Fig 3 - uploaded by Mehmet Erol Yildirim
Content may be subject to copyright.
a Atretic follicle with numerous apoptotic bodies (inset) in the granulosa cell layer. H&E £200 (inset: H&E £1,000). b Atretic follicle (AtF) with TUNEL-positive granulosa cells, TUNEL-negative healthy antral follicle (AnF) and advanced atretic follicle (AAtF). TUNEL £200
Source publication
The objective of this study is to identify any apoptotic effect of shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) for distal ureteral stones on ovarian tissue. Twenty-one female New Zealand White rabbits were divided into three groups of seven rabbits each: I (control), and II, III (treated and killed 14 and 28 days after SWL, respectively). The left distal ureteral...
Similar publications
Although ketamine-xylazine (KX) anesthesia is commonly used in rats, it is often reported to have an inconsistent anesthetic effect, with a prolonged induction time, an inadequate anesthetic plane, or a very short sleep time. Blood flow to the liver is known to shift after a meal in rats, perhaps explaining anesthetic variability among rats with va...
The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of ketamine/ xylazine and pentobarbital anaesthesia on heart rate variability as a marker of autonomic nervous system activity. The experiments were performed in ketamine/ xylazine (10 mg/kg/15 mg/kg) and pentobarbital (40 mg/kg, i.p.) anaesthetized female Wistar rats, after adaptation to a l...
Citations
... Shock wave is found to be a better modality of treatment as it is able to induce neovascularization which leads to increased cavernosal arterial blood flow, one of the underlying causes of ED [41]. There are several studies analyzing the effect of ESWT in male and female reproductive systems [42][43][44][45]. We have also developed a protocol to treat ED using low intensity shockwaves. ...
... Recent reports have indicated that high amounts of ROS were produced after the resolution of renal obstruction [16]. Moreover, the reactive oxygen species, which increases after UUO, are known to reduce the threshold of tissues that die due to apoptosis [17]. Malik et al. have also shown that the stretching of the renal tubular cells by transmission of high hydrostatic pressure and the accompanying ischemia can provide a powerful stimulus for apoptosis in obstructed neonatal rat kidneys [18]. ...
Introduction
To investigate whether there was a protective effect of melatonin on apoptotic mechanisms after an acute unilateral obstruction of the kidney.
Material and methods
A total of 25 rats consisting of five groups were used in the study, designated as follows: Group 1: control, Group 2: sham, Group 3: unilateral ureteral obstruction treated with only saline, Group 4: unilateral ureteral obstruction treated with melatonin immediately, and Group 5: unilateral obstruction treated with melatonin one day after obstruction. Melatonin was administered as a 10 mg/kg dose intraperitoneally. The kidneys were evaluated according to the apoptotic index and Ki-67 scores.
Results
Comparison of all obstruction groups (Group 3, 4, and 5), revealed that the apoptotic index was significantly higher in Groups 1 and 2. Despite melatonin reduced apoptotic mechanisms in Groups 4 and 5, there was no significant difference between Groups 4 and 5 in terms of the reduction of apoptosis. However, the reduction of apoptosis in the melatonin treated group did not decrease to the level of Groups 1 and 2.
Conclusions
Despite melatonin administration, which significantly reduces the apoptotic index occurring after acute unilateral ureteral obstruction, the present study did not observe a return to normal renal histology in the obstruction groups.
... In recent years radial extracorporeal shock wave treatment (rESWT) has also became one of the best investigated treatment modalities for cellulite [13][14][15] , including the abdomen as a treatment site 16 . Notably, pregnancy is considered a contraindication for rESWT, mostly based on earlier reports about potential damaging effects of fESW on embryos [17][18][19][20][21] . Accordingly, concerns have been raised about possible harm to the embryo when a woman treated with rESWT for cellulite is not aware of her pregnancy. ...
