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a) A coronal section in the brain tissue of C. cerebralis -infected sheep showing hydrocephalus with dilatation of the right lateral ventricle (arrow) as a result of cyst formation; b) Extensive destruction of the septum lucidum (ar head) due to cyst pressure, causing hydrocephalus; c) Rupture of the septum lucidum (septum is indicated by arrow); d) Compression of the brain tissue associated with extensive areas of malacia (arrowheads) in the right cerebral hemisphere (bar = 1 cm).
Source publication
Cerebral parasitic cysts constitute a major problem for livestock. Among these, coenurosis and toxoplasmosis are predominant. Here, a total number of 60 sheep obtained from a private farm in Suez province, Egypt, were examined postmortem to detect visible parasitic cysts, and microscopically to detect small-sized entities. Necropsy revealed bladder...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... formation was found to comprise almost the entire caudal hemisphere, where the brain tissue was atrophied, with the inner surface presenting yellowish patches. In extending towards the lateral ventricle, cyst formation was found to cause internal hydrocephalus (Figure 2a). As the cyst grew, it replaced a large portion of the cerebral parenchyma in the right and left hemispheres. ...
Context 2
... the cyst grew, it replaced a large portion of the cerebral parenchyma in the right and left hemispheres. After removal of the cyst and its capsule, a cavity with an irregular wall could be seen (Figure 2b). Large cysts sometimes led to rupturing of the septum lucidum (Figure 2c) and, when the condition was aggressive, collapse and compression of the brain tissue occurred (Figure 2d). ...
Context 3
... removal of the cyst and its capsule, a cavity with an irregular wall could be seen (Figure 2b). Large cysts sometimes led to rupturing of the septum lucidum (Figure 2c) and, when the condition was aggressive, collapse and compression of the brain tissue occurred (Figure 2d). ...
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Citations
... The samples were processed by using the routine histopathological technique, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). Briefly, 5 μm thick sections were cut by a microtome processed and stained with H&E (39,40). H&E-stained sections were examined by using a light microscope. ...
... La infección neurológica por cenurosis, la fase larvaria de Taenia multiceps ha sido ampliamente reportada en el ganado ovino. La transmisión de cenurosis es similar a T. solium, sigue la ruta fecal-oral y el metacéstodo (fase larvaria) se desarrolla en el cerebro y la médula espinal (29) , demostrando la capacidad de los cestodos para infectar estructuras del sistema nervioso central y desarrollar quistes cerebrales en el ganado ovino. Los estudios relacionados con epilepsia en el modelo ovino mostraron consistentemente que este mamífero es capaz de desarrollar epilepsia y estatus epiléptico. ...
Objetivo. Explorar la viabilidad de desarrollar un modelo de neurocisticercosis (NCC) de oveja mediante infección intracraneal de oncosferas de T. solium. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un modelo de infección experimental de NCC en ovejas. Se inocularon aproximadamente 10 posoncósferas de T. solium cultivadas previamente por 30 días por vía intracraneal en diez ovejas. Las oncósferas, en 0,1 mL de solución salina fisiológica, se inyectaron en el lóbulo parietal a través de una aguja de calibre 18. Resultados. Después de tres meses, en dos ovejas se encontraron granulomas y en una tercera identificó un quiste de 5 mm de diámetro en el ventrículo lateral derecho y la evaluación histológica confirmó que el quiste corresponde a una larva de T. solium. También se utilizó inmunohistoquímica con anticuerpos monoclonales dirigidos contra componentes de membrana y antígenos excretorios/secretorios del quiste de T. solium para confirmar la etiología de los granulomas encontrados. Uno de ellos mostro reactividad ante los anticuerpos monoclonales utilizados, confirmando así que se trató de un cisticerco Conclusión. Este experimento es la prueba de concepto de que es posible infectar ovejas con cisticercosis por inoculación intracraneal.
... The variation in disease prevalence depends on the diagnostic tool, either clinically (about 11%) or by postmortem examination (3%) [5]. In Egypt, coenurosis was more prevalent in sheep [10][11][12], with no molecular information. ...
