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(a) Cross section through extruded preform, (b) SEM image of cane cross section, (c) SEM image of holey fiber cross section.
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In this paper we present significant progress on the fabrication of small-core lead-silicate holey fibers. The glass used in this work is SF57, a commercially available, highly nonlinear Schott glass. We report the fabrication of small core SF57 fibers with a loss as low as 2.6 dB/m at 1550 nm, and the fabrication of fibers with a nonlinear coeffic...
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... fiber fabrication process followed three steps. First, the structured preform and jacket tube were produced from bulk glass billets using the extrusion technique. The structured preform (Fig. 1a), which had an outer diameter of about 16 mm, was reduced in scale on a fiber drawing tower to a cane of about 1.7 mm diameter ( Fig. 1(b)). In the last step, the cane was inserted within a jacket tube, and this assembly was drawn to the final fiber ( Fig. 1(c)). From each assembly, we have drawn more than 200 meters of fiber. We produced fibers with core diameters in the range 1.7-2.9 µm from four different assemblies. The core diameter was adjusted during fiber drawing by an appropriate choice of the external fiber diameter (130190 µm). Note that the ratio between core size and fiber diameter can be changed via the choice of jacket geometry and corresponding cane size, which allows the fiber diameter for a certain core size to be set to a desired value. The dimensions of the structural features within the HFs were measured using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The four different HFs have very similar cross-sectional profiles. The core is optically isolated from the outer solid glass region by three fine supporting struts ( Fig. 1(c)). For cores of 1.7-2.3 µm diameter, the struts are ≈5 µm long and 250 nm thick. The four HFs, made from different starting preforms, vary only slightly in the strut length and thickness relative to the core size, which demonstrates the excellent reproducibility possible using this ...
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... fiber fabrication process followed three steps. First, the structured preform and jacket tube were produced from bulk glass billets using the extrusion technique. The structured preform (Fig. 1a), which had an outer diameter of about 16 mm, was reduced in scale on a fiber drawing tower to a cane of about 1.7 mm diameter ( Fig. 1(b)). In the last step, the cane was inserted within a jacket tube, and this assembly was drawn to the final fiber ( Fig. 1(c)). From each assembly, we have drawn more than 200 meters of fiber. We produced fibers with core diameters in the range 1.7-2.9 µm from four different assemblies. The core diameter was adjusted during fiber drawing by an appropriate choice of the external fiber diameter (130190 µm). Note that the ratio between core size and fiber diameter can be changed via the choice of jacket geometry and corresponding cane size, which allows the fiber diameter for a certain core size to be set to a desired value. The dimensions of the structural features within the HFs were measured using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The four different HFs have very similar cross-sectional profiles. The core is optically isolated from the outer solid glass region by three fine supporting struts ( Fig. 1(c)). For cores of 1.7-2.3 µm diameter, the struts are ≈5 µm long and 250 nm thick. The four HFs, made from different starting preforms, vary only slightly in the strut length and thickness relative to the core size, which demonstrates the excellent reproducibility possible using this ...
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... fiber fabrication process followed three steps. First, the structured preform and jacket tube were produced from bulk glass billets using the extrusion technique. The structured preform (Fig. 1a), which had an outer diameter of about 16 mm, was reduced in scale on a fiber drawing tower to a cane of about 1.7 mm diameter ( Fig. 1(b)). In the last step, the cane was inserted within a jacket tube, and this assembly was drawn to the final fiber ( Fig. 1(c)). From each assembly, we have drawn more than 200 meters of fiber. We produced fibers with core diameters in the range 1.7-2.9 µm from four different assemblies. The core diameter was adjusted during fiber drawing by an appropriate choice of the external fiber diameter (130190 µm). Note that the ratio between core size and fiber diameter can be changed via the choice of jacket geometry and corresponding cane size, which allows the fiber diameter for a certain core size to be set to a desired value. The dimensions of the structural features within the HFs were measured using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The four different HFs have very similar cross-sectional profiles. The core is optically isolated from the outer solid glass region by three fine supporting struts ( Fig. 1(c)). For cores of 1.7-2.3 µm diameter, the struts are ≈5 µm long and 250 nm thick. The four HFs, made from different starting preforms, vary only slightly in the strut length and thickness relative to the core size, which demonstrates the excellent reproducibility possible using this ...
