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(a) A flowering Lamium album L. var. barbatum plant; (b) Measured flower traits: flower length (FL), calyx length (CL), and calyx depth (CD); (c) A flowering Meehania urticifolia plant; (d) Measured flower traits: flower length (FL), calyx length (CL), and calyx width (CW).
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... is a perennial herb growing along forest edges. Its white-pink flowers are cha- racterized by a long-tubed labiate corolla and are open from April to July (Figure 2). Reported visitors include Table 1 for details. ...
Context 2
... urticifolia is a perennial herb that grows on the forest floor. Its pur- ple flowers have a long-tubed labiate corolla and are in full bloom from April to June (Figure 2). They are vi- sited mainly by bumblebees (in central Japan, B. consobrinus, B. diversus and B. hypocrita [16] [29]). ...
Context 3
... each population of L. album and M. urticifolia, we haphazardly selected 12 -25 individuals, and then ha- phazardly selected 1 -3 flowers from each individual plant for morphological measurement (Table 1, Figure 1 and Figure 2). We measured several dimensions of each flower with a digital caliper (precision, 0.01 mm). ...
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Citations
... which are referred to as the main visiting pollinators of Lamium spp. [136] were not recorded here. Convolulus arvensis attracted mainly Halictidae [137] and honeybees. ...
Apples depend on insect pollination but intensification of agriculture jeopardizes pollination services in agroecosystems. Concerns about the dependency of crop pollination exclusively on honey bees increase the interest in agricultural practices that safeguard wild pollinators in agroecosystems. The purpose of the study was to assess the potential of floral resource provision in apple orchards to enhance the conservation of hymenopterous pollinating insects and potentially the pollination service to the crop. For this reason, flowering plant mixtures sown in patches inside apple orchards were tested against wild plant patches. Pollinator taxa recorded on the sown and wild plant patches were honey bees, wild bees (Andrena, Anthophora, Eucera, Halictus, Lasioglossum, Megachilidae on both; Systropha only on wild plants; Bombus, Hylaeus, Sphecodes, Nomada, Xylocopa only on sown mixture), syrphids, bee flies. The most abundant pollinator of apple was A. mellifera but wild bees were also recorded (Andrena, Anthophora, Bombus, Xylocopa, Lasioglossum, Megachilidae). The sown mixture attracted a more diverse taxa of pollinators and in greater numbers compared to the weed flora, but it did not have an effect on pollinators visiting apple flowers. Groundcover management with patches of suitable flowering mixtures can enhance pollinator conservation in apple orchards.
... To test this prediction, we compared the distribution of two closely related long-horned bee species, Eucera nipponensis (P erez) and E. spurcatipes (P erez), which often coexist in semi-natural grasslands in rural areas (Supplementary material, Figure S1a,b). E. nipponensis is typically distributed throughout natural or semi-natural forests and nests on forest floors (Hattori et al., 2015;Inoue et al., 1990;Sugiura & Maehara, 2019), while E. spurcatipes is exclusively observed in open landscapes, including coastal and residential areas, which are more frequently disturbed (Hisamatsu, 2011;Ogawa & Miyake, 2020;Saito et al., 1992). Both species are ground-nesting, solitary bees that are widely distributed throughout Japan and have a very long proboscis and a similar foraging period (April to July) (Mitai, 2014). ...
Agricultural intensification and urban development have drastically influenced pollinators living in semi-natural grasslands. Pollinators are likely to have different responses to more intensive land uses; some decline rapidly, whereas others maintain or increase their populations. We predicted that differences in interspecific responses to different land uses are partly attributed to differences in habitat preference. We examined the distribution and flower use patterns of two closely related Eucera species with different habitat preferences. Study sites were narrow belt-like meadows within traditional, intensified, and urbanised agricultural lands in the Osaka-Kobe metropolitan area, Japan. Forest-associated Eucera nipponensis were significantly fewer in consolidated and urbanised meadows than in traditional meadows, whereas open land-associated E. spurcatipes exhibited the opposite pattern. A significant negative relationship between their abundance was also found. Both species foraged on legume flowers most frequently (83.5%), but their floral use patterns differed significantly in traditional and consolidated meadows. The bee species that preferred stable habitats were vulnerable to land consolidation and urbanisation, while the species associated with disturbed habitats maintained or increased its population size in meadows with these intensive land uses. Thus, recent land-use changes may have different impacts on species with different habitat preferences.
