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Early, pre-code, reinforced concrete structures present undetermined resistance to earthquakes. This situation is particularly unacceptable in the case of essential facilities, such as healthcare structures. Amongst these, the Santa Maria Hospital - finished in 1953 with a total area of 120,000 m2 - in Lisbon, was designed without explicit consider...
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Citations
... J. Proença, Carlos et. al. 2019 [15] The analysis was performed with two different nonlinear load models. The first model (as described above) was used until all supports in a given interlayer collapsed, resulting in a significant change in deformation and loading pattern. ...
In the framework of this project, an attempt was made to find out the influence of the shape, size and direction of the rectangular columns of the construction plan on the general stiffness and seismic response of the building suffering from the earthquake. A multistory RC building is modeled using ETABS software with different column shapes (square and rectangular), column sizes (different cross-sectional area at building height), and column orientations to determine the effect of each on the stiffness and seismic response of the building. . . The analytical results of each model were compared in terms of base movement, overburden displacement, layer deflection and time period.
... J. Proença, Carlos et. al. 2019 [15] The analysis was performed with two different nonlinear load models. The first model (as described above) was used until all supports in a given interlayer collapsed, resulting in a significant change in deformation and loading pattern. ...
In the framework of this project, an attempt was made to find out the influence of the shape, size and direction of the rectangular columns of the construction plan on the general stiffness and seismic response of the building suffering from the earthquake. A multistory RC building is modeled using ETABS software with different column shapes (square and rectangular), column sizes (different cross-sectional area at building height), and column orientations to determine the effect of each on the stiffness and seismic response of the building. The analytical results of each model were compared in terms of base movement, overburden displacement, layer deflection and time period.
... Approximately 2.8 million people live within this region, and according to the Portuguese Statistical Office, the gross domestic product for this area exceeded 100 billion of EUR in 2014. Lisbon and its surroundings has been the target of extensive investigation in the past decade, covering the various disciplines of seismic hazard analysis [Vilanova and Fonseca, 2007;Carvalho et al., 2008], earthquake engineering [Proença et al., 2004;Silva et al., 2015a], and loss assessment [Silva et al., 2014b;Sousa 2006]. The three main input models used in this study leveraged upon some of these existing studies, as succinctly described below. ...
Probabilistic loss modeling can be used to develop risk reduction measures, such as the identification of regions more prone to human and economic losses, or to the development of financial mechanisms to transfer the earthquake risk from local governments to the private sector. This study addresses several critical issues in probabilistic loss modeling, and provides recommendations depending on the intended final use of the risk results. Modeling issues related with convergence in probabilistic event-based analysis; consideration of epistemic uncertainties within a logic tree; generation of different types of loss exceedance curves; and derivation of risk maps are thoroughly investigated. The Metropolitan Area of Lisbon is used to explore these issues, and it is demonstrated that different assumptions in the loss modeling process can lead to considerably different risk results. Furthermore, the findings and recommendations of this study are also relevant for institutions that promote the assessment of earthquake hazard and risk, such as the Global Earthquake Model Foundation.
... A sensitivity analysis was carried out by changing the strength parameters of the diagonal struts. [6] Seismic performance assessments indicate that, of the configurations considered (bare, partially-in filled and fully-in filled frames), the fully-in filled frame has the lowest collapse risk and the bare frame is found to be the most vulnerable to earthquake-induced collapse. Depending on the infill configuration, the median collapse capacity varies by a factor of 1.3 to 2.5. ...
... The Metropolitan Area of Lisbon (MAL) is composed of 18 counties, it covers an area of about 3,000 km 2 , and has a population of 2.8 million people according to the latest National Census Survey (2011). This region has been the target of extensive investigation, such as the study of the influence of microzonation in loss estimation [Oliveira 2004]; the exploration of ground motion shaking simulation [Carvalho et al., 2008]; assessment of seismic performance of reinforced concrete structures [Proença et al., 2004;Silva et al., 2014a]; calculation of damage for several seismic scenarios [Spence, 2007;Oliveira, 2008]; assessment of human and economic losses considering the residential building stock [Sousa, 2006;Silva et al., 2014b]; probabilistic seismic hazard assessment of mainland Portugal [Vilanova and Fonseca, 2007]; and performance of retrofitting benefit-cost Downloaded by [Universita Studi di Pavia] at 06:06 12 May 2016 analysis for a region around Lisbon [Campos-Costa et al., 2010]. The case study used in the investigation presented herein leverages upon some of these existing studies, as described in the following sections. ...