... The overall prevalence of coenurosis in this study was 56.7% in the examined sheep, C. cerebralis (T. multiceps metacestode) infection was estimated at 18.3% in the Suez Canal locality [11] and Anwar et al. [10] recorded 100% prevalence in infected sheep from the Cairo governorate, despite negative cysts in the healthy sheep. This is less than the prevalence of 18-100% recorded before in sheep in Egypt [10]. ...
... multiceps metacestode) infection was estimated at 18.3% in the Suez Canal locality [11] and Anwar et al. [10] recorded 100% prevalence in infected sheep from the Cairo governorate, despite negative cysts in the healthy sheep. This is less than the prevalence of 18-100% recorded before in sheep in Egypt [10]. ...
Sturdy is a disease caused by Coenurus cerebralis (C. cerebralis) that typically affects the brain and spinal cord of sheep. So, this study aimed to detect the pathological, hematological and immunological changes caused by C. cerebralis in sheep. On examination, a total of 17 sheep out of 30 sheep (56.7%) from various regions in Egypt were found infected with C. cerebralis from May to August 2019. Each cyst was extracted from the sheep brain; in addition, tissue specimens were taken from the brain tissues for histopathological examination. The hematological profile was analyzed. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay’s (ELISA) specificity and sensitivity were evaluated using cystic fluid and protoscolices antigens (Ag). The cell-mediated immunity against the C. cerebralis cyst was also assessed via quantitative Real Time—Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR) to show alterations in mRNA expression of the Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) and gamma Interferon (IFN-γ) cytokines qRT-PCR. In histopathological sections, cerebral tissue showed an areolar cyst wall with many protoscolices attached to the tissue. The affected part showed prominent necrosis together with inflammatory cells’ aggregation. Hyperplastic proliferation of the ependymal cells was a common finding. The infected sheep exhibited significantly lower total erythrocyte numbers (ER), hemoglobin levels (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), platelet numbers (PN) and segmented cell numbers compared to apparently healthy sheep. Despite the sensitivity for the indirect ELISA being 100% for both of the Ags (fluid and scolex), the evaluation of ELISA specificity using the two antigen (Ag) preparations showed specificities of 46.2% and 38.5% for fluid and scolex Ag, respectively. Meanwhile accuracy ranged from 76.7% and 73.3% for the fluid and scolex Ags, respectively, that showed the priority was directed to the fluid to be used as an ideal sample type for ELISA. Levels of TNF-α and IFN-γ were significantly elevated in infected sheep compared to non-infected control ones. In conclusion, C. cerebralis is a serious disease infecting sheep in Egypt revealing economic losses. Although this investigation supports preliminary information about the prevalence, pathological and serological characterization of C. cerebralis, further sequencing and phylogenetic analysis is needed to understand better the T. multiceps epidemiology in ruminants and canines in Egypt.
... The parasite is distributed worldwide and is well-recognised as a cause of small ruminant disease [2]. However, there is evidence to suggest that coenurosis due to T. multiceps has become a growing threat to the health of small ruminants in eastern and other parts of Africa [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. However, despite the availability of preventive measures, very little attention is being given to address the disease. ...