... This view was supported by studies on species and phylogenetic levels (Whittall and Hodge, 2007;Pauw et al. 2009;Paudel et al. 2016; Johnson & Raguso, 2016). For instance, the emergence of many specialized pollination systems in plants is related to cooperation between plants and pollinators, and selection for their traits, where the different traits and foraging preferences of pollinators mediate the formation of different ower traits (Hattori et al. 2015). Classically, plant assemblages pollinated by the same pollinator are under similar selective pressures, so they should exhibit convergence in terms of their oral characteristics (Johnson and Steiner, 2000;Johnson and Raguso, 2016). ...
The screening mechanism is an important component of the screening game between plants and pollinators, and also as a theoretical framework for understanding the maintenance and drivers of co-evolution by animals and plants. However, the composite screening mechanism in plants from biomechanical and morphological perspectives was seldomly studied. In this study, we measured the insects and flower traits in different populations of Delphinium caeruleum , and compared the operative strength of staminodes with the strength that insects were capable of exerting, as well as the length of the nectar spur and proboscis in insects. The results showed that the flower traits, insect species, visitor frequency, and efficiency differed among three population. The strength and proboscis length of the insect visitors matched with the operative strength of staminodes and the nectar spur length, whereas the opposite was found for non-visitors. Our results demonstrate that Delphinium caeruleum can screen for efficient pollinator insects through a complex mechanism based on a combination of length screening and biomechanical screening. Pollinators contribute significantly to promoting both the convergence and divergence of flower characteristics, which may be a consequence of plants adapting to local pollinators.
... The pollinator species of a given plant can change among sites (Boyd 2004;Lobo et al. 2012), as can the efficiency or effectiveness of pollinators (see King et al. 2013 for definitions related to this topic). All of these conditions may exert selective pressures on the phenotypic traits of the plant (Thompson 1994), including flowering phenology , anthesis duration (Schlumpberger et al. 2009;Munguía-Rosas et al. 2010), floral morphology and size (Pérez-Barrales et al. 2007;Schlumpberger et al. 2009;Newman et al. 2014;Hattori et al. 2015), corolla coloration (Berardi et al. 2016), quantity of nectar (Schlumpberger et al. 2009;Brown et al. 2011;Gijbels et al. 2014) and the plant reproductive system (Eckert 2002). Populations that receive different floral visitors could present differentially affected reproductive efficiency and pollen flow between flowering individuals (i.e., Rovere et al. 2006). ...
Intraspecific variation in floral traits, such as nectar, could lead to differences in the identity and pollinator effectiveness of visitors between populations of a flowering plant. We studied the bat-pollinated bromeliad species Pseudalcantarea viridiflora to determine whether there are differences in the identity of its pollinators and in its nectar traits between two study sites located at different latitudes in Veracruz, Mexico. We studied phenology and determined the volume, concentration and quantity of dissolved sugars in the nectar at both sites. The northern P. viridiflora population produced nectar that was more sugar-rich, leading to pollination by a larger species, Anoura geoffroyi, whereas the southern populations were visited mainly by Glossophaga mutica, a smaller pollinator. The most abundant nectarivorous bats at each site differ in terms of their efficiency as pollinators, and we suggest that this might affect their contribution to the fitness of the bromeliad.
Keywords:
Anoura; Bromeliaceae; chiropterophily; Glossophaga; Mexico; nectar traits; pollination; pollinator effectiveness
... The length and thickness of the corolla make an impact on conveying of flowers. The length of the corolla was measured by a digital vernier caliper having a least count of 0.01 mm, and the diameter of the corolla was measured using a digital screw gauge having a least count of 0.01 mm (Hattori et al. 2015). ...
... The length and thickness of the flower stalk is important parameter that affects conveying characteristics of flowers. The length of the stalk was measured by a digital vernier caliper having a least count of 0.01 mm, and the thickness of the stalk was measured using a digital screw gauge having a least count of 0.01 mm (Hattori et al. 2015). ...