The assessment of human or economic losses due to single events (scenario) may effectively support decision makers in the development of important risk mitigation actions. The study presented herein sheds light on several problems and limitations in the current practice of scenario loss modeling, such as the number of simulations required to achieve convergence; epistemic and aleatory uncertainty in the ground motion prediction and vulnerability models; and consideration of the earthquake rupture geometry. These issues are investigated using the Metropolitan Area of Lisbon (Portugal), and it has been observed that distinct assumptions in the loss modeling can lead to considerably different results. The findings of this study are also pertinent for probabilistic seismic risk analyses in which a large number of stochastically generated events are employed to assess probabilistic losses.
... In the context of loss assessment for earthquake scenarios, Portugal (in particular the Metropolitan Area of Lisbon-MAL) has been the target of extensive studies regarding disaster preparedness (Mendes-Victor et al. 1994), influence of microzonation in loss estimation (Oliveira 2004), site-condition mapping (Narciso et al. 2013), ground motion shaking simulation (Carvalho et al. 2008a), seismic performance of RC structures (Proença et al. 2004;Silva et al. 2014b) and damage assessment for a number of seismic events (Spence 2007;Oliveira 2008). Additionally, in the FP7 European project REAKT (Gasparini and Cua 2012), which addresses real-time earthquake risk mitigation, the benefit in implementing an early warning system in the industrial complex of Sines (southwest Portugal) is being investigated. ...
Portugal has its past marked by the occurrence of very destructive earthquakes. In the well-known 1755 Lisbon earthquake, more than 50 % of the building stock was heavily damaged or destroyed and about 10 % of the population in Lisbon perished. In the beginning of the last century, a moderate event of magnitude 6.0 Mw struck the village of Benavente, causing 46 fatalities and damaging more than 3000 dwellings. The Portuguese building stock in highly populated centres is characterized by a large fraction of masonry buildings, which typically have a higher seismic vulnerability. For these reasons, it is clear that a reliable and accurate platform for damage estimation based on deterministic earthquake scenarios is fundamental, in order to create adequate post-disaster response plans, or to understand which structure types are contributing to the human and economic losses. This study provides an overview of the initial development of this framework for Portugal, as well as a description of the components and input models required for the generation of the seismic input and estimation of damage. In order to demonstrate the capabilities of the platform, two seismic events were considered to assess structural damage throughout mainland Portugal. This framework has been established at the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto. It allows earthquake engineers and seismic risk modelers to access damage information and to launch calculations of losses for scenario events. The products can also be of interest to experts and decision makers, who may wish to consider specific types of outputs such as the distribution of building damage, fatalities and the number of homeless.
... In the context of loss assessment for earthquake scenarios, Portugal (in particular the Metropolitan Area of Lisbon -MAL) has been the target of extensive studies regarding disaster preparedness (Mendes-Victor et al., 1994), influence of microzonation in loss estimation (Oliveira, 2004), siteconditions mapping (Narciso et al., 2013), ground motion shaking simulation (Carvalho et al., 2008), seismic performance of RC structures (Proença et al., 2004;Silva et al., 2014a) and damage assessment for a number of seismic events (Spence 2007, Oliveira 2008. Additionally, in the FP7 European project REAKT (Gasparini and Cua, 2012), which addresses real-time earthquake risk mitigation, the profitability of implementing an early warning system in the industrial complex of Sines (southwest of Portugal) is being investigated. ...
