is subject to the limits of the reversibility of the Zn²⁺ stripping/plating, such as the growth of Zn dendrites, corrosion of Zn anode, and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Herein, we propose a solution to the issues of AZIBs by creating a versatile electrolyte via the addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG). PEG additive changes the coordination environment of Zn²⁺ and disturbs the solvation structure of H2O, which is beneficial to alleviate the side reactions triggered by water molecules in the Zn²⁺ solvation structure. In addition, the Zn²⁺ nucleation behavior is optimized by texturing the hexagonal deposition plane and inducing the compact-grained deposition manner to resist corrosion reactions and dendrite aggravation. The solvation structure of Zn²⁺ is optimized to improve the reversibility of the Zn anode. As a result, improved reversibility of Zn plating/stripping on the Cu-working electrode is achieved by 20% PEG electrolyte with high Coulombic efficiency (CE) of 99.43% at 1 mA cm⁻², stably cycled for 750 cycles. Furthermore, the Zn||Zn symmetrical half-cell with 20% PEG electrolyte shows stable plating/stripping overpotentials for more than 1400 h. Finally, the Zn||V2O5 full-cells exhibit excellent long cycling stability for over 180 cycles even at 1000 mA g⁻¹ with a high reversible capacity of 168 mAh g⁻¹. This work provides valuable insights into designing electrolytes for aqueous zinc metal batteries.
... Solid ionic conductor materials are consisted of cationic conductors and anionic conductors [46]. The former includes lithium-ion [47][48][49], sodium ion [50][51][52][53], potassium ion [54,55], magnesium ion [56][57][58], and other conductors, while the latter include oxygen-ion [59], fluorine ion [60,61], iodide ion conductors [62], etc. Inorganic lithium-ion conductors (ILCs) are a kind of inorganic solid materials that can conduct lithium ions, including oxides [63][64][65], sulfides [66][67][68], chloride [67,69,70], and nitrides [71][72][73]. Based on its conduction characteristic, it can be applied in many fields like LIBs, supercapacitors, fuel cells, sensors, memristors, electrolysis of water to produce hydrogen, and lithium extraction [47]. ...
With the rapid development of electronic devices and electric vehicles, people have higher requirements for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Fast-charging ability has become one of the key indicators for LIBs. However, working under high current density can cause lithium dendrite growth, capacity decay, and thermal runaway. To solve the problem, it is necessary to focus on material modification and new material development. Inorganic lithium-ion conductors (ILCs) are considered as the promising candidates in batteries, semiconductors, and other fields. Herein, we review the main role of ILCs in lithium batteries with a focus on fast charging, from traditional electrolyte materials to modified materials and even Li storage anode, and we summarize the latest research progress. Finally, the future perspectives of ILCs for fast-charging lithium batteries are proposed.
... Furthermore, solid-state lithium batteries exhibit a higher energy density and a wider operating temperature range compared to conventional liquid lithium-ion batteries. Additionally, up to 80% of the manufacturing equipment used for traditional liquid lithium-ion batteries can be inherited for solid-state battery production, making it one of the most promising next-generation lithium-ion battery energy storage technologies currently available [9][10][11]. ...
The sulfide-based all-solid-state lithium-sulfur batteries (ASSLSBs) exhibit superior performance in terms of both safety and energy density compared to the widely used commercial lithium-ion batteries. They hold immense potential for various applications and are expected to drive the development of high-performance energy storage technologies in the future. However, a significant challenge in the practical application of this battery system lies in the (electro)chemical side reactions at the interface between sulfide solid electrolytes (SEs) and lithium an-odes, resulting in interface instability, compromised (electro)chemical performance, and increased safety risks. The above issues seriously hinder the progress of sulfide-based ASSLSBs. This overview delves into the deep-level mechanisms of the interface (electro)chemical reactions, thus thoroughly analyzing the issues associated with the (electro)chemical side reactions at the interface between sulfide SEs and lithium anodes. Moreover, it summarizes the corresponding strategies and latest research advancements in addressing these challenges. Finally, the exploration directions for resolving the (electro)chemical side reactions at the interface between sulfide SEs and lithium anodes, as well as the prospects of sulfide-based ASSLSBs, are presented.