Context 4
... fiber fabrication process followed three steps. First, the structured preform and jacket tube were produced from bulk glass billets using the extrusion technique. The structured preform (Fig. 1a), which had an outer diameter of about 16 mm, was reduced in scale on a fiber drawing tower to a cane of about 1.7 mm diameter ( Fig. 1(b)). In the last step, the cane was inserted within a jacket tube, and this assembly was drawn to the final fiber ( Fig. 1(c)). From each assembly, we have drawn more than 200 meters of fiber. We produced fibers with core diameters in the range 1.7-2.9 µm from four different assemblies. The core diameter was adjusted during fiber drawing by an appropriate choice of the external fiber diameter (130190 µm). Note that the ratio between core size and fiber diameter can be changed via the choice of jacket geometry and corresponding cane size, which allows the fiber diameter for a certain core size to be set to a desired value. The dimensions of the structural features within the HFs were measured using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The four different HFs have very similar cross-sectional profiles. The core is optically isolated from the outer solid glass region by three fine supporting struts ( Fig. 1(c)). For cores of 1.7-2.3 µm diameter, the struts are ≈5 µm long and 250 nm thick. The four HFs, made from different starting preforms, vary only slightly in the strut length and thickness relative to the core size, which demonstrates the excellent reproducibility possible using this ...
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... Along with the significant applications in nonlinear optics, SCF has become a hot topic of intense research in recent decades. "Suspended-core fiber" was first suggested by Monro et al. [12], then SCFs based on lead silicate glass and tellurite with highly nonlinear and anomalously dispersive were reported in [13][14][15]. In the experiment, a simple SCF fabrication method was described, this technique consists of mechanical drilling of the holes of the preform, and the shape of the holes approximates that of an air-suspended rod with three fine struts supporting the core [16]. ...
Supercontinuum generation in silica-suspended core fibers infiltrated with butanol has been analyzed numerically. The spectra spanning from 806.19 to 1520.56 nm is generated in #F1 fiber (D = 65.887 μm) with an all-normal dispersion regime pumped by a 13.33 kW peak power of laser source at 1.3 μm. With anomalous dispersion of two closely lying zero dispersion wavelengths, #F2 fiber (D = 67.494 μm) creates supercontinuum based on self-phased modulation, phasematched four-wave mixing, and no soliton fission as in the initial photonic crystal fibers pumped in the anomalous dispersion region. A broad spectrum of 629.12 nm is obtained when this fiber is excited at the same wavelength as the #F1 fiber with a peak power of 12.5 kW. Butanol infiltration into three air holes significantly improved the dispersion properties of the fibers, contributing to supercontinuum generation advantage. The smooth, noise-free supercontinuum spectrum can be compressed into ultra-short pulses.
... Plethora of structures have been considered for OAM mode propagation such as hexagonal lattice PCF [20], circular PCF [21] and spiral shaped PCF [22]. Highly nonlinear PCFs are being designed either by modelling them with a very small effective area to have a tight mode confinement [23] or using materials that have very high intrinsic nonlinearity coefficients such as tellurites [24], [25], chalcogenides [26], [27] and lead silicate glasses [28], [29]. When a mode is tightly confined using these highly nonlinear materials, high values of γ are achieved. ...