Coenurosis due to Taenia multiceps has emerged as a major concern to small ruminant-owning communities in northern Tanzania. Although a high incidence of disease has been reported, gaps still remain in our knowledge of the disease problem across different agro-ecological settings. The study aimed to determine the prevalence of coenurosis in small ruminants and taeniid infection in dogs and identify risk factors for infection. Questionnaire surveys, postmortem examination of small ruminants, and coproscopic examination of dog faeces were used to collect data on reported coenurosis cases and taeniid infections, respectively. The twelve-month period prevalence of coenurosis in small ruminants was 8.4% (95% CI 8.2–8.6). The prevalence of taeniid infection in dogs was 12.5% (95% CI 9.1–17.4). The village-level prevalence of coenurosis in sheep and goats was significantly correlated with taeniid infection prevalence in dogs (r = 0.51, p = 0.029). Multivariable analysis indicated that home slaughter was significantly associated with the livestock owner-reported neurological syndrome due to coenurosis in sheep and goats (OR = 13.3, 95% CI 4.2–42.0, p < 0.001) and the practice of offering discarded brains to dogs was significantly associated with taeniid infection prevalence in dogs (OR = 2.80, 95% CI 0.98–7.98, p = 0.05). Coenurosis is a major disease problem in livestock-keeping communities of northern Tanzania, but there is little awareness of transmission risks associated with home slaughter and dog feeding practices. There is a need for veterinary and animal health services to engage more actively with communities to increase awareness of the transmission cycle of T. multiceps and the preventive measures that can be taken to reduce the impact of disease in livestock-dependent communities.
... The presence of wild canid hosts has been suggested as a risk factor was for coenurosis in small ruminants in one study in Egpt [33] but further evidence is required to investigate the role of wild carnivores in the epidemiology of coenurosis in different settings. Wildlife-livestock interaction inevitably poses animal disease risks in rangelands around conservation areas. ...
... Community based studies with random selection of farms provide a more robust estimate, but these remain very rare, with only studies identified from Egypt. The prevalence of suspected coenurosis cases has also been used to demonstrate the likely importance of T. multiceps [26,[31][32][33], but these studies are also limited as cases were identified on the basis of neurological syndromes with only a small proportion of cases confirmed by postmortem. The small number of eligible articles identified by this review is also an important limitation. ...
Cerebral coenurosis is a fatal parasitic neurological disease affecting the brain and spinal cord of goats and sheep. Despite the large population of sheep and goats in Africa, there is very little awareness about the scale or effects of the disease. A systematic review was conducted to bridge the gap in the current understanding of the epidemiology of Taenia multiceps coenurosis in Africa. A detailed literature search was conducted in EBSCOhost, Google Scholar, Research4life (AGORA), and PubMed for studies in T. multiceps coenurosis in goats and sheep in Africa for the period spanning January 2000 to December 2019. The search identified 574 publications, of which only 11 studies were eligible, highlighting major gaps in reporting of this disease in Africa. Data were extracted and evidence synthesized in relation to prevalence and determinants for T. multiceps coenurosis. The descriptive summary statistics revealed a median (IQR) prevalence of coenurosis of 22.3% (range: 18.3–26.4 percent) for community based and 14.8% (range: 3.8–45.6) for abattoir-based studies. This high prevalence indicates that Taenia multiceps coenurosis is an important disease for small ruminant productivity in Africa. Knowledge of the determinants of prevalence could be used to inform preventive measures, including behaviour change among livestock keepers and those involved in livestock slaughter to break cycles of transmission between small ruminants and dogs.
... In the Middle East, cerebral coenurosis is a major endemic disease affecting small ruminants, most notably in Turkey, Egypt, Iraq, and Jordan [59,60] [64,65], and 16.6% in Dafuri goats in Oman [59]. A recent study in the El Menoufia Province of Egypt found C. cerebralis in 3.03% of sheep (26.4% of clinical cases) [66], which was significantly lower than the previously reported infection rates of 18-100% [14,67]. There have been several reports of the occurrence of coenurosis in Africa, with the lowest reported prevalences in Ethiopian sheep and goats (4-8%) [68,69], Kenyan sheep (2.3-4.5%) ...