... Frankenschmidt and Heisler (1998) 19 concluded that embryotoxic or teratogenic sequelae do not occur when shock waves are focused outside the uterus. In line with this, Bayrak et al. (2009) 20 found no histomorphological changes in ovarian tissue when exposing the distal ureteral segment of rabbits to fESW (1500 impulses per rabbit generated with a Multimed 200 lithotripter [Elmed, Turkey] operated at 17 kV). The latter results supported data from a retrospective clinical survey by Vieweg et al. (1992) 21 who concluded that ESWL of lower ureteral calculi is a safe and effective procedure, and does not affect female fertility or lead to increased teratogenic risk. ...
... Positioning of the laser hydrophone probe was controlled with step motors, allowing a resolution of the position of 0.1 mm. Measurements were performed within the blown-out egg at a distance of 1, 2, …, 10,12,15,20,25,30,35, and 40 mm to the applicator while operating the Swiss DolorClast at 3.8 bar air pressure. All measurements were repeated five times and the results were averaged. ...
Radial extracorporeal shock wave treatment (rESWT) has became one of the best investigated treatment modalities for cellulite, including the abdomen as a treatment site. Notably, pregnancy is considered a contraindication for rESWT, and concerns have been raised about possible harm to the embryo when a woman treated with rESWT for cellulite is not aware of her pregnancy. Here we tested the hypothesis that rESWT may cause serious physical harm to embryos. To this end, chicken embryos were exposed in ovo to various doses of radial shock waves on either day 3 or day 4 of development, resembling the developmental stage of four- to six-week-old human embryos. We found a dose-dependent increase in the number of embryos that died after radial shock wave exposure on either day 3 or day 4 of development. Among the embryos that survived the shock wave exposure a few showed severe congenital defects such as missing eyes. Evidently, our data cannot directly be used to draw conclusions about potential harm to the embryo of a pregnant woman treated for cellulite with rESWT. However, to avoid any risks we strongly recommend applying radial shock waves in the treatment of cellulite only if a pregnancy is ruled out.
... In line with our investigations, beneficial structural changes in the rat penis after ESWA treatment of Peyronie's disease were associated with a higher apoptotic index [53]. However, a study investigating the influence of ESWA during urethral stone therapy on ovarian tissue, apoptosis did not reveal an increased apoptotic cell death [54]. Findings in a segmental bone defect model indicated the increase in TGF-b and also VEGF-A played a chemotactic and mitogenic role in the recruitment and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells [7]. ...
This study aims to quantify by intravital microscopy the microhemodynamic response after extracorporeal shock wave application (ESWA) to the physiologic microcirculation of the mouse dorsal skinfold chamber.
ESWA was carried out using an electrohydraulic shock wave source. Two different shock wave doses of 500 and 1000 pulses at an energy flux rate of 0.08 mJ/mm(2) and a frequency of 4 Hz were compared with sham-operated animals. Microcirculatory analyses were performed at baseline (BL) and during a 3 d observation period after ESWA. The expression of caspase-3 (casp-3), proliferating cell nuclear antibody (PCNA), von Willebrand factor (vWF), and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) were analyzed semiquantitatively by immunohistochemistry.
ESWA provoked a significant and persistent increase of functional capillary density (FCD) throughout the observation period, reaching a maximum (140% ± 5% of BL, P < 0.05 versus sham) after 1 d when animals were treated with 1000 pulses. ESWA induced a slight increase of leukocyte rolling (∼2- to ∼3.5-fold, P < 0.05) and leukocyte adherence (∼1.5- to ∼2-fold, P < 0.05) to the endothelial lining of postcapillary venules. One day following ESWA, we observed enhanced expression of casp-3 (∼3- to ∼4-fold), PCNA (∼9- to ∼14-fold), vWF (∼11- to ∼14-fold), and eNOS (∼3-fold), all P < 0.05.
This study shows that ESWA provokes a favorable persistent increase of patent capillaries, however accompanied by a transient and slight inflammatory response but also by dose-dependant apoptotic cell death. Our data suggest that ESWA might represent a noninvasive biomechanical tool to treat critically perfused and endangered tissues, but certainly warrants further investigation.
