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a Control (gill of fish) showing the normal architecture of gill filaments such as primary lamellae (PL) and secondary lamellae (SL) (× 10)—(hematoxylin and eosin). b Severe congestion and cellular necrosis (N)—× 40. c Gills showed hyperplasia (Hp), edema (Oe), epithelial lifting (EL), positive nucleus (PCNA), cellular necrosis (N). Cellular hyperplasia accompanied by degeneration of chloride cells. Shortening of the secondary lamellae in M. Cephalus showing edematous condition, cellular infiltration, mucous cell, chloride cell (CC), and pavement cells (× 40). d Cellular hyperplasia, necrosis of the secondary lamellae in M. Cephalus, and ballooning dilatation in the epithelial cells and red blood corpuscles
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Mass mortality of fishes was reported at the Adyar estuary, South India, during November 2017. The probable reasons for fish mortality are analyzed in this paper. Critical assessments on water quality parameters including the metal concentrations, nutrients, and his-tology of gills and liver of fish (Mugil cephalus) isolated from the impact zone we...
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This study aimed to determine the metal (Al, As, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) levels in the gill, liver, and muscle tissues of some fish species, water and sediment samples taken from Tercan Dam Lake (Erzincan, Turkey). Initially, some physico-chemical parameters of the water such as temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen were measured, and the r...
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... Silicate values of the present analysis were parallel to the observation of Sathishkumar et al. (2022) (1.082 to 32.829 μg L −1 ). In contrast, Purvaja et al. (2017) reported a minimum level of silicate concentration (7.53 ± 3.33 to 19.22 ± 4.54 μg L −1 ) and Saleem Raja et al. (2019) reported a maximum level of silicate (4.21 ± 1.2 to 13.85 ± 3.1 mg L −1 ) in Adayar estuary than the current research. ...
The present study aimed to determine the physicochemical properties of the coastal water and metal concentration in the muscle tissues of five commercially important fish species (Leiognathus equulus, Lates calcarifer, Sillago sihama, Scolopsis bimaculatus, Lutjanus fulviflamma) along Thondi coast, as well as the potential human health risks on consumption of these species were also studied. Water quality parameters, such as mean temperature (31.3 ± 1.86 °C), salinity (28.35 ± 0.79‰), pH (7.95 ± 0.22), TDS (12840 ± 1.49 mg L⁻¹), TSS (310 ± 0.51 mg L⁻¹) and DO (5.99 ± 0.14 mg L⁻¹) were obtained. Various nutrients such as calcium (300.0 ± 36.05 mg L⁻¹), inorganic phosphate (0.186 ± 0.02 μg L⁻¹), magnesium (1077.6 ± 107.01 mg L⁻¹), nitrate (1.584 ± 0.31 μg L⁻¹), nitrite (1.179 ± 0.34 μg L⁻¹), silicate (29.717 ± 1.93 μg L⁻¹) and total phosphorus (0.153 ± 0.08 μg L⁻¹) were also analysed. The concentration of metals As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn in the muscle tissue was determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Arsenic, Cu and Pb were found to be highest in S. sihama; 1.2364 ± 0.12, 1.6102 ± 0.28 and 1.0103 ± 0.21 μg/g respectively. Cadmium and Zn were found maximum in S. bimaculatus; 0.0876 ± 0.04 and 1.0564 ± 0.16 μg/g respectively, whereas Cr was found highest in L. Calcarifer; 1.6781 ± 0.18 μg/g. Compared our results with FAO/WHO/EU regulations. The estimated daily intake (EDI) specifies that there is no risk of consuming these species. However, the target hazard quotient (THQ) in As is found to be > 1 in these fish species, which implies a possible danger to consumers.
... The reported higher Cr levels in fish muscle of the present study could be attributed to inputs from the Buckingham Canal which is largely polluted with industrial discharges and domestic effluents from the Chennai metropolitan region [3]. There was an earlier report of Cr poisoning resulting in mass mortality of Mugil cephalus in the Adyar estuary, Chennai due to extremely high concentrations of Cr in water [57]. ...
... Reducing the amount of oxygen in the water or sediments causes changes in the microbial community composition and even the mortality of some species (hypoxia, 2 mg/L) or all of them (anoxia) [42,43]. Although oxygen depletion occurs naturally in some systems, especially offshore basins, it has been exacerbated by increased sewage and fertiliser inputs caused by development and agriculture near estuaries [44,45,46]. According to study, excessive nitrogen imports have moderately to severely deteriorated 65 percent of the contiguous U.S.'s estuaries and coastal waters. ...