Taenia multiceps is a taeniid cestode that inhabits the small intestines of both wild and domestic carnivores. The larval stage, Coenurus cerebralis, is typically found in the central nervous system (CNS) of a wide range of livestock and, to a lesser extent, in the extra-cerebral tissues of sheep and goats. This review covers all aspects of the life cycle of T. multiceps and its epidemiology, molecular characterization, pathogenesis, diagnosis, therapy, control and zoonotic potential. Coenurosis caused by the larval stage of T. multiceps has a worldwide distribution and is often fatal in intermediate hosts, which can result in substantial economic losses in livestock farming. Molecular characterization using the mitochondrial genes cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase subunit 1 of different T. multiceps populations has revealed significant genetic variation and the presence of three major haplotypes. The disease mostly affects young sheep and is referred to as either acute or chronic coenurosis. Acute coenurosis occurs as a result of oncospheres migrating through the CNS, while chronic coenurosis occurs as a consequence of the coenurus maturing, which causes displacement and pressure atrophy of brain tissue. Non-cerebral coenurosis has been most commonly reported in goats. The best diagnostic method for cerebral coenurosis involves the interpretation of clinical signs with accurate localization of the cyst using diagnostic imaging techniques. A vaccine based on recombinant oncosphere antigens has proved to be an effective tool against T. multiceps infection in sheep. Additionally, use of anthelmintics during the parasite’s migration stages reduces the development of cysts in the sheep brain. Surgery is considered the most effective method for the treatment of cerebral coenurosis in small ruminants, but is often not carried out because of the limited finances of many sheep and goat breeders. However, coenurosis can also be controlled effectively through preventative measures, such as anthelmintic treatment of dogs and the proper disposal of intermediate host carcasses. The parasite is also zoonotic, and cases of coenurosis have been reported in humans with coenuri located in the brain, spinal cord and eyes.
Graphical abstract
... However, the size and location of the parasite appear to be important in pathogenesis. The predilection site of the Coenurus cyst in most cases is the central nervous system and spinal cord [18]. ...
Background and aim:
Coenurus cerebralis is the intermediate stage of the canine cestode, which infect sheep and goats, resulting mainly in neurological signs and causing direct and indirect economic losses. This study aimed to demonstrate the existence of C. cerebralis and to elucidate the role of this parasite in inducing neurological behaviors in sheep and goats.
Materials and methods:
On the basis of historical data on neurological signs, we subjected 76 animals (49 sheep and 27 goats) of different ages, sexes, and geographical areas for molecular examination of their blood samples using the polymerase chain reaction assay.
Results:
Of the 76 animals, 23.68% tested positive for C. cerebralis infection. We found significant increases in infection (p<0.05) in sheep (26.53%) more than in goats (18.52%). Circling movement was prevalent significantly among both C. cerebralis-positive sheep and goats. The Nineveh region had a significant (p<0.05) increase in positive sheep and goats, and the sheep of all study regions were infected significantly (p<0.05) more than were the goats. We found no significant (p>0.05) variation between sheep ages ≥1-3 years and ≥3 years; however, both groups had a significantly (p≤0.043) higher positivity rate than did sheep ages <1 year. The findings of sheep ages <1 year and ≥1-3 years were significantly higher than those of the goats, but not for goats ages ≥3 years. Female sheep and goats showed a significant increase in positivity versus that for the males.
Conclusion:
To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first report in Iraq targeting detection of C. cerebralis in sheep and goats with neurological behaviors; therefore, additional studies involving different animals in other regions using molecular techniques are needed.
... varied from 5.04% (2015-16) to 15.38% . Similarly, Abo-Shehada et al. (2002), Gicik et al. (2007), Tavassoli et al. (2011), Anwar et al. (2013) and Soundararajan et al. (2017) reported prevalence of as C. cerebralis 3.00% 15.50, 18.65 18.30 and 12.30% in sheep from Jordan, Turkey, Iran, Egypt and India, respectively. However, comparatively higher prevalence was also reported by Paltrinieri et al. (2010) in Italy (39.5%), by Desouky et al. (2011) in Egypt (100%) and by Tavassoli et al. (2011) in Iran (21.13 -27.77%). ...
AninvestigationonprevalenceofcoenurosisinKashmirMerinosheepwascarriedoutatSheepBreedingFarmKralpathri (Jammu and Kashmir). From the year 2013 to 2020, a total of 823 sheep was subjected to post-mortem examination. Overall prevalence of Coenurus cerebralis was 8.75% with significant (P<0.001) effect of year, season and age. The prevalence was higher in winter (18.44%), followed by autumn (15.75%), spring (3.60%) and summer (2.42%) seasons. Significantly (P<0.001) higher prevalence was observed in 6-24 months compared to other age groups.
