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a Composition of ternary hybrid nanofluid. b System of coordinates and physical configuration of flow model
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The distinctive enhancement of thermal efficiency and improvement of the energy exchange rate as applied in the dynamics of fuels and cooling in vehicles have led to a growing knowledge of hybrid nanofluid. However, the idea of water-based nanoliquid incorporating triple different forms of solid nanoparticles with different densities and outlines (...
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... The tabular forms are used to analyze the technical parameters such as C f and Nu x . The current study could be beneficial in a lot of disciplines, including high-temperature and cooling technologies, aerospace technologies, pigments, medications, and biosensors, to mention just some. The composition of ternary hybrid nanofluid is illustrated in Fig. ...
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... only a minor difference in fluid outcomes for Θ 2 () thermal profile. Figure 13 also a similar conclusion like Θ 1 () for SiO 2 Fig. 15. The improvement in the heat transfer rate is more prominent using the tri-hybrid nanofluids and this happens due to the effective thermal conductivity of SiO 2 , TiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 . ...
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... radiative features stimulate the molecule mobility within the fluid, resulting in heat energy being converted through frequent collisions between nanoparticles. As a result, the Θ 1 () temperature has improved. With only a minor difference in fluid outcomes for Θ 2 () thermal profile. Figure 13 also a similar conclusion like Θ 1 () for SiO 2 Fig. 15. The improvement in the heat transfer rate is more prominent using the tri-hybrid nanofluids and this happens due to the effective thermal conductivity of SiO 2 , TiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 . The percentage-wise enhancement in the heat transfer rate as displayed in Fig. 16 shows that tri-hybrid nanofluid is more effective to increase the thermal ...
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... Θ 2 () thermal profile. Figure 13 also a similar conclusion like Θ 1 () for SiO 2 Fig. 15. The improvement in the heat transfer rate is more prominent using the tri-hybrid nanofluids and this happens due to the effective thermal conductivity of SiO 2 , TiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 . The percentage-wise enhancement in the heat transfer rate as displayed in Fig. 16 shows that tri-hybrid nanofluid is more effective to increase the thermal efficiency of the fluid. In fact, from the experimental results, Al 2 O 3 thermal conductivity provides a greater effect than TiO 2 and SiO 2 . Therefore, the thermal performance increases with the stable dispersion of these three different types of nanoparticles ...
Citations
... The above conducted literature review suggests that many researcher have discussed the significance of the hybrid and ternary hybrid nanofluids in the heat transfer mechanisms [1][2][3][4][5]27,28 . In addition to significance of their high thermal conductivity the major concern is selecting the nanoparticle which boost thermal conductivity more effectively. ...
... The new set of variables is given in the Eq. (25) and transformed flow governing equations and boundaries are given in the (26)(27)(28)(29) and (30,31), respectively. These newly formulated equations are then tackled with bvp-4c technique in MATLAB. ...
Numerous heat transfer applications, such as heat exchangers, solar trough collectors, and fields including food processing, material research, and aerospace engineering, utilize hybrid nanofluids. Compared to conventional fluids, hybrid nanofluids exhibit significantly enhanced thermal conductivity. The aim of this work is to explore flow and heat transmission features under of magneto-hydrodynamic bioconvective flow of carbon nanotubes over the stretched surface with Dufour and Soret effects. Additionally, comparative dynamics of the carbon nanotubes (SWCMT − MWCNT/C2H6O2 with SWCMT − MWCNT/C2H6O2 − H2O) flow using the Prandtl fluid model in the presence of thermal radiation and motile microorganisms has been investigated. Novel feature Additionally, the focus is also to examine the presence of microorganisms in mixture base hybrid nanofluid. To examine heat transfer features of Prandtl hybrid nanofluid over the stretched surface convective heating is taken into consideration while modeling the boundary conditions. Suitable similarity transform has been employed to convert dimensional flow governing equations into dimensionless equations and solution of the problem has been obtained using effective, accurate and time saving bvp-4c technique in MATLAB. Velocity, temperature, concentration and microorganisms profiles have been demonstrated graphically under varying impact of various dimensionless parameters such as inclined magnetization, mixed convection, Dufour effect, Soret effect, thermal radiation effect, and bioconvection lewis number. It has been observed that raising values of magnetization (0.5 ≤ M ≤ 4), mixed convection (0.01 ≤ λ ≤ 0.05) and inclination angle (0° ≤ α ≤ 180°) enhance fluid motion rapidly in Ethylene glycol based Prandtl hybrid nanofluid (SWCMT − MWCNT/C2H6O2) when compared with mixture base working fluid of carbon nanotubes SWCMT − MWCNT/C2H6O2 − H2O). Raising thermal radiation (0.1 ≤ Rd ≤ 1.7) and Dufour number (0.1 ≤ Du ≤ 0.19) values improves temperature profile. Moreover, a good agreement has been found between the current outcome and existing literature for skin friction outcomes.