Fish can be found in abundance in most bodies of water. Despite the fact that no species has yet been detected in the deepest 25% of the ocean, they are present in almost every aquatic environment, from the abyssal and even hadal depths of the deepest oceans (where they can be found as cusk-eels and snailfish) to the high mountain streams. Habitat destruction is the leading cause of biodiversity loss. The rise in nutrient loading, particularly nitrogen, is one of the main factors contributing to habitat degradation. Trawling diminishes the environment's complexity by removing sedimentary features and biogenic structures like sponges, bryozoans, and shell aggregates. The construction of dams on tidal rivers has harmed estuarine habitat: estuary community structure, water chemistry, food webs, and loss of freshwater and estuary habitats. Since 1950, the catch of fishes associated with coral reefs has declined by 60% per unit of effort. Ever growing human populations and acidity have significantly impacted fish diversity. The literature reviewed unequivocally demonstrated how anthropogenic effects have altered ichthyofauna and reduced biodiversity in aquatic environments around the globe. Identifying current and potential habitat hazards and the conservation and improvement actions required to eliminate or minimise those concerns is crucial in determining important fish habitats.
... The reported higher Cr levels in fish muscle of the present study could be attributed to inputs from the Buckingham Canal which is largely polluted with industrial discharges and domestic effluents from the Chennai metropolitan region [3]. There was an earlier report of Cr poisoning resulting in mass mortality of Mugil cephalus in the Adyar estuary, Chennai due to extremely high concentrations of Cr in water [57]. ...
... Adyar estuary starts near the Chettinad palace. At present, the estuary is highly polluted with effluent and domestic waste [34]. It is evident from previous studies that Adyar estuary is highly polluted with MPs of different polymers namely polyethylene (PE), polypropylenre(PP), polystyrene (PS), and polylactic acid (PLA) [35]. ...
Coliforms and microplastic pollution are major issues prevailing in the estuarine ecosystem. At present, the Adyar river in Chennai, Tamil Nadu is under threat due to sewage disposal and solid waste dumping. In the present investigation surface water samples were collected from five sampling locations and analyzed for coliforms, microplastics (MPs), and the development of biofilm. The maximum coliform population of 75±6-228±12 MPN/100mL was observed during the pre-monsoon period. The MP content was in the range of 90-230 particles /L, 70-210 particles/L, and 90-190 particles/L for pre-monsoon, post-monsoon, and summer seasons respectively. The development of black crystalline colonies on Congo Red Agar (CRA) medium explained the occurrence of biofilm in the study area. Further, biofilm formation was higher during summer when compared with that of pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. The plastic particles collected from the sampling locations were having rough surfaces. More bacterial colonies were observed on polyethylene (PE) MPs when compared with that of polyamide (PA) and Nylon under laboratory conditions.
... Most existing case studies from river floods and floodplain sediments across India focus on heavy metal or potentially toxic element contamination, methane effluxes, and water quality (e.g., Haloi & Sarma, 2012;Kumar et al., 2019;Meena et al., 2011;Raja et al., 2019;Singh et al., 2002;Srinivasalu et al., 2007), or on the general impacts and consequences of contaminants to water bodies (e.g., Blöschl et al., 2019;Hilscherova et al., 2007;Ramachandran et al., 2019;Suriya & Mudgal, 2012;Venugopal et al., 2009). Studies investigating the organic contamination distribution and long-term effects of pollutants linked to anthropogenic action and impacts are lacking; thus, the hazardous potential remains underestimated. ...
... During the dry summer months (May-July), the reservoirs dams remain closed resulting in a mostly stagnant river waterbody, partly dried-up sections, and clogged river mouths (Raja et al., 2019;Rajkumar et al., 2008). To avoid long-term clogging and to cleanse the rivers, the estuaries are artificially opened on a regular basis during the heavy monsoon rainfalls. ...
Fast growing coastal population centers face an increasing vulnerability to several emission sources of anthropogenic and industrial pollutants. The ongoing industrialization in emerging countries increases the environmental and human risk for people living in coastal megacities, especially in the global south of Asia. Extreme weather events, such as heavy rainfalls and resulting flood events, are projected to increase in frequency in the foreseen future, facing an increasing vulnerability to monsoon-induced floods and the release and distribution of xenobiotics causing harm to communities and the environment along a river’s pathway. To endeavor the unknown risks posed by these toxic floods and to assess the associated contamination distribution, the preserved organic geochemical signature from floodplain sediments is studied.
This investigation evaluates the inorganic and organic pollutant assemblage in ten surface sediments along the Adyar and Cooum river in the urban areas of Chennai (southern India). Potentially toxic elements (Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb) show a continuous concentration decrease downstream. Four main groups of persistent organic pollutants have been detected: petrogenic pollutants (hopanes, PAHs), urban wastewater pollutants (LABs, DEHA, methyl-triclosan, octocrylene), technical compounds (Mesamoll ® , DPE, NBFA), and pesticides (DDX). While most organic compounds show source specific properties, the definite sources for others remain vague based on the multitude of potential sources and diffusiveness of anthropogenic emissions. The chosen approaches have shown that urban wastewater pollutants and several technical compounds are suitable to assess the anthropogenic-induced contamination in floodplain sediments. However, sedimentary archives in fast-growing, urbanized environments are influenced and superimposed by anthropogenic alterations.