... To understand the effect of pollinator-mediated selection on flower diversification, it is not only necessary to observe geographical correlation between flower size and pollinator size, but also to determine the effect of mechanical fit on plant fitness; however, several previous studies have observed only size correlations (e.g. Newman et al. 2015;Hattori et al. 2015). In the present study, we observed the pollinators associated with Lamium album L. var. ...
... It produces bi-lipped white-pink flowers that open from April to July. Corolla length significantly differs among populations in central Japan and the maximum difference between populations was around 25% of the whole flower length (29-36 mm; Hattori et al. 2015). Previous research has found that L. album is pollinated by four bumblebee species and other bees in central Japan . ...
... In each quadrat, we marked all L. album inflorescences and counted the flowers that had newly opened to accurately record flowering phenology. Furthermore, following the method of Hattori et al. (2015) we measured the total length of each corolla (i.e. length from the base to the tip of the corolla) with a digital calliper (precision 0.01 mm) from May 31 to June 26 in P1 and from May 20 to July 7 in P2. ...
Background and aims – Previous researchers have demonstrated that geographic variation in pollinator community composition can generate diversity in the floral traits of animal-pollinated plants. Our study focused on the bumblebee-pollinated white dead-nettle Lamium album var. barbatum. Geographic variation in corolla length of this species is known to be correlated with regional pollinator size. The aim of this study is to clarify whether size-matching between flower and pollinator affects seed set in L. album.Material and methods – In the present study, we investigated two L. album populations on Mount Norikura, central Japan. We determined the pollinator community composition and corolla length during the flowering period of L. album and recorded seed set after a single visit by different pollinator categories.Key results – We observed that the main pollinators of L. album were bumblebee queens and workers. Bumblebee queens visited flowers more frequently than workers during peak flowering. Furthermore, size-matching between flowers and bumblebee queens, but not workers, strongly promoted seed set. These results suggest that L. album flower size is adapted to bumblebee queens, the main pollinator during peak flowering season in our study sites.
... The Asian subspecies, L. album var. barbatum, is visited mainly by bumblebees [41]. In Japan, floral size varies geographically in Lamium album var. ...
... In Japan, floral size varies geographically in Lamium album var. barbatum [41]. Flower-pollinator trait matching has been demonstrated in a Japanese population of L. album var. ...
... barbatum (Lamiaceae) is a perennial herb that grows along forest edges throughout East Asia [48]. It produces creamy white, two-lipped, entomophilous, and self-incompatible flowers [40,41]. The flowers are frequently visited by various bumblebee species, and in Japan, bumblebees are their main pollinators [41]. ...
Background:
Geographic differences in floral size sometimes reflect geographic differences in pollinator size. However, we know little about whether this floral size specialization to the regional pollinator size occurred independently at many places or occurred once and then spread across the distribution range of the plant species.
Results:
We investigated the relationship between the local floral size of flowers and local pollinator size in 12 populations of Lamium album var. barbatum on two different mountains in the Japan Alps. Then, using 10 microsatellite markers, we analyzed genetic differentiation among the 12 populations. The results showed that local floral size was correlated with the average size of relevant morphological traits of the local pollinators: floral size was greater in populations visited frequently by the largest flower visitors, Bombus consobrinus queens, than it was in other populations. We also found that the degree of genetic similarity between populations more closely reflected interpopulation geographic proximity than interpopulation similarity in floral size.
Conclusions:
Although genetic similarity of populations was highly associated with geographic proximity, floral size varied independently of geographic proximity and was associated with local pollinator size. These results suggest that in L. album var. barbatum, large floral size evolved independently in populations on different mountains as a convergent adaptation to locally abundant large bumblebee species.
... In Japan, corolla tube length varies geographically in Lamium album L. var. barbatum Franch (Lamiaceae) [40]. In Europe, L. albumbarbatum is reported to be visited mainly by bumblebees [40], whereas L. album is visited by small wild bees and honeybees [41]. ...
... barbatum Franch (Lamiaceae) [40]. In Europe, L. albumbarbatum is reported to be visited mainly by bumblebees [40], whereas L. album is visited by small wild bees and honeybees [41]. Flower-pollinator trait matching has been demonstrated in a Japanese population of L. album var. ...
... barbatum (Lamiaceae) is a perennial herb that grows along forest edges throughout East Asia [47]. It produces creamy white, twolipped, entomophilous, and self-incompatible owers [40,41]. The owers are frequently visited by various bumblebee species, and in Japan, the corolla tube length of the owers may correlate with the size (proboscis length and head length) of their bumblebee pollinators. ...