The role of shock-wave lithotripsy (SWL) in the management of ureteral calculi has been challenged following the development of more minimally invasive ureteroscopic techniques. Evidence, however, suggests that equivalent stone clearance rates are achieved using SWL without routine retrograde manipulation and stenting, and thus patient morbidity and cost may be less with this therapy. Patient positioning may be modified to permit optimal treatment of mid- and distal ureteral stones. Predictive factors for single-treatment stone clearance, including stone size and density, obesity and stone location, may be assessed using nomograms. Clearance rates after SWL tend to be higher for ureteral than renal calculi, and higher for proximal than distal ureteral stones. The use of medical expulsive therapy can also improve stone-fragment clearance. Little conclusive evidence exists to suggest long-term metabolic consequences of SWL for ureteral calculi. SWL remains a central option in the management of ureteral calculi.
Shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) for the treatment of pediatric stone disease was initiated almost three decades ago, ushering in a new era of noninvasive techniques for stone disintegration in children. Initially, all urinary stones—regardless of their size, site, or composition—were treated by this modality, eliminating the necessity of open surgery. SWL became less painful and more accessible for children when modern modular lithotripters, with smaller foci and better stone-targeting options, were introduced. Stone-free rates (SFRs) vary between 46% and 100%, depending on patient, lithotripter, and stone factors. Short- and long-term complications are rare. Recent refinements in endoscope design and intrarenal and ureteral imaging have added percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) and ureteroscopy (URS) as alternatives to SWL for stone disintegration in children and infants. The main advantage of these modalities over SWL is their ability to actively remove stone fragments from the urinary system to achieve better SFRs compared with SWL in ureteral and large renal calculi. Current stone management guidelines for children have been established and updated by the European Association of Urology. Hand- and robot-assisted laparoscopic pyelolithtomy have recently been introduced for special cases. We conclude that SWL is an effective and safe treatment modality for small renal stones and for upper ureteral calculi but not for cysteine stones. URS is very efficient for distal ureteral stones and recently has become more popular for renal stones. PCNL is the first-line treatment for large or staghorn calculi.
Shock waves can cause significant cytotoxic effects in tumor cells and tissues both in vitro and in vivo. However, understanding the mechanisms of shock wave interaction with tissues is limited. We have studied in vivo effects of focused shock waves induced in the syngeneic sarcoma tumor model using the TUNEL assay, immunohistochemical detection of caspase-3 and hematoxylin-eosin staining. Shock waves were produced by a multichannel pulsed-electrohydraulic discharge generator with a cylindrical ceramic-coated electrode. In tumors treated with shock waves, a large area of damaged tissue was detected which was clearly differentiated from intact tissue. Localization and a cone-shaped region of tissue damage visualized by TUNEL reaction apparently correlated with the conical shape and direction of shock wave propagation determined by high-speed shadowgraphy. A strong TUNEL reaction of nuclei and nucleus fragments in tissue exposed to shock waves suggested apoptosis in this destroyed tumor area. However, specificity of the TUNEL technique to apoptotic cells is ambiguous and other apoptotic markers (caspase-3) that we used in our study did not confirmed this observation. Thus, the generated fragments of nuclei gave rise to a false TUNEL reaction not associated with apoptosis. Mechanical stress from high overpressure shock wave was likely the dominant pathway of tumor damage.
Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) is one of the most frequently applied procedures for the treatment of urolithiasis. ESWL breaks and splits stones by the means of repeated acoustic shock waves. Despite its non invasive nature, ESWL has been intuitively associated with potential complications, mostly related to residual stone fragments. While non stone-related complications are rare (< 1 %), awareness and identification of these complications could help clinicians to prevent and manage them safely and effectively. The current study reviews the pathophysiology, predicting factors and possible preventive measures of non stone-related medical complications after ESWL.
We review the literature about the impact of shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) on male reproduction. Studies investigating the in vitro effect of shock waves on semen samples indicate that spermatozoa are vulnerable to SWL. According to animal studies, intratesticular bleeding is common, but pregnancy rates are not affected by shock waves. In the clinical setting, SWL causes an acute deterioration in sperm quality, but semen parameters return to baseline 3 months later. Long-term data on male fertility (ie, pregnancy rates) after SWL have yet to be reported and the significance of preexisting infertility has not been elucidated to date.