... PEO is commonly used as a polymer host due to its relatively high solvation power for sodium salts [25]. In the absence of organic plasticizers, PEO can still form stable complexes with Na + while the ether-oxygen bonds serve as Na + conduction sites, which promotes the diffusion of Na + [26,27]. However, the low crystallization temperature of PEO results in a reduced ionic conductivity of PEO-based sodium electrolytes at room temperature [28,29]. ...
Polyethylene oxide (PEO)-based solid electrolytes, which exhibit ideal extensibility and wide electrochemical window, are considered as one of the most promising candidates for all solid-state sodium batteries (ASSSBs). However, the low mechanical strength and low ionic conductivity hinder their application. Herein, electrospun MgAl2O4 nanofibers are complexed with PEO/NaClO4 to enhance the mechanical and thermal stability. Determined by ²³Na solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy combined with first-principle calculations, the adsorption energy of ClO4⁻ on the MgAl2O4 surface is far higher than that on PEO, which facilitates the dissociation of Na⁺ and ClO4⁻, thereby enabling a fast transport of Na⁺ by the introduction of MgAl2O4 in the polymer electrolyte. The ionic conductivity is enhanced to 1.89 × 10⁻⁴ S cm⁻¹ from 8.46 × 10⁻⁵ S cm⁻¹ at 55 °C, and the Na⁺ transfer number is improved to 0.55 from 0.26 in the composite electrolyte. The Na//(PEO/MgAl2O4/NaClO4)//Na symmetric cell can cycle for over 400 h at a current density of 0.05 mA cm⁻² and a cut-off capacity of 0.05 mAh cm⁻² while the ASSSBs incorporating the polymer composite electrolyte also exhibit notable rate and cycle performances.
... They offer the potential for higher energy density, faster charging times, and improved safety compared to traditional lithium-ion batteries [8,131,132]. Solid-state batteries are a type of rechargeable battery that uses a solid electrolyte instead of a liquid or gel electrolyte used in traditional lithium-ion batteries, as illustrated in Figure 10 [133]. The solid electrolyte allows for higher energy density and faster charging times, as well as improved safety due to the elimination of the flammable liquid electrolyte. ...
... Schematic illustration of a solid-state battery[133]. ...
Electric vehicles (EVs) have emerged as a promising solution to address environmental concerns and transform the transportation sector. This paper examines the state-of-the-art EVs, encompassing their history, definition, and different types. The advantages and limitations of each type are compared and contrasted, providing insights into their unique characteristics and potential applications. Critical components of EVs are thoroughly analyzed. The paper explores various types of batteries, emphasizing their features and potential for improving energy density, range, and charging capabilities. Charging infrastructure is discussed, highlighting the importance of establishing a robust network of charging stations. The impact of EVs on power grids is examined, emphasizing grid integration, load management, capacity upgrades, and power quality. Challenges and barriers hindering the wide adoption of EVs are identified, including technological limitations, infrastructure constraints, economic considerations, consumer perception, and policies. The paper delves into the environmental and economic impacts of EVs, including lifecycle analysis, air pollution reduction, and cost-effectiveness. Thus, the paper provides valuable insights into the current state of EVs and their potential to shape the future. The findings highlight the need for collaborative efforts from industry stakeholders, governments, researchers, and consumers to overcome challenges and accelerate the transition to a sustainable transportation system.
Rechargeable magnesium‐ion batteries possess desirable characteristics in large‐scale energy storage applications. However, severe polarization, sluggish kinetics and structural instability caused by high charge density Mg²⁺ hinder the development of high‐performance cathode materials. Herein, the anionic redox chemistry in VS4 is successfully activated by inducing cations reduction and introducing anionic vacancies via polyacrylonitrile (PAN) intercalation. Increased interlayer spacing and structural vacancies can promote the electrolyte ions migration and accelerate the reaction kinetics. Thanks to this “three birds with one stone” strategy, PAN intercalated VS4 exhibits an outstanding electrochemical performance: high discharge specific capacity of 187.2 mAh g⁻¹ at 200 mA g⁻¹ after stabilization and a long lifespan of 5000 cycles at 2 A g⁻¹ are achieved, outperforming other reported VS4‐based materials to date for magnesium storage under the APC electrolyte. Theoretical calculations confirm that the intercalated PAN can indeed induce cations reduction and generate anionic vacancies by promoting electron transfer, which can accelerate the electrochemical reaction kinetics and activate the anionic redox chemistry, thus improving the magnesium storage performance. This approach of organic molecular intercalation represents a promising guideline for electrode material design on the development of advanced multivalent‐ion batteries.