... In chronic cases, also due to mature Coenurus cerebralis cysts, there is displacement of the brain tissue, atrophy, and varying degrees of necrosis and obstruction. Infected animals tend to move away from the herd and press their heads against objects (24,25,47,49). In most cases, the animals are weakened by not being well fed and, after several weeks, eventually die from starvation (22,50). ...
... Coenurosis, a common and zoonotic infection, is widespread throughout the world, especially in developing countries in Africa and Asia (1.3-9.8%) (16,17,49). In Turkey, the prevalence of Coenurosis has been reported in various studies to be 0.5-20% in sheep and 6.9-7.1% in cattle, in Samsun, Diyarbakir, Marmara and Ege, Karacabey Stock Farm and Kayseri (53); 1.3% in sheep in Istanbul (54); 24.6% in sheep in Istanbul (55); 16.3% in sheep in Konya (43); 15.5% in sheep in Kars (12); 3.54% in sheep and cattle in the Northeast Region of Anatolia (56); 0.47% in cattle in Erzurum (15); 12% in sheep in Kirikkale (2); 12.9% in sheep in Mus (57); and 1.3% in sheep and cattle in Isparta (58). ...
In our study, we aimed to present the cases of Coenurus cerebralis in domesticated and wild ruminants. The material of this study consisted of eight sheep, six mountain goats and three cattle admitted to the Department of Pathology of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Kafkas University, between 2016 and 2019, for necropsy. The animals presented various neurological symptoms, including rotation around their axis, opistotonus, loss of coordination, unilateral blindness and torticollis. Subsequently, routine systemic necropsy was performed. After routine tissue procedures, 5 μm thick sections were taken from paraffin blocks prepared for Hematoxylin Eosin staining. Sections were examined under light microscope to determine the histopathologic changes. In conclusion, the cases were diagnosed with Coenurus cerebralis, in the light of clinical, histopathological and parasitological findings. In three of the six goats, in addition to these parasitic cysts, Oestrus ovis larvae were detected in the frontal sinus. Oestrus ovis larvae were also observed in three of the eight sheep.
... Most reports used sera from sheep at abattoirs, while few studies were conducted on sheep in farms (Table 11). In a histological study, T. gondii tissue cysts were noted in brain sections of two out of 60 sheep from a herd in Suez governorate (Anwar et al., 2013); we consider the two tissue cysts illustrated in Figure 4 of their paper as Sarcocystis cysts (J.P. Dubey, own opinion). Toxoplasma gondii is an important cause of abortion in sheep worldwide but little is known of its occurrence in sheep from Egypt (Dubey, 2010). ...
The present paper summarizes prevalence, epidemiology and clinical disease of natural Toxoplasma gondii infections in humans and animals from Egypt. The current situation of toxoplasmosis in Egypt is confusing. There is no central laboratory or group of researchers actively investigating toxoplasmosis in humans or animals, and no reports on the national level are available. Based on various serological tests and convenience samples, T. gondii infections appear highly prevalent in humans and animals from Egypt. Living circumstances in Egypt favour the transmission of T. gondii. Up to 95% of domestic cats, the key host of T. gondii, are infected with T. gondii; they are abundant in rural and suburban areas, spreading T. gondii oocysts. Many women have been tested in maternity clinics, most with no definitive diagnosis. Toxoplasma gondii DNA and IgM antibodies have been found in blood samples of blood donors. Clinical toxoplasmosis in humans from Egypt needs further investigations using definitive procedures. Reports on congenital toxoplasmosis are conflicting and some reports are alarming. Although there are many serological surveys for T. gondii in animals, data on clinical infections are lacking. Here, we critically review the status of toxoplasmosis in Egypt, which should be useful to biologist, public health workers, veterinarians and physicians.