Portugal has its past marked by the occurrence of very destructive earthquakes. In the well-known 1755 Lisbon earthquake, despite the various estimates proposed by the scientific community it is fair to assume that in Lisbon, more than 50% of the buildings were heavily damaged or destroyed and about 10% of the population perished. In the beginning of the last century, a moderate event of magnitude 6.6 Mw struck the village of Benavente, causing 46 fatalities and damaging more than 3000 dwellings. Besides this moderate seismicity, the Portuguese building stock in highly populated centres is characterized by a large fraction of masonry buildings, which typically have a higher seismic vulnerability. For these reasons, it is clear that a reliable and accurate platform for damage estimation based on deterministic earthquake scenarios is fundamental. This study provides an overview of the initial development of a damage estimation framework for Portugal, as well as a description of the components and input models required for the various calculations. This system has been established at the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto, and it will allow not only earthquake engineers and risk modelers to access damage information and launch scenario calculations, but also other experts and decision makers whose needs might have a particular purpose, such as emergency planning.
... Consequently, the failure mechanisms anticipated in design codes (global failure mechanism) will not occur. Many researchers have studied the effect of masonry infill on the seismic behaviour of moment-resisting frames (Rodrigues et al., 2008); (Borzi et al., 2008); (Proença et al., 2004); (Kose and Karslioglu, 2009b). ...
SUMMARY Most structures with masonry infills that are continuous along their height, which are interrupted in the lowest storey, are damaged by earthquakes. These structures are anticipated to collapse due to the undesirable soft-storey mechanism formed by lateral stiffness of masonry infills in other storeys. The seismic design criteria of UBC97 code for special moment-resisting steel frame (SMRSF) are reviewed. In this paper, a new criterion for seismic design of such structures is presented. The proposed criteria are used to design three SMRSFs: 5, 8 and 15 storeys. Nonlinear time-history dynamic analyses are applied for the designed SMRSFs based on the proposed criteria. Displacements and storey drifts, which are obtained by the proposed method, are compared with nonlinear time-history dynamic analysis results, finally. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
... In former seismic vulnerability assessment studies, ICIST developed linear and nonlinear FE models for building blocks #4, #22 and #43 (Ferreira, 2001;Proença, Oliveira & Almeida. 2004), considered representative of the variety of existing building blocks. Block #22, in particular, was used for the calibration of the proposed seismic vulnerability survey method, as shown in the present subsection. ...
... Nonlinear static (pushover) analyses were previously performed on building block #22 of SMH (Proença, Oliveira & Almeida. 2004) in 2004. The structure was modelled using a 3D FE model, with frame elements representing beams and columns. A pair of diagonal frame elements was used to model each external and internal masonry infill panel. The lateral load pattern applied along main frames (N-S direction) was based on the elastic fundamental mode along that directi ...
This paper presents a new seismic vulnerability survey method for healthcare reinforced concrete buildings. This method was developed based on level 1 of an equivalent multi-level survey method originally developed by the Japanese Construction Ministry, also endorsed by PAHO/WHO. The original method was launched in 1977 and has progressively been revised with earthquake damage data collected in succeeding earthquake occurrences in Japan. The presented method bridges the gap from more generalist, urban level, seismic vulnerability survey methods, such as those proposed by Giovinazzi and Lagomarsino (2003), and design-like methods, such as those proposed by EN 1998-3 (2005). The modifications carried out on the original procedure were aimed at the decrease of the inherently empirical bases, matching it to the lateral force method of analysis of Eurocode 8 (EN 1998-1, 2004). This procedure was validated and adapted, considering prior nonlinear seismic vulnerability assessment of two Portuguese hospitals, which served as examples.
... The width of a strut is approximately equal to a quarter of its length and the thickness equal to the actual thickness of the brick wall. The masonry model has been proposed and implemented by others (Tomazevic(1999), Asteris(2003), Mostafaei et al. (2004), Oliveira et al.(2004)). Figure 2 show a sample of analysis model representing houses built in Yogya. ...
Structural design and construction assessment has been performed as part of quality control for housing construction funded by an international NGO for Aceh and Yogya (Indonesia) earthquake victims. Both design and construction assessments identify vulnerabilities that require significant improvement in the design and construction technology. Although Aceh and Yogya are not close geographically, house construction technology and vurnerabilities observed in in Aceh and Yogya are very similar. In this paper, we present the design and construction assessment results for several housing types in Aceh and Yogya. A new design implementing what have been learned from the assessment of the constructed houses is also presented. The new design has been implemented in the second stage of the house reconstruction project in Yogya.