... Some of them were resolved utilizing the computational procedures when stability and convergence should be considered, and others were resolved using the analytic perturbation method which should express the small parameter in the equation. Many other iterative methods have been introduced to solve the nonlinear equations which have proven their effectiveness such as the variational iteration method [31], differential transformation method [32], Adomian's decomposition method [33], collocation method [34], homotopy perturbation methodology [35], homotopy analysis methodology [36], optimal homotopy asymptotic methodology [37], optimal auxiliary functions method [38] and Duan-Rach method [39][40][41]. This last is very powerful and we will select to solve the present problem. ...
... Ref. [40] Ref. [41] Ref. [ Table 4. Comparison for À F 0 ð Þ in Divergent Channels when α ¼ þ5 and φ ¼ 0. ...
... Ref. [40] Ref. [41] Ref. [ ...
... The impact of non-linear thermal radiation on water-based ternary hybrid nanofluid flow taking SiO 2 , TiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 as nanoparticles in the presence of magnetic dipole was discovered by Nasir et al. (2022). They found that for larger values of particles volume fraction, skin friction declines. ...
The use of nanoparticles, the biological phenomenon has lately been found to play a key role in engineering and biomedical applications including the separation of specified molecules, magnetic targeting of drugs, diagnostic methods such as MRI, CT scan, the treatment of hyperthermia or hypothermia, etc. Motivating by the above applications, the current study is designed and presents a novel mathematical model to analyze the behavior of blood-based ternary hybrid nanofluid under the influence of magnetic dipole with variable fluid properties over a stretching sheet. Silicon Dioxide (\({{\text{SiO}}}_{2}\)), Iron Oxide (\({{\text{Fe}}}_{3}{{\text{O}}}_{4}\)) and Copper (\({\text{Cu}}\)) are considered nanoparticles, with blood as the base fluid. Similarity transformations are used to convert the partial differential equations into ordinary differential equations, which are numerically solved by using the finite difference method, consisting of the central differencing method, a tridiagonal matrix manipulation, and an iterative method. The most important results of this investigation of different non-dimensional physical factors are velocity, temperature, skin friction, and the Nusselt number. It was noted that by elevating the figures of variations in viscosity, thermal conductivity, magnetic field parameter, and ferromagnetic interaction parameter, fluid axial velocity decreased. Also found that the rate of heat transfer increased by 4.51% while thermal conductivity varies from 0.5 to 1.5. At the same time, the skin friction coefficient enhanced by 3.61% for the viscosity variation parameter when varies from − 0.6 to − 0.2. A comprehensive comparison between nanofluid, hybrid nanofluid, and ternary nanofluid is also shown for fluid velocity and temperature.
... The rate of a chemical reaction for concentration is also defined as k � 1 ¼ k 0 1−nt ð Þ and having the characteristic (1 − ntÞ > 0: The magnetic fluid that flows by the magnetic field is determined by the magnetic dipole with magnetic scalar potential, as in [43][44][45][46][47]. ...
... They found that the ternary hybrid nanofluid had a greater impact on the temperature profile than either the nanofluid or the hybrid nanofluid alone. Nasir et al., [26] conducted a study on the heat transport characteristics of ternary hybrid nanofluid flow in the presence of a magnetic dipole with nonlinear thermal radiation. The primary objective of Arif et al., [27] research is to investigate the application of a water-based ternary hybrid nanofluid in the context of advanced cooling for radiators. ...