... Coastal foam is a common phenomenon usually reported after a heavy spell of rain during the monsoon when the winds are swift and swirly. Small rivers, rivulets, and water bodies carry significant amounts of foam-generating substances or chemicals, humic substances derived from the decay of organic matters, phosphates from agricultural fertilizers, or industrial detergents [16]. ...
... The leachate produced in a hazardous waste landfill that received mostly tannery (chromium based) wastes was considered the pollution source in an environmental crime that took place in southern Brazil. The release of industrial effluents leading to ammonia and metal toxicity can be the cause of mass fish death pollution in anthropogenically impacted environment (Eddy, 2005;Kangur et al., 2005;Abu-Elala et al., 2016;Raja et al., 2019). Therefore, it is relevant for environmental forensics investigations to determine the source of pollution that led to the catastrophic event to guarantee that the administrative and legal measures are directed to the real perpetrator. ...
Carbon and nitrogen composition and isotopic ratios (δ¹⁵N, δ¹³C, and δ¹³C-DIC) as well as physicochemical parameters were measured in hazardous waste leachate connected to an environmental pollution crime. A forensic metrology approach was employed by estimating the measurement uncertainty, including that from the sampling process, using range statistics. The physicochemical parameters demonstrated differences in the leachate from some of the different ponds and this was supported by carbon and nitrogen elemental and isotopic analyses. The isotopic signature of δ¹⁵N and δ¹³C-DIC was highly enriched in the heavy isotope demonstrating that those analyses are a substantial tool for leachate pollution tracking. The uncertainty of the measurements was below or slightly above 20% for most parameters which can be considered fit-for-purpose for a great deal of environmental surveys and was remarkably lower in the isotopic analyses. The uncertainty of measurement including the primary sampling is a relevant information in environmental investigations, especially forensic ones. This knowledge is crucial for a consistent interpretation of environmental samples analyses results, specially from polluted sites and pollution source characterization and tracking, where there is often substantial heterogeneity in environmental samples.
... This has affected marine and coastal life significantly, as well as the health and livelihoods of the local communities (Walther et al., 2003). Several mass mortalities of fish have occurred on this coast, notably in December 2014 and November 2017 (Saleem Raja et al., 2019). This has been attributed to chromium concentration in the water that exceeds normal values by 30 times. ...
Coasts are among the most vulnerable ecosystems to the effects of climate change and the impacts of strong weather events. At the same time, they are also crucial buffers of these phenomena around the world. The current study describes the is ecological and geomorphological uniqueness of North Tamil Nadu’s coast. Five important coastal wetlands were identified in this region, namely Pulicat Lagoon, Adyar Estuary, Kovalam-Muttukadu Backwaters, Odiyur-Mudhaliyarkuppam Lagoon and Kaliveli Lake, which were survyed. The variety of habitats found here include mangroves, backwaters and creeks, estuarine areas, oyster reefs, sandy beaches and sand dunes, seagrass beds, salt marshes, and tropical dry evergreen forests. A total of 913 species from eight animals’ classes were recorded from these hotspots, of which 709 species were recorded during the study. Species recorded as bycatch have also been identified and marked so in the checklist The hotspots were assessed using a detailed criteria matrix. This study also highlights the ecological importance of these wetlands, discusses the current threats to them and explores conservation challenges and approaches from a socio-ecological and legal-policy framework.
... The Marmara Sea has considerable economic importance for Turkish fisheries. Fish living on the bottom of seas, especially, may accumulate different pollutants (toxic material like heavy metals, pesticides, PCB and BPA) in tissues [4][5][6]. Most aquatic organisms, such as fish, are biomarkers of pollution, and it is important to investigate the concentrations of these materials. ...
Monitoring the aquatic organisms (especially bottom-living organisms) and sediment samples is a common method used for environmental toxicology studies. This study aims to investigate the presence of macro and trace elements in four different deep sea fish (Solea vulgaris, Merlangius merlangus eux-inus, Mullus surmuletus, and Lophius piscatorius) and sediment samples in the Marmara Sea. For this aim, the fish was collected from four different stations along the Tekirdağ province coast of the Mar-mara Sea in the spring of 2018. The macro and trace element concentrations were analyzed using an In-ductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spec-trometry. The sediment samples were evaluated using Scanning Electron Microscopy and Total Organic Carbon analyses. The findings showed that the determined mean macro and trace element concentrations in the deep sea fish muscle tissues and sediment samples were Ca > P > K> Na > S> Al > Mg > B > Co > Se > Pt >Sb and Ca > Al > Mg > Na> S> K > P > B > Co > Pt > Sb, respectively. The results showed that many strong correlations (rmax: 0.794) were determined by considering the fish species and the locations for the target elements. Although these correlations included new information, they were not clear enough to draw general conclusions. Clear results related sources of pollutants have not been achieved using Principal Component Analysis. This study indicated that all the carbon found in sediments is sourced from inorganic carbon in the Marmara Sea. In conclusion, these data obtained in this study suggest that there is no critical hazard in the Sea of Mar-mara. This data have vital importance for the evaluation of environmental risks and the creation of environmental disaster scenarios in the future.