This manuscript presents a ring-core Bragg Fiber (RC-BF) for orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes propagation and supercontinuum generation. The proposed RC-BF is composed of alternating layers of soft glasses SF57 and LLF1 to render high nonlinearity to the fiber. Mode analysis using full-vectorial finite element method resulted in obtaining HE/EH modes to support vector modes as well as orbital angular momentum modes. The optimized fiber supports 22 OAM modes and exhibits a zero-dispersion wavelength (ZDW). The small effective area of Fiber 3 aided in achieving the highest nonlinearity, γ = 91.51 W
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. A near-infrared supercontinuum is generated with a 35 dB flatness over a bandwidth of ~1087 - 2024 nm in a 20 cm long RC-BF using a chirp-free hyperbolic secant pulse of width 200 fs and peak power of 5 kW.
... All these characteristics make them promising materials in the IR region and offer the possibility of developing compact nonlinear devices for the application of nonlinear optics. The majority of constructed non-silica PCFs such as lead silicate (including SF57 glass), chalcogenide glasses and tellurite glasses are based on the extrusion approach in recent literature [101,102]. NLC is considered to be a multi-functional material whose electro-optical properties are tunable under variable temperatures and electric fields. The electrical tuning characteristics of a non-selective NLC-PCF were systematically described and examined in an experiment by Du et al, where an electrical controlled switch was obtained and the disappearance of the guiding core mode originating from the electricfield-induced disturbance illustrated its useful application in fiber-optic systems [103]. ...
Photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) have brought tremendous advancements due to their predominant features of peculiar air-holes arrangement in two-dimentional direction. Functional materials like metals, magnetic fluids, nematic liquid crystals, graphene and so on, are extensively adopted to integrate with PCFs to get extraordinary transmission properties. This review takes the development stages of photonic devices based on functional materials-infiltrated PCFs into consideration, covering the overview of common materials and their photoelectric characteristics, the state-of-art infiltrating/coating techniques, as well as the corresponding applications involving polarization filtering and splittering devices in optical communication and sensing elements related to multiple parameters measurement. The cladding air hole of PCFs provides a natural optofluidic channel for materials being introduced, light-matter interaction being enhanced, and transmission properties being extended, where a lab on a fiber are able to be proceeded. It paves a space for the development of photonic devices in the aspects of compact, multi-functional integration, and electromagnetic resistance as well. According to surface plasmon resonance, the property of tunable refractive indices, and the flexible geometry structures, it comes up to some representative researches on polarization filters, multiplexer-demultiplexers, splitters, couplers and sensors, making a candidate for widespread fields of telecommunication, signal-capacity, and high-performance sensing.
... A table-top fiber drawing tower was recently demonstrated using an FDM 3D printer with built-in filament heating and supply system [47,48]. Compared with other techniques, extrusion is a single-step process that has significant potential for the fabrication of soft glass and polymer optical fiber preforms with noncircular patterns [49][50][51]. To manufacture optical fiber preforms using the extrusion technique, a soft bulk polymer (or soft glass billet) is forced through a structured die to create an optical fiber preform with a complex transverse profile, complementary to that of the die. ...
We report the use of a terahertz (THz) transparent material, cyclic olefin copolymer (COC or TOPAS), for fabricating a hollow-core antiresonant fiber that provides an electromagnetic wave guidance in the THz regime. A novel fabrication technique to realize a hollow-core antiresonant polymer optical fiber (HC-ARPF) for THz guidance is proposed and demonstrated. The fiber is directly extruded in a single-step procedure using a conventional fused deposition modeling 3D printer. The fiber geometry is defined by a structured nozzle manufactured with a metal 3D printer, which allows tailoring of the nozzle design to the various geometries of microstructured optical fibers. The possibility to use the HC-ARPF made from TOPAS for guiding in the THz region is theoretically and experimentally assessed through the profile of mode simulation and time-frequency diagram (spectrogram) analysis.