This study focuses on examining the impact of thermal stratification on the magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) flow of water-based nano, hybrid, and ternary hybrid nanofluids past a vertically stretching cylinder in a porous medium. The nanoparticles Cu, Al2O3, and TiO2 are suspended in a base fluid H2O, leading to the formation of a ternary hybrid nanofluid Cu-Al2O3-TiO2 /H2O. The numerical results are calculated with the 3-stage Lobatto IIIa approach, specifically implemented by Bvp4c in MATLAB. The impacts of various parameters are visually depicted through graphs and quantitatively represented in tables. The velocity and temperature of the ternary hybrid nanofluid are lowered by the thermal stratification parameter compared to when there is no stratification. The ternary hybrid nanofluid has a higher heat transfer rate than the hybrid nanofluid, and the hybrid nanofluid has a higher heat transfer rate than ordinary nanofluids.
... A third-grade non-Newtonian sodium alginate base fluid is used in the study, and the effects of electro-magnetohydrodynamics are also investigated. Nasir et al. [21] explored how nonlinear thermal radiation affects the magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) flow of a couple of stress water-based nanofluids, including hybrid and ternary hybrid types, on a stretching sheet. They employed the "homotopy analysis method (HAM)" to solve the transformed set of equations using Mathematica software. ...
With regards to the current scenario in the biomedical research, the blood flow phenomena are vital due to its vast applications. Further, instead of using traditional fluid the implementation of nanoparticles enhances the flow properties. Therefore, the present article aims to explore how the inclusion of Darcy–Forchheimer inertial drag influences the flow characteristics of electrically conducting blood-based nanofluid, coupled with single-wall carbon nanotubes, between rotating parallel discs set within a permeable medium. The impact of dissipative heat in conjunction with the particle concentration is useful for various applications like drug delivery processes, peristaltic pumping, etc. The flow phenomena governed by the set of equations are distorted into ordinary by the implementation of a suitable similarity rule and then these are handled numerically with the help of Runge–Kutta fourth-order combined with shooting technique. Along with the flow properties, the behaviour of the standard factors involved in the flow properties is discussed briefly. Further, the validation of the result with the earlier investigation is obtained and shows a good agreement. However, the important outcomes of the current investigation are laid down as; the single wall carbon nanotube solid volume fraction combined with the stretching parameter augments the fluid velocity and the resistivity due to the interaction of the magnetic field overshoots the shear rate near the surface significantly.
... They found that the ternary hybrid nanofluid had a greater impact on the temperature profile than either the nanofluid or the hybrid nanofluid alone. [26] conducted a study on the heat transport characteristics of ternary hybrid nanofluid flow in the presence of a magnetic dipole with nonlinear thermal radiation. [27] performed an investigation on the computational valuation of Darcy ternary-hybrid nanofluid flow through an extending cylinder with induction effects. ...
The primary objective of this study is to investigate the influence of thermal stratification on the magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) flow of water-based nano, hybrid, and ternary hybrid nanofluids, as they pass a vertically stretching cylinder within a porous media. The nanoparticles Cu, Al2O3, and TiO2 are suspended in a base fluid H2O, leading to the formation of a ternary hybrid nanofluid (Cu + Al2O3 + TiO2/H2O). The use of a relevant similarity variable has been utilized to simplify the boundary layer equations which control the flow and transform the coupled nonlinear partial differential equations into a collection of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The numerical results are calculated with the 3-stage Lobatto IIIa approach, specifically implemented by Bvp4c in MATLAB. This study presents a graphical and numerical analysis of the effects of various non-dimensional parameters, such as the Prandtl number, radiation parameter, heat source/sink parameter, magnetic parameter, porosity parameter, curvature parameter, thermal stratification parameter, and thermal buoyancy parameter, on the velocity, temperature, skin-friction coefficient, and Nusselt number. The impacts of these parameters are visually depicted through graphs and quantitatively represented in tables. The ternary hybrid nanofluid has a higher heat transfer rate than the hybrid nanofluid, and the hybrid nanofluids has a higher heat transfer rate than ordinary nanofluids.