Background
Geographic differences in flower size sometimes reflect geographic differences in pollinator size. However, we know little about whether this flower size specialization to the regional pollinator size occurred independently at many places or occurred once and then spread across the distribution range of the flower species. ResultsWe investigated the relationship between the local corolla tube length of flowers and morphological traits of local pollinators in 12 populations of Lamium album var. barbatum on two different mountains in the Japan Alps. Then, using 10 microsatellite markers, we analyzed genetic differentiation among the 12 populations. The results showed that local corolla tube length was correlated with the average size of relevant morphological traits of the local pollinators: corolla tube length was greater in populations visited frequently by the largest flower visitors, Bombus consobrinus queens, than it was in other populations. We also found that the degree of genetic similarity between populations more closely reflected interpopulation geographic proximity than interpopulation similarity in corolla tube length.Conclusions
Although genetic similarity of populations was highly associated with geographic proximity, corolla tube length varied independently of geographic proximity and was associated with local pollinator size. These results suggest that in L. album var. barbatum , long corolla tube length evolved independently in populations on different mountains as a convergent adaptation to locally abundant large bumblebee species.
... The length and thickness of the corolla make an impact on conveying of flowers. The length of the corolla was measured by a digital vernier caliper having a least count of 0.01 mm, and the diameter of the corolla was measured using a digital screw gauge having a least count of 0.01 mm (Hattori et al. 2015). ...
... The length and thickness of the flower stalk is important parameter that affects conveying characteristics of flowers. The length of the stalk was measured by a digital vernier caliper having a least count of 0.01 mm, and the thickness of the stalk was measured using a digital screw gauge having a least count of 0.01 mm (Hattori et al. 2015). ...
Basic information on the physical properties of flowers is of great importance and helpful to engineers towards efficient process and machine development. Some of the physical properties of jasmine (Jasminum multiforum. L) have been studied to provide data needed in designing jasmine processing machinery. These Properties include the length of corolla (mm), the diameter of corolla (mm), the weight of 1000 flowers (g), flower projected area (cm 2), stalk thickness (mm), the strength of stalk (kgf), bulk density (g/ cm 3), moisture content (%), color values such as L*, a* and b*. The average range of these properties for jasmine is in the range of 32.16 to 36.11 mm for the length of corolla, 6.05 to 6.49 mm for the diameter of the corolla, 134.19 to 177.11 g for weight of 1000 flowers, 6.8 to 8.5 cm 2 for flower projected area and 1.30 to 1.54 for bulk density (g/cm 3). The strength of the stalk falls in the range of 1.38 to 1.98 kgf. Moisture content is in the range of 72 to 74.3, and color values fall in the range of 67.62 to 73.69 for L*,-0.95 to-2.11 for a*, and 11.90 to 16.15 for b*. HIgHLIgHtS m Description of methods used to find physical properties of flower. m Determining the physical properties of Jasmine flowers.
... Previous studies that have investigated flower size variations along an altitudinal gradient in mountainous environments have reported corresponding altitudinal variations in, for example, pollinator species composition and nectar robbing frequency (Hattori et al. , 2015Nagano et al. 2014;Kuriya et al. 2015;Zhao & Wang 2015). In this study, we showed that the pattern of flower size variation along an altitudinal gradient differed between two Impatiens species growing in similar habitats. ...
Studies of factors influencing spatial variation in flower size offer insights into floral evolution. We investigated altitudinal variations in five flower dimensions of two native Japanese Impatiens species (I. textori and I. noli-tangere) and their interactions with their faunal visitors. These two species have similar floral traits, including flower shape, flowering time, and pollinator species; both species are pollinated mainly by Bombus diversus. In I. textori, all measured flower dimensions were negatively correlated with altitude. In contrast, in I. noli-tangere, no measured flower dimensions correlated with altitude. Thus, the altitudinal pattern of flower size variation differed between these congeneric co-habiting herbaceous plant species. The different patterns suggest that the factors (e.g. altitudinal variations of abiotic factors) that cause variation of flower size differ between these two Impatiens species even though focal species have similar floral traits (e.g. flower shape, flowering time, and pollinator species).