... The advanced control systems in the FDM 3D printers include built-in heating elements with temperature controllers and accurate material feeding systems provide the possibility to use the FDM 3D printers as fiber drawing towers 33 . Compared with other techniques used to fabricate optical fiber preforms, extrusion is a single-step technique that has significant potential for the fabrication of soft glass and polymer optical fiber preforms with non-geometric patterns [34][35][36][37][38] . To manufacture the optical fiber preforms using extrusion, a soft bulk polymer or soft glass billet is forced through a die to create a preform with a complex transverse profile, complementary to that of the die. ...
Terahertz (THz) technology has witnessed a significant growth in a wide range of applications, including spectroscopy, bio-medical sensing, astronomical and space detection, THz tomography, and non-invasive imaging. Current THz microstructured fibers show a complex fabrication process and their flexibility is severely restricted by the relatively large cross-sections, which turn them into rigid rods. In this paper, we demonstrate a simple and novel method to fabricate low-cost THz microstructured fibers. A cyclic olefin copolymer (TOPAS) suspended-core fiber guiding in the THz is extruded from a structured 3D printer nozzle and directly drawn in a single step process. Spectrograms of broadband THz pulses propagated through different lengths of fiber clearly indicate guidance in the fiber core. Cladding mode stripping allow for the identification of the single mode in the spectrograms and the determination of the average propagation loss (~ 0.11 dB/mm) in the 0.5–1 THz frequency range. This work points towards single step manufacturing of microstructured fibers using a wide variety of materials and geometries using a 3D printer platform.
... Photonic crystal fiber (PCF) is a specialty fiber that in the fiber cross-section, there are two-dimensional air-hole channels, running through the whole length of the fiber [1], [2]. Due to the structural characteristics, PCF is featured by many unique properties, such as endlessly single-mode propagation, controllable mode excitation, dispersion management, large mode area, high birefringence and enhanced nonlinearity, etc [3][4][5][6][7]. PCF has been widely used for applications such as high-power light delivery, nonlinear fiber optics, fiber lasing and fiber sensing [8][9][10][11]. ...
On the basis of intensity modulation, a vibration sensor using a tapered photonic crystal fiber (PCF) is demonstrated. The fiber is a solid-core PCF with a central air hole embedded in the core region. The addition of the air-hole initiates the core/cladding intermodal coupling, and consequently, modulates the output light intensity when the fiber is under external disturbance. The sensing unit is configured by firstly tapering the PCF down to a waist of 72.6 μm, and then splicing its two ends to a single-mode fiber (SMF) and a multi-mode fiber (MMF), respectively. The sensor is then used for measuring a variety of vibrational signals, such as single frequency (in the range of
$30\sim 10000 Hz$
), dual-frequency vibrations, and vibration accelerations (with linear responses from 0.5 to
$10 m/s^2$
). In addition, the sensitivity, influenced by varying the length of the sensor head, is also investigated.
... Extrusion enables the fabrication of fibers with a high air-filling fraction as required for nonlinearity and dispersion management. Petropoulos et al. reported the fabrication of small-core SF57 fibers with low loss and high nonlinear coefficient in 2003 [42]. By improving the fabrication process and optimizing the fiber design, they reported the fabrication of SF57 holey fibers with much higher nonlinearity and lower loss in 2005 [40]. ...
This paper presents a soft-glass (SF-57) elliptical-spiral photonic crystal fiber with elliptical air holes for achieving high birefringence, large nonlinearity, and tailoring two zero-dispersion wavelengths (ZDWs) in the near-infrared region. A full-vector finite-element method with perfectly matched boundary layer is used to characterize the properties of the photonic crystal fiber for different ellipticity ratios. The designed fiber has a birefringence 4 times higher than the circular-spiral structure. There are two ZDWs at around 1.2 µm and 2.8 µm which can be finely tuned depending on the ellipticity ratios along with a large nonlinearity. Due to the superior guiding properties, the proposed structure can be used for polarization control and broadband supercontinuum generation.