... Building on the work of pioneering researchers, we delve into the contributions of key figures in this nanotechnology domain. Nasir et al. [1], examined the ternary hybrid nanofluid flow's heat transport that is influenced by temperature eradiation and a magnetic dipole. Das et al. [2], investigated the leverages of mixed magnetic field and convection forces on ternary hybrid nanofluid flow in a vertical channel. ...
... Shamshuddin et al. (Shamshuddin et al., 2023) examined TNF (Al 2 O 3 +TiO 2 +SiO 2 / polymer) flow between two rotating disks considering influences of hall current and noticed better rheological characteristics of ternary nanofluid in comparison to hybrid and mono nanofluid. Some other relevant studies of ternary nanofluids are presented at references (Shah et al., 2022;Sarada et al., 2022;Ramzan et al., 2022;Algehyne et al., 2022;Nasir et al., 2022;Balla et al., 2020). The dynamics of fluid flowing at micro and nanoscales are quite different from microscopic flow behaviour and conventional no slip condition at surface are no more relevant at nanoscale. ...
Improving thermal efficiency is one of the most effective ways to optimize energy resources. Researchers has therefore been extensively working on finding innovative solutions for optimizing outputs from utilization of energy. Nanofluids having unique thermophysical properties and promising applications in thermal engineering systems, heating and cooling processes, nanotechnological and bio-medical domains continue to capture ever increasing attention of researchers. This pragmatic study aims at thermo-rheological analysis of ternary nanofluid containing CuO, Al 2 O 3 and TiO 2 in water past curved geometry with cross-diffusion and second order velocity slip constraints. Other presumptions considered in mathematical formulations include Lorentz force and thermal radiations. The supposition of gyrotactic microorganisms further improves solubility of nanoparticles. Thermophysical properties of nanomaterials are accounted for computations. The governing Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) are converted to Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs) by adopting suitable transforms and solved numerically by using bvp4c MATLAB package for acquiring results in graphical and tabular forms. The physical aspects are explained thoroughly to rationalize the outcomes. The study concludes that thermal conductivity increases from 6% to 26% by increasing volume fraction of ternary nanoparticles from 1% to 4%. The curvature parameter, velocity slip, thermal radiations, thermophoresis, activation energy and chemical reaction improve thermal efficiency of ternary nanofluid. The influence of Soret number is opposite to that of Dufour number. However, velocity slip and Lorentz force have similar impacts on thermo-rheological behaviour of ternary nanofluid.
... Nasir et al. 33 examined a dynamic MHD Darcy-Forchheimer fluid movement with radiative impact over an indefinitely porous extended medium. Nasir et al. 34 explored the effect of nonlinear radiant energy on the magnetic hydrodynamics (MHD) motion of a pair stressed water-soluble nanotechnology, hybrid, and tripartite hybrid nanofluids on a stretched surface. When various kinds of fluids undergo thermal alterations, heat is produced. ...
This research explores the 3-D flow characteristics, entropy generation and heat transmission behavior of nanofluids consisting of copper and titanium in water as they flow across a bidirectional apparent, while considering the influence of magneto-hydrodynamics. The thermophysical properties of nanofluids are taken advantage of utilizing the Tiwari and Das demonstrate. The concept of the boundary layer has facilitated the comprehension of the physical ideas derived from it. By applying requisite transformations, the connected intricate sets of partial differential equation have been converted into ordinary differential equation. The modified model is calculated employing the widely recognized technique known as OHAM by using Mathematica program BVPh2.0 Software. For different dimensionless parameters computational and graphical investigations have been performed. It is notice that as fluid parameters change, they exhibit distinct responses in comparison to the temperature, velocity profiles and entropy generation. The results show that velocity profile rise with greater estimates of the magnetic parameter and the rate of entropy formation. Furthermore, thermal profiles become less significant as Eckert and Prandtl numbers increase.