... Several types of glasses (ie, lead silicate, tellurite, bismuth, fluoride, and phosphate) have been used within different extrusion systems, either for rod, core/ cladding fibers, or for microstructured optical fibers. [24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35] Several studies have been published 29,34 on the application of the extrusion technique in the direct production of microstructured preforms, particularly with soft tellurite glasses 36 and either lead silicate glass, bismuth glass, or methacrylic polymer. 31 However, despite some great improvements both in the design of the preforms' shape and in the simplification of the whole process have been achieved, there are still several aspects to be addressed, mostly related to preform distortions. ...
The steps toward the fabrication of directly extruded microstructured fiber preforms made of a bioresorbable phosphate glass are herein presented, analyzing the features of the process from the glass synthesis to the manufacturing of the fiber. The realization of these fibers leverages on three main pillars: an optically transparent bioresorbable glass, its extrusion into a preform, and the fiber drawing. The glass has been designed and carefully prepared in our laboratory to be dissolvable in a biological fluid while being optically transparent and suitable for both preform extrusion and fiber drawing. To support the production of an optimized die for the preform extrusion, a simplified laminar flow model simulation has been employed. This model is intended as a tool for a fast and reliable way to catch the complex behavior of glass flow during each extrusion and can be regarded as an effective design guide for the dies to fulfill the specific needs for preform fabrication. After die optimization, extrusion of a capillary was realized, and a stacking of extruded tubes was drawn to produce a microstructured optical fiber made of bioresorbable phosphate glass.
... The improved control system present in the 3D printer, which include built-in temperature controllers and accurate polymer filament feeding systems, allow for the potential use of 3D printers for fiber drawing. Billet extrusion has been shown as a promising single-step technique to fabricate polymer and soft glass optical fiber preforms [10][11][12][13][14]. In this process, preforms are manufactured by pressing a soft bulk polymer or soft glass billet through a die to create a preform with a complex transverse profile, complementary of that of the die. ...
... SC-MOFs can be used in nonlinear optics for applications such as supercontinuum generation due to its small field diameter and ruggedness. The small core can also enhance the evanescent field of the propagating mode, thus SC-MOFs have also been developed for sensing applications, especially for gas and liquid detection [6,7,10,87]. SC-MPOFs are often considered a superior technology for biological and chemical sensors owing to their good compatibility with organic chemicals and living cells. ...
... of the propagating mode, thus SC-MOFs have also been developed for sensing applications, especially for gas and liquid detection [6,7,10,87]. SC-MPOFs are often considered a superior technology for biological and chemical sensors owing to their good compatibility with organic chemicals and living cells. ...
The study of the fabrication, material selection, and properties of microstructured polymer optical fibers (MPOFs) has long attracted great interest. This ever-increasing interest is due to their wide range of applications, mainly in sensing, including temperature, pressure, chemical, and biological species. This manuscript reviews the manufacturing of MPOFs, including the most recent single-step process involving extrusion from a modified 3D printer. MPOFs sensing applications are then discussed, with a stress on the benefit of using polymers.
... μm. Light sources in this wavelength range have numerous applications in green chemistry where water is used as solvent, in medical diagnostics and spectroscopy because most chemical composition absorb within this range, as well as in the general food, pharmaceutical, and defense industries [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. The tremendous success of the deployment of silica based optical fibers/ waveguides in photonic network has motivated an investigation of highly functional photonic devices for more flexible and robust transmission systems [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. ...
... In recent years, nonlinear optical fibers have been widely used because they paved the way for development of compact nonlinear devices for applications such as broadband super continuum generation, Raman amplification, wavelength conversion, pulse compression, and the parametric amplification [6][7][8][9][10]. There are several approaches for improving the nonlinear coefficient of optical fibers, e.g., tapering the fibers, designing microstructured optical fibers (MOFs) with small cores, and fabricating MOFs based on soft glasses or adding metallic nanoparticles in the core [11][12][13][14][15][16]. ...
